The contribution of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression to child maladjustment
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BACKGROUND: The adverse effect of both pre- and post-natal maternal anxiety and depression on the development of offspring is shown by a large body of research. No published studies, however, have simultaneously: (i) controlled for co-occurring prenatal risks that may influence maternal prenatal anxiety and depression; (ii) compared the relative contributions of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression on child functioning; and (iii) assessed a full range of child psychopathology and functioning to determine the relative effects of prenatal and postnatal anxiety and depression in the mother. METHOD: Using 3,298 mother-offspring pairs, the authors examined these factors in a single-path analytic model. Measurements of maternal anxiety and depression were collected at two time points: 32 weeks prenatal and 1.5 years postnatal. Other prenatal risks were assessed between 8 and 32 weeks of gestation. Child outcomes included (a) ordered-categorical measures of DSM-IV externalizing and internalizing disorders, and (b) an assessment of verbal IQ. RESULTS: In both the prenatal and postnatal periods, maternal depression had a wider impact on different types of child maladjustment than maternal anxiety, which appeared more specific to internalizing difficulties in the child. Of note, prenatal risks were prospectively associated with child externalizing difficulties and verbal IQ, beyond the effects of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that addressing both maternal anxiety and depression, in the prenatal and postnatal periods-as well as associated risk factors-may be the most effective approach to prevent adverse outcomes in the offspring.
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Research suggests both maternal anxiety and depression should be addressed in interventions.
“It is important to examine the effect of interventions for PPD on symptoms of anxiety given comorbidity rates35 and research suggesting both maternal anxiety and depression should be addressed in interventions.36”
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- Authors
- Barker, E. D., Jaffee, S. R., Uher, R., & Maughan, B.
- Affiliations
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Barker, Edward D.
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2011-07-18
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 696-702
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2100800628
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 16.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (092731)
- University of Bristol
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- maternal anxiety, maternal depression, prenatal risk factors, postpartum depression, child maladjustment, child psychopathology, externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders, verbal IQ, mother-offspring relationships, offspring development
- MeSH terms
- Adjustment Disorders, Adult, Anxiety, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors
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