Ages, Life Stages, and Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States
Open accessAbstract
This article focuses on problems with the definition and empirical identification of immigrant “first” and “second” generations in the United States. These loosely conceived aggregates are decomposed into a typology of distinct generational cohorts defined by age and life stage at migration for the foreign born and by parental nativity for the U.S. born. Differences in educational and occupational attainment and in language and other aspects of acculturation are then examined to consider whether the practice of “lumping” these generational cohorts together, or “splitting” them into distinctive units of analysis, is empirically supported by available evidence. The paper concludes with some thoughts on data needs and methodological considerations in the study of immigrant generations. “All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages …” – William Shakespeare, “As You Like It,” Act II, Scene 7.
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Hendriks, M., & Burger, M. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00164-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rumbaut, R. G.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine
- Venue
- International Migration Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1160-1205
- ISSN
- 0197-9183 (ISSN-L)
- 1747-7379
- OpenAlex
- W2054007829
- Cited by
- 1,171
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 35.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- papers.ssrn.com
- Locations
- International Migration Review (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Labor Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Social Sciences › Demography › Diaspora, migration, transnational identity
- Keywords
- immigrant generations, first-generation immigrants, immigrant children, generational cohorts, age at migration, life stages, parental nativity, educational attainment, occupational attainment, language proficiency, acculturation, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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