Cited by 1,578Adult and Continuing Education TopicsEducational Leadership and InnovationInnovative Teaching and Learning Methods

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Self-Directed Learning: Toward a Comprehensive Model

Garrison, D. R.·1997·Adult Education Quarterly

DOI 10.1177/074171369704800103

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Self-directed learning is a core theoretical construct distinguishing adult education as a field of study. Most of the concept's emphasis has been on the external control and management of learning tasks. In an attempt to expand the scope of self-directed learning, this paper presents a comprehensive theoretical model. The proposed model integrates self-management (contextual control), self-monitoring (cognitive responsibility), and motivational (entering and task) dimensions to reflect a meaningful and worthwhile approach to self-directed learning. Explicating the cognitive and motivational dimensions of self-directed learning is identified as an area requiring further research.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/074171369704800103

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Democracy and Education
(2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315712383-22 · Cited by 10,894
Untitled work
(1964) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,439
Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33 · Cited by 8,332
Democracy and education : an introduction to philosophy of education / John Dewey
Dewey, J. (1917) · The Journal of Philosophy Psychology and Scientific Methods · doi:10.2307/2940197 · Cited by 6,125
Untitled work
(1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,952
A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1989) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.329 · Cited by 3,807
Perspectives on socially shared cognition.
Resnick, L. B., Levine, J. M., & Teasley, S. D. (1991) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10096-000 · Cited by 3,468
Feedback and Self-Regulated Learning: A Theoretical Synthesis
Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543065003245 · Cited by 3,334
Freedom to Learn
Friedenberg, E. Z., & Rogers, C. R. (1971) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.1971.11776811 · Cited by 2,270
Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood: A Guide to Transformative and Emancipatory Learning
Mezirow, J. (1990) · Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (Québec government) · Cited by 1,968

Show all 50 references

Research works printed but not linked: 9

Bandura, A., 1986, Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory
Brockett, R. G., 1991, Self-direction in adult learning: Perspectives on theory, research, and practice
Brookfield, S. D., 1988, Self-directed learning: Application & theory, 1
Dewey, J., 1969, John Dewey: The early works, 1882-1898 Vol. 5, 224
Garrison, D. R., Adult Education Research Conference Proceedings
King, P. M., 1994, Developing reflective judgement
Pintrich, P. R., 1989, Advances in Motivation and Achievement: Motivation Enhancing Environments, 117
Richardson, V., 1994, Teaching Thinking and Problem Solving, 16, 3
Thomas, L. F., 1985, Self-organized learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,001

Mapping placement educators’ conceptions of teaching
Kell, C. M., & Jones, L. E. (2007) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2006.11.011 · Cited by 41
Artificial Intelligence and Education: End the Grammar of Schooling
Zhao, Y. (2024) · ECNU Review of Education · doi:10.1177/20965311241265124 · Cited by 40
Exploring Open Space: A self-directed learning approach for higher education
van Woezik, T. E. T., Reuzel, R. P. B., Koksma, J., & de Serpa, S. N. F. (2019) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2019.1615766 · Cited by 40
The Impact of Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences on Students' Readiness for Self-directed Learning
Huynh, D., Haines, S. T., Plaza, C. M., Sturpe, D. A., Williams, G., de Bittner, M. R., & Roffman, D. S. (2009) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.1016/s0002-9459(24)00560-6 · Cited by 40
Contextualised Meaning Making: One way of rethinking experiential learning and self-directed learning?
