The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Perspective Transformation
Abstract
A cardinal dimension of adult development and the learning most uniquely adult pertains to becoming aware that one is caught in one's own history and is reliving it. This leads to a process of perspective transforma tion involving a structural change in the way we see ourselves and our rela tionships. If the culture permits, we move toward perspectives which are more inclusive, discriminating and integrative of experience. We move away from uncritical, organic relationships toward contractual relation ships with others, institutions and society. Perspective transformation refor mulates the criteria for valuing and for taking action. Behavior change is often a function of such transformation. In this emerging transformation theory, adult education finds its own inherent goals and functions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Transformative learning theory explores the way in which critical reflection can be used to challenge the learner's beliefs and assumptions (Mezirow 1978(Mezirow , 1990(Mezirow , 1995) )”
From Adult learning theories: Implications for learning and teaching in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 83 (2013) · cites this paper as Mezirow 1978
In the citing paper
“Perspective transformation theory (Mezirow 1978) is most appropriate for acquiring these competencies.”
From Adult learning theories: Implications for learning and teaching in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 83 (2013) · cites this paper as Mezirow 1978
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Bruner, Jerome S., 1973, The Relevance of Education
- Camus, Albert., 1955, The Myth of Sysyphus
- Freire, Paulo., 1970, Pedagogy of the Oppressed
- Laing, R.D., 1969, Knots
- Singer, Irwin, 1965, Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 140
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Critical Theory of Adult Learning and Education
Mezirow, J. (1981) · Adult Education · doi:10.1177/074171368103200101 · Cited by 2,215
Self-citationExperiential learning – a systematic review and revision of Kolb’s model
Morris, T. H. (2019) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2019.1570279 · Cited by 1,250
Taylor, D. C. M., & Hamdy, H. (2013) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2013.828153 · Cited by 1,176
Transformative learning theory
Taylor, E. W. (2008) · New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1002/ace.301 · Cited by 1,029
Boyd, E. M., & Fales, A. W. (1983) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167883232011 · Cited by 920
The Evolution of John Mezirow's Transformative Learning Theory
Kitchenham, A. D. (2008) · Journal of Transformative Education · doi:10.1177/1541344608322678 · Cited by 862
Adult Learning Theories in Context: A Quick Guide for Healthcare Professional Educators
Mukhalalati, B., & Taylor, A. (2019) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/2382120519840332 · Cited by 598
Cross Cultural Competency and Multicultural Teacher Education
McAllister, G., & Irvine, J. J. (2000) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543070001003 · Cited by 489
A critical theory of self‐directed learning
Mezirow, J. (1985) · New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1002/ace.36719852504 · Cited by 431
Self-citationMoseley, D. V., Baumfield, V. M., Elliott, J., Higgins, S., Miller, J., Newton, D. P., & Gregson, M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489914 · Cited by 396
Translating research findings to clinical nursing practice
Curtis, K. A., Fry, M., Shaban, R. Z., & Considine, J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.13586 · Cited by 324
Conversation Analysis and the Professional Stocks of Interactional Knowledge
Peräkylä, A., & Vehvil�inen, S. (2003) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/09579265030146003 · Cited by 295
Developing "Complicated" Understanding in Administrators
Bartunek, J. M., Gordon, J. R., & Weathersby, R. P. (1983) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1983.4284737 · Cited by 294
Tourist transformation: Towards a conceptual model
Pung, J. M., Gnoth, J., & Chiappa, G. D. (2020) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.102885 · Cited by 272
Transformative learning in the field of sustainability: a systematic literature review (1999-2019)
Aboytes, J. G. R., & Barth, M. (2020) · International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/ijshe-05-2019-0168 · Cited by 272
Calling Transformative Learning Into Question
Newman, M. (2010) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0741713610392768 · Cited by 270
Transformative Learning as a Professional Development Goal
Cranton, P. A., & King, K. P. (2003) · New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1002/ace.97 · Cited by 267
Teaching sustainable development in higher education
Howlett, C., Ferreira, J.-A. L., & Blomfield, J. (2016) · International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/ijshe-07-2014-0102 · Cited by 262
Applying a transformative learning framework to volunteer tourism
Coghlan, A., & Gooch, M. (2011) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2010.542246 · Cited by 242
Cranton, P. A., & Taylor, E. W. (2013) · European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults · doi:10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela5000 · Cited by 240
Garrison, D. R. (1991) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/0260137910100403 · Cited by 231
The Limits of Perspective Transformation: A Critique of Mezirow's Theory