Zepke, N., & Leach, L. (2002) · Studies in Continuing Education · doi:10.1080/0158037022000020992 · Cited by 40
Learning through technology in middle school classrooms: Students’ perceptions of their self-directed and collaborative learning with and without technology
Labonté, C., & Smith, V. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10885-6 · Cited by 39
Assessing Readiness For Self Directed Learning
Lee, S. H., Bjorklund, S. A., Wise, J., & Litzinger, T. (2020) · IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting (LEOS) · doi:10.18260/1-2--11630 · Cited by 39
How a learning organization cultivates self-directed learning
Hutasuhut, I. J., Adruce, S. A. Z., & Jonathan, V. (2021) · Journal of Workplace Learning · doi:10.1108/jwl-05-2020-0074 · Cited by 39
Faculty instructional attitudes, interest, and intention: Predictors of Web 2.0 use in online courses
Ulrich, J. W., & Karvonen, M. (2011) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.07.001 · Cited by 39
A theory of self‐learning in a networked human and IT environment: implications for education reforms
Mok, M. M. C., & Cheng, Y. C. (2001) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/09513540110394429 · Cited by 39
Reframing the Meaning of Self-Directed Learning: An Updated Modeltt
Hiemstra, R. P., & Brockett, R. G. (2012) · New Prairie Press (Kansas State University) · Cited by 39
Enabling Self-Directed Academic and Personal Wellbeing Through Cognitive Education
TONDER, D. V., Kloppers, M. M., & Grösser, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789194 · Cited by 42
Unveiling the competencies at the core of lifelong learning: A systematic literature review
den Broeck, L. V., Laet, T. D., Dujardin, R., Tuyaerts, S., & Langie, G. (2024) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2024.100646 · Cited by 38
Self-Directed Learning in Problem-Based Learning Versus Traditional Lecture-Based Learning: A Meta-Analysis
Leary, H. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/c570-0a4e · Cited by 38
Being together - factors that unintentionally undermine motivation
Hartnett, M. K., George, A. S., & Dron, J. (2011) · Journal of Open Flexible and Distance Learning · doi:10.61468/jofdl.v15i1.19 · Cited by 37
Qualities and Methods of Highly Effective Surgical Educators: A Grounded Theory Model
Swendiman, R. A., Hoffman, D. I., Shannon, A. B., Blinman, T. A., Nance, M. L., & Chou, C. M. (2019) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2019.02.011 · Cited by 38
Shifting the focus from motivated learners to motivating distributed environments: a review of 40 years of published motivation research in Distance Education
Ng, C. (2019) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2019.1681892 · Cited by 49
The Effect of Mobile Learning on Student Success and Anxiety in Teaching Genital System Anatomy
BOLATLI, G., & Kızıl, H. (2021) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.2059 · Cited by 37
The teachers’ lounge and the debate hall: Anonymous self-directed learning in two teaching-related subreddits
Carpenter, J. P., & Willet, K. B. S. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103371 · Cited by 37
Loosely‐guided, self‐directed learning versus strictly‐guided, station‐based learning in gross anatomy laboratory sessions
Kooloos, J. G. M., Malefijt, M. C. D. W., Ruiter, D. J., & Vorstenbosch, M. A. T. M. (2012) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1293 · Cited by 37
Sustaining Vocabulary Acquisition through Computer Game: A Case Study
Bakar, N. A., & Nosratirad, E. (2013) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v9n5p235 · Cited by 36
A Learner-Centered Technique and Clinical Reasoning, Reflection, and Case Presentation Attributes in Athletic Training Students
Heinerichs, S., Vela, L. I., & Drouin, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.17 · Cited by 36
Self-Directedness in Work-Related Learning Processes. Theoretical Perspectives and Development of a Measurement Instrument
Raemdonck, I., Thijssen, J. G. L., & Greef, M. D. (2017) · Professional and practice-based learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60943-0_20 · Cited by 36
Towards a multiliteracies framework in support of self-directed learning through open educational resources
Olivier, J. (2019) · NWU self-directed learning series · doi:10.4102/aosis.2019.bk134.06 · Cited by 36
Investigating the role of self-selected STEM projects in fostering student autonomy and self-directed learning
Tang, K., McLure, F. I., Williams, J., & Donnelly, C. (2024) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-024-00696-2 · Cited by 35
Harnessing informal education for community resilience
Feng, S., Hossain, L., & Paton, D. (2017) · Disaster Prevention and Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/dpm-07-2017-0157 · Cited by 35
Physician Self‐directed Learning and Education