Collard, S. P., & Law, M. (1989) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001848189039002004 · Cited by 240
Transformative Learning Theory
Taylor, E. W. (2017) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-797-9_2 · Cited by 217
Toward the integration of meditation into higher education: a review of research evidence
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Astin, J. (2011) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811111300306 · Cited by 215
Implicit Bias in Health Professions: From Recognition to Transformation
Sukhera, J. I., Watling, C., & González, C. M. (2020) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003173 · Cited by 200
Disorienting experiences during study abroad: Reflections of pre-service teacher candidates
Trilokekar, R. D., & Kukar, P. (2011) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.06.002 · Cited by 199
A Transformative Eco-Social Model: Challenging Modernist Assumptions in Social Work
Boetto, H. (2016) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcw149 · Cited by 199
Martin, D. A., Conlon, E., & Bowe, B. W. (2021) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-021-00333-6 · Cited by 193
Playing with heutagogy: exploring strategies to empower mature learners in higher education
Canning, N. (2010) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03098770903477102 · Cited by 182
Service-Learning: Thinking Outside the Box
Deeley, S. J. (2010) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1469787409355870 · Cited by 177
Civitillo, S., Juang, L. P., & Schachner, M. K. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.01.003 · Cited by 174
Beyond the struggles: a scoping review on the transition to undergraduate clinical training
Atherley, A., Dolmans, D. H. J. M., Hu, W. C. Y., Hegazi, I., Alexander, S., & Teunissen, P. W. (2019) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13883 · Cited by 182
O'Ĺeary, S. G. (2016) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2016.06.002 · Cited by 166
Yorks, L., & Kasl, E. (2005) · Journal of Transformative Education · doi:10.1177/1541344605283151 · Cited by 163
A beautiful metaphor: transformative learning theory
Howie, P. C., & Bagnall, R. G. (2013) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/02601370.2013.817486 · Cited by 188
An investigation of experiential and transformative learning in study abroad programs
Strange, H., & Gibson, H. (2017) · Frontiers The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad · doi:10.36366/frontiers.v29i1.387 · Cited by 153
Gilligan, C., Outram, S., & Levett-Jones, T. L. (2014) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-14-52 · Cited by 151
Conceptualising co-created transformative tourism experiences: A systematic narrative review
Teoh, M. W., Ying, W., & Kwek, A. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.03.013 · Cited by 150
Evaluation of a reflective learning intervention to improve critical thinking in novice nurses
Forneris, S. G., & Peden‐McAlpine, C. (2007) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04120.x · Cited by 147
Singer‐Brodowski, M. (2023) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-022-02444-x · Cited by 173
Kalsoom, Q., & Khanam, A. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.047 · Cited by 144
Sustainability, Human Well-Being, and the Future of Education
(2019) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78580-6 · Cited by 141
Transformation Theory and Social Action: A Response to Collard and Law
Mezirow, J. (1989) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001848189039003005 · Cited by 136
Self-citationWhen the Bottom Falls Out of the Bucket
Cranton, P. A., & Roy, M. (2003) · Journal of Transformative Education · doi:10.1177/1541344603001002002 · Cited by 133
Helping Teachers Learn: Principals as Professional Development Leaders
Drago‐Severson, E. (2007) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146810710900104 · Cited by 130
Learning to change: Transformative knowledge for building a sustainable bioeconomy
Urmetzer, S., Lask, J., Vargas‐Carpintero, R., & Pyka, A. (2019) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106435 · Cited by 137
Jack Mezirow's Conceptualisation of Adult Transformative Learning: A Review
Calleja, C. (2014) · Journal of Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.7227/jace.20.1.8 · Cited by 125
Adaptivity Through Self-Directed Learning to Meet the Challenges of Our Ever-Changing World
Morris, T. H. (2018) · Adult Learning · doi:10.1177/1045159518814486 · Cited by 124
Diduck, A. P., Sinclair, A. J., Hostetler, G., & Fitzpatrick, P. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2011.645718 · Cited by 120
Typical Phases of Transformative Learning
Nohl, A. (2014) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0741713614558582 · Cited by 119
Blue, A. V., Mitcham, M. D., Smith, T. R., Raymond, J. R., & Greenberg, R. S. (2010) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3181e53e07 · Cited by 118
Groulx, M. W., Brisbois, M. C., Lemieux, C. J., Winegardner, A. K., & Fishback, L. (2017) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547016688324 · Cited by 118
Chiva-Bartoll, Ò., & Fernández‐Río, J. (2021) · Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/17408989.2021.1911981 · Cited by 151
Transformative dimensions of lifelong learning: Mezirow, Rorty and COVID-19
Eschenbacher, S., & Fleming, T. (2020) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-020-09859-6 · Cited by 116
Yoga tourism – a catalyst for transformation?
Dillette, A. K., Douglas, A. C., & Andrzejewski, C. E. (2018) · Annals of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/11745398.2018.1459195 · Cited by 114
Transformative Learning as a Context for Human Patient Simulation
Parker, B., & Myrick, F. (2010) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20100224-02 · Cited by 112
Transforming Our Worldview Towards a Sustainable Future
Laininen, E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78580-6_5 · Cited by 112
Learning, Training, and Development in Organizations
Salas, E., Weaver, S. J., & Shuffler, M. L. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928309.013.0011 · Cited by 113
Robertson, D. L. (1996) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/074171369604700104 · Cited by 111
Knollenberg, W., McGehee, N. G., Boley, B. B., & Clemmons, D. (2014) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2014.902065 · Cited by 109
Trott, C. D. (2021) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2021.2007223 · Cited by 108
Transformational tourism as a hero's journey
Robledo, M. A., & Batle, J. (2015) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2015.1054270 · Cited by 106
Transformative travel experiences and gender: a double duoethnography approach
Pung, J. M., Yung, R., Khoo-Lattimore, C. S. C., & Chiappa, G. D. (2019) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2019.1635091 · Cited by 106
An Evaluative Review of Barriers to Critical Thinking in Educational and Real-World Settings
Dwyer, C. P. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11060105 · Cited by 127
Survey of Transformative and Spiritual Dimensions of Higher Education
Duerr, M., Zajonc, A., & Dana, D. (2003) · Journal of Transformative Education · doi:10.1177/1541344603001003002 · Cited by 105
Kambutu, J., & Nganga, L. W. (2007) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2007.08.008 · Cited by 103
Reflection on teaching and the scholarship of teaching: Focus on science instructors
Kreber, C. (2005) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-004-6360-2 · Cited by 103
A signature pedagogy for entrepreneurship education
Jones, C. P. A. (2018) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-03-2018-0080 · Cited by 112
Laasch, O., Moosmayer, D. C., & Antonacopoulou, E. P. (2022) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-022-05261-4 · Cited by 102
Transdisciplinary Research, Transformative Learning, and Transformative Science
Pennington, D. D., Simpson, G. L., McConnell, M. S., Fair, J. M., & Baker, R. J. (2013) · BioScience · doi:10.1525/bio.2013.63.7.9 · Cited by 97
Adults Contemplating University Study at a Distance: Issues, themes and concerns
Bird, J., & Morgan, C. (2003) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v4i1.130 · Cited by 97
Disterheft, A., Caeiro, S., Filho, W. L., & Azeiteiro, U. M. (2015) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.11.057 · Cited by 93
Lundgren, H., & Poell, R. F. (2016) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/1534484315622735 · Cited by 88
Jones, C. P. A., Penaluna, K., & Penaluna, A. (2019) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-10-2018-0211 · Cited by 88
Transformational tourism – a systematic literature review and research agenda
Nandasena, R., Morrison, A. M., & Coca‐Stefaniak, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Tourism Futures · doi:10.1108/jtf-02-2022-0038 · Cited by 88
Developing globally responsible leaders in business schools
Muff, K. (2013) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621711311328273 · Cited by 88
Transformative learning through service‐learning: no passport required
Bamber, P., & Hankin, L. (2011) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/00400911111115726 · Cited by 87
Conceptualizing transformative guest experience at retreat centers
Fu, X., Tanyatanaboon, M., & Lehto, X. Y. (2015) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.06.004 · Cited by 86
Giving voice: An inclusive model of instruction—a womanist perspective
Sheared, V. (1994) · New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1002/ace.36719946105 · Cited by 85