Tagawa, M. (2008) · The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1607-551x(08)70136-0 · Cited by 35
Learning Experiences of Senior Travellers
Roberson, D. N. (2003) · Studies in Continuing Education · doi:10.1080/01580370309288 · Cited by 35
Faculty Attitudes and Knowledge Toward Promoting Self-Determination and Self-Directed Learning for College Students With and Without Disabilities
Hong, B. S. S., Haefner, L. A., & Slekar, T. D. (2011) · International journal on teaching and learning in higher education · Cited by 35
Undergraduate Oral Examinations in a University Organic Chemistry Curriculum
Dicks, A. P., Lautens, M., Koroluk, K. J., & Skonieczny, S. (2012) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed200782c · Cited by 34
Applying case-based method in designing self-directed online instruction: a formative research study
Luo, H., Koszalka, T. A., Arnone, M. P., & Choi, I. (2018) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-018-9572-3 · Cited by 34
Meta-analysis on effects of artificial intelligence education in K-12 South Korean classrooms
Lee, D., & Kwon, H. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12738-4 · Cited by 41
The role of ChatGPT in enhancing EFL students’ ESP writing skills: an experimental study of gender and major differences
Jmaiel, H. A., Abukhait, R. O., Mohamed, A. M. A., Shaaban, T. S. K., Al-khresheh, M. H., & AL-Qadri, A. H. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-00700-6 · Cited by 46
Vietnamese students’ self-direction in learning English listening skills
Vu, H. Y., & Shah, M. (2016) · Asian Englishes · doi:10.1080/13488678.2015.1136104 · Cited by 34
Analysis of self-directed learning ability, reading outcomes, and personalized planning behavior for self-directed extensive reading
Li, H., Majumdar, R., Chen, M. A., Yang, Y., & Ogata, H. (2021) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2021.1937660 · Cited by 34
Bridging the Gap: Self-Directed Staff Technology Training
Quinney, K. L., Smith, S. D., & Galbraith, Q. (2010) · Information Technology and Libraries · doi:10.6017/ital.v29i4.3131 · Cited by 34
Appropriate Pedagogy and Technology in a Cross-cultural Distance Education Context
Zepke, N., & Leach, L. (2002) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562510220144806 · Cited by 34
Motivational orientations of non‐traditional adult students to enroll in a degree‐seeking program
Francois, E. J. (2014) · New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development · doi:10.1002/nha3.20060 · Cited by 34
The challenges, supports, and strategies of self-directed learning among college students
Murniati, C. T., Hartono, H., & Nugroho, A. C. (2023) · Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn) · doi:10.11591/edulearn.v17i3.20744 · Cited by 33
Impact of Scratch Programming on Students' Understanding of Their Own Learning Process
Mico, T. F., Fernández, M. À. P. I., & Redo-Sanchez, A. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.278 · Cited by 35
Prompting medical students to self–assess their learning needs during the ageing and health module: a mixed methods study
Kennedy, G., Rea, J. N. M., & Rea, I. M. (2019) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2019.1579558 · Cited by 35
Virtual learning communities (VLCs) rethinking: influence on behavior modification—bullying detection through machine learning and natural language processing
Nikiforos, S., Tzanavaris, S., & Kermanidis, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Computers in Education · doi:10.1007/s40692-020-00166-5 · Cited by 35
Development of an Instrument to Measure Self-Directedness
Stockdale, S. L. (2003) · Cited by 33
An Examination of Learner Self-Direction in Relation to the Big Five and Narrow Personality Traits
Kirwan, J. R., Lounsbury, J. W., & Gibson, L. W. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244014534857 · Cited by 33
Changes in Self‐Directed Learning Readiness in Dental Students: A Mixed‐Methods Study
Premkumar, K., Pahwa, P., Banerjee, A., Baptiste, K., Bhatt, H., & Lim, H. J. (2014) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2014.78.6.tb05748.x · Cited by 33
Prediction of Dilatory Behavior in eLearning: A Comparison of Multiple Machine Learning Models
Imhof, C., Comşa, I.-S., Hlosta, M., Parsaeifard, B., Moser, I., & Bergamin, P. B. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2022.3221495 · Cited by 33
Development of a Scale for Measuring the Learner Autonomy of Distance Education Students
Bei, E., Mavroidis, I., & Giossos, Y. P. (2020) · European Journal of Open Distance and E-Learning · doi:10.2478/eurodl-2019-0015 · Cited by 32
Analyzing the Complexities of Online Education Systems: A Systems Thinking Perspective
Tamim, S. R. (2020) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-020-00538-9 · Cited by 39
The Role of the Academic Field in the Relationship between Self-Directed Learning and 21st Century Skills.
Karataş, K., & Zeybek, G. (2020) · Cited by 32
A quantitative study of factors affecting learner acceptance of a computer‐based training support tool
Wagner, G. D., & Flannery, D. D. (2004) · Journal of European Industrial Training · doi:10.1108/03090590410533071 · Cited by 32
Self-Directed Learning Readiness (SDLR) among Foundation Students from High and Low Proficiency Levels to Learn English Language
Razali, A. B., Xuan, L. Y., & Samad, A. A. (2018) · Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction · doi:10.32890/mjli2018.15.2.3 · Cited by 32
Teaching critical literacy in inquiry-based classrooms: Teachers’ understanding of practice and pedagogy in elementary schools
Cleovoulou, Y., & Beach, P. (2019) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2019.04.012 · Cited by 31
Jam Today, Jam Tomorrow
Faas, T., Liu, I.-C., Dombrowski, L. S., & Miller, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3361121 · Cited by 34
Validation of Internal structure of Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale among Indian Medical Students using factor analysis and the Structural equation Modelling Approach
Kumar, A., Omprakash, A., Mani, P. K. C., Swaminathan, N., Maheshkumar, K., Maruthy, K. N., Sathiyasekaran, B. W., Vijayaraghavan, P. V., & Padmavathi, R. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-03035-6 · Cited by 31
‘Destroying barriers to critical thinking’ to surge the effect of self-leadership skills on electronic learning styles
Durnalı, M. (2022) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101130 · Cited by 31
Metacognition: As a Predictor of One’s Academic Locus of Control
Arslan, S., & Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N. (2014) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · doi:10.12738/estp.2014.1.1805 · Cited by 31
Faculty Support for Self-Directed Learning in Internal Medicine Residency: A Qualitative Study Using Grounded Theory
Sawatsky, A. P., Ratelle, J. T., Bonnes, S. L. R., Egginton, J. S., & Beckman, T. J. (2017) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000002077 · Cited by 31
Promoting Lifelong Learning Propensity and Intentions for Vocational Training among Adult and Vocational Educational Undergraduates
Mbagwu, F., Chukwuedo, S. O., & Ogbuanya, T. C. (2020) · Vocations and Learning · doi:10.1007/s12186-020-09245-1 · Cited by 31
How to encourage a lifelong learner? The complex relation between learning strategies and assessment in a medical curriculum
van Woezik, T. E. T., Koksma, J., Reuzel, R. P. B., Jaarsma, D. A. D. C., & van der Wilt, G. J. (2019) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2019.1667954 · Cited by 30
Mobile Assisted Learning for Self-Directed Learning Development at Technical University: SWOT Analysis
Saienko, N. V., & Едуардівна, Л. Ю. (2020) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2020.080440 · Cited by 30
MOOC-based learning for human resource development in organizations during the post-pandemic and war crisis: a study from a developing country perspective
Shahriar, S. H. B., Akter, S., Sultana, N., Arafat, S., & Khan, M. M. R. (2022) · Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning · doi:10.1108/jrit-09-2022-0054 · Cited by 30
From Andragogy to Collaborative Critical Pedagogy
Schapiro, S. A. (2003) · Journal of Transformative Education · doi:10.1177/1541344603001002008 · Cited by 30
Readiness for Online Learning: Learners’ Comfort and Self-Directed Learning Ability
Luu, T. M. V. (2022) · International Journal of TESOL & Education · doi:10.54855/ijte.222113 · Cited by 29
Institutional decision making for increasing academic preparedness in community colleges
Perin, D. (2005) · New Directions for Community Colleges · doi:10.1002/cc.183 · Cited by 29
Video Analysis and Modeling Performance Task to Promote Becoming Like Scientists in Classrooms
Wee, L. K., & Leong, T. K. (2015) · American Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12691/education-3-2-13 · Cited by 29