Pung, J., & Chiappa, G. (2020) · European Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.54055/ejtr.v24i.406 · Cited by 84
Ju’subaidi, J., Lindgren, T., Mujahidin, A., & Rofiq, A. C. (2024) · Millah Journal of Religious Studies · doi:10.20885/millah.vol23.iss1.art6 · Cited by 83
Moments of movement: Active Learning and practice development
Dewing, J. (2009) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2009.02.010 · Cited by 83
Kitchenham, A. D. (2006) · Journal of Transformative Education · doi:10.1177/1541344606290947 · Cited by 83
Informal and Incidental Learning in the time of COVID-19
Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (2020) · Advances in Developing Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1523422320973656 · Cited by 82
An empirical modeling of transformation process through trip experiences
Tasci, A. D. A., & Godovykh, M. (2021) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104332 · Cited by 81
Taimur, S., & Onuki, M. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101994 · Cited by 81
Aspects of effective learning environments
Hiemstra, R. P. (1991) · New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1002/ace.36719915003 · Cited by 81
Pavlova, M. (2012) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2012.736476 · Cited by 81
Advancing Transformative Eco-social Change: Shifting from Modernist to Holistic Foundations
Boetto, H. (2018) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2018.1484501 · Cited by 79
Sealey‐Ruiz, Y. (2007) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0741713607305938 · Cited by 84
Barrett, M. J., Harmin, M., Maracle, K. B., Patterson, M., Thomson, C., Flowers, M., & Bors, K. (2016) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2015.1121378 · Cited by 78
Andersson, E. P. (1993) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18050808.x · Cited by 78
Disciplines in the Field of Communication for Development and Social Change
Lie, R., & Servaes, J. (2015) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/comt.12065 · Cited by 77
Adult learning theory and the pursuit of adult degrees
Kiely, R., Sandmann, L. R., & Truluck, J. (2004) · New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1002/ace.145 · Cited by 76
Probst, L., Bardach, L., Kamusingize, D., Templer, N., Ogwali, H., Owamani, A., Mulumba, L. N., Onwonga, R. N., & Adugna, B. T. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.395 · Cited by 74
Coates, J. (2005) · Journal of Progressive Human Services · doi:10.1300/j059v16n01_03 · Cited by 72
Self-Formation and Transformative Learning
Dirkx, J. M. (2012) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0741713612456420 · Cited by 71
Transformative Education to Address All Sustainable Development Goals
Odell, V., Molthan‐Hill, P., Martin, S., & Sterling, S. (2020) · Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95870-5_106 · Cited by 71
Expressive writing in early breast cancer survivors
Craft, M. A., Davis, G. C., & Paulson, R. M. (2013) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06008.x · Cited by 70
Defining Transformative Experiences: A Conceptual Analysis
Chirico, A., Pizzolante, M., Kitson, A., Gianotti, E., Riecke, B. E., & Gaggioli, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.790300 · Cited by 75
Metadata
- Authors
- Mezirow, J.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mezirow, Jack
- Venue
- Adult Education
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1978-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 100-110
- ISSN
- 0001-8481 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4238999211
- Cited by
- 1,463
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 144 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 24.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Adult Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Adult and Continuing Education Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- homography, adult development, adult learning, self-awareness, history and identity, relational change, behavior change, transformation theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review