Design lessons about participatory self-directed online learning in a graduate-level instructional technology course
Yamagata-Lynch, L. C., Do, J., Skutnik, A. L., Thompson, D. J., Stephens, A. F., & Tays, C. A. (2015) · Open Learning The Journal of Open Distance and e-Learning · doi:10.1080/02680513.2015.1071244 · Cited by 34
Do-It-Yourself Information Literacy: Self-Directed Learning at a Distance
LaDell-Thomas, J. (2012) · Journal of Library & Information Services in Distance Learning · doi:10.1080/1533290x.2012.705168 · Cited by 29
Chapter 2: The affordances of case-based teaching for self-directed learning: A case study with first-year student teachers
Beer, J. J. D., & Gravett, S. J. (2016) · NWU self-directed learning series · doi:10.4102/aosis.2016.sdlr14.02 · Cited by 32
The influence of a metacognitive approach to cooperative pair problem-solving on self-direction in learning
Breed, B., & Bailey, R. (2018) · The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa · doi:10.4102/td.v14i1.516 · Cited by 36
Designing and delivering MOOCs to motivate participants for self-directed learning
Zhu, M. (2022) · Open Learning The Journal of Open Distance and e-Learning · doi:10.1080/02680513.2022.2026213 · Cited by 33
Influence of Self-Controlled Feedback on Learning a Serial Motor Skill
Lim, S., Ali, A., Kim, W., Kim, J., Choi, S., & Radlo, S. J. (2015) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/23.pms.120v13x3 · Cited by 30
Student‐teachers' evaluation on the use of different modes of problem‐based learning in teacher education
Kwan, T. (2008) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/13598660802375933 · Cited by 28
Lifelong Learning as Being: The Heideggerian Perspective
Su, Y. (2010) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0741713610380442 · Cited by 28
Self Directed Learning: A Longstanding Tool for Uncertain Times
Roberson, D. N., Zach, S., Choresh, N., & Rosenthal, I. (2021) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2021.125074 · Cited by 27
The Relationship Between Academic Motivation and Lifelong Learning During Residency: A Study of Psychiatry Residents
Sockalingam, S., Wiljer, D., Yufe, S. J., Knox, M. K., Fefergrad, M., Silver, I., Harris, I. B., & Tekian, A. S. (2016) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001256 · Cited by 27
Competencies of women entrepreneurs utilizing information marketing businesses
Revell-Love, C., & Revell-Love, T. (2016) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-02-2016-0027 · Cited by 27
Paradigm Shifts in Education: An Ecological Analysis
Zhao, Y., & Zhong, R. (2024) · ECNU Review of Education · doi:10.1177/20965311241296162 · Cited by 26
Generative AI for Teachers’ Self-Directed Professional Development: A Mixed-Methods Study
Li, Z., Wang, C., & Bonk, C. J. (2025) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-025-01123-8 · Cited by 26
Applying the Elements of Cooperative Learning: Reported Influence on Self-directed Learning and View of Cooperative Learning
Breed, B. (2016) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/0976691x.2016.11884878 · Cited by 26
Vocational education of young adults in England: a systemic analysis of teaching–learning transactions that facilitate self-directed learning
Morris, T. H. (2018) · Journal of Vocational Education and Training · doi:10.1080/13636820.2018.1463280 · Cited by 26
The role of control strategies, self-efficacy, and learning behavior in self-directed learning
Schweder, S. (2018) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2018.1459991 · Cited by 27
Applying the Rasch Model to Evaluate the Self-Directed Online Learning Scale (SDOLS) for Graduate Students
Yang, H., Su, J., & Bradley, K. D. (2020) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v21i3.4654 · Cited by 26
Prediction of dilatory behaviour in online assignments
Imhof, C., Bergamin, P. B., & McGarrity, S. (2021) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102014 · Cited by 26
An Examination of the Self-Directed Learning Practices of ESL Adult Language Learners.
Grover, K. S., Miller, M. T., Swearingen, B. D., & Wood, N. V. (2014) · Journal of adult education Tanzania · Cited by 26
What Factors Affect Teachers in Taiwan in Becoming More Involved in Professional Development? A Hierarchical Linear Analysis
Liu, H., Jehng, J. J., Chen, C.-H. V., & Fang, M. (2014) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21195 · Cited by 26
Dose Matters: A Smartphone Application to Improve Asthma Control Among Patients at an Urban Pediatric Primary Care Clinic
Real, F. J., Beck, A. F., DeBlasio, D. J., Zackoff, M. W., Henize, A. W., Xu, Y. Y., Davis, D., Cruse, B., & Klein, M. D. (2019) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2019.0011 · Cited by 29
What means civic education in a digitalized world?
Schmitt, J. B., Baake, J., & Kero, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1257247 · Cited by 25
Self‐directed learning—a framework for inclusion ‘In’ and ‘Through’ Education – A systematic review
Morris, T. H., Koutsouris, G., Stentiford, L., & Bremner, N. (2025) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.70028 · Cited by 28
Self-Directed Learning in Athletic Training Education
Armstrong, K. J. (2010) · Athletic Therapy Today · doi:10.1123/att.15.1.19 · Cited by 25
The mediating effect of literacy of LMS between self-evaluation online teaching effectiveness and self-directed learning readiness
Heo, J., & Han, S. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10590-4 · Cited by 25
Effects of self-directed learning behaviors on creative performance in design education context
Liu, B., Wang, D., Wu, Y., Gui, W., & Luo, H. (2023) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101347 · Cited by 25
Exploring Inventions in Self-Directed Language Learning with Generative AI: Implementations and Perspectives of YouTube Content Creators
Li, B., Wang, C., Bonk, C. J., & Kou, X. (2024) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-024-00960-3 · Cited by 29
Using technology to encourage self-directed learning: The Collaborative Lecture Annotation System (CLAS)
Dawson, S., Macfadyen, L. P., Evan, F., Foulsham, T., & Kingstone, A. F. (2012) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 25
Insights From Research on Distance Education Learners, Learning, and Learner Support
West, R. E. (2011) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923647.2011.589775 · Cited by 25
Modelling the impact of study behaviours on academic performance to inform the design of a persuasive system
Filippou, J., Cheong, C., & Cheong, C. (2016) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2016.05.002 · Cited by 28
A Report from the Society of General Internal Medicine's Task Force for Residency Reform
Holmboe, E. S., Bowen, J. L., Green, M., Gregg, J. L., DiFrancesco, L., Reynolds, E. E., Alguire, P. C., Battinelli, D. L., Lucey, C. R., & Duffy, D. (2005) · Cited by 25
On the Effect of Goal Setting on Self-Directed Learning, Achievement Motivation, and Academic Achievement among Students
Hemmatian, F., Rezaei, A. M., & Mohammadyfar, M. A. (2016) · Modern Applied Science · doi:10.5539/mas.v11n1p37 · Cited by 25
Self-directed learning research: An imperative for transforming the educational landscape
Oosthuizen, I. J., & Mentz, E. (2016) · NWU self-directed learning series · doi:10.4102/aosis.sdlr.2016.03 · Cited by 27
Developing hazard recognition skill among the next-generation of construction professionals
Albert, A., Jeelani, I., & Han, K. K. (2020) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2020.1797133 · Cited by 25
Analysis of the psychological impact of Problem Based Learning (PBL) towards self directed learning among students in undergraduate medical education
Chakravarthi, S., & Vijayan, P. M. (2010) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v2n1p38 · Cited by 25

Authors: Garrison, D. R.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author: Garrison, D. R.
ORCID: Garrison, D. R.
Venue: Adult Education Quarterly
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1997-11
Volume: 48
Issue: 1
Pages: 18-33
ISSN: 0741-7136 (ISSN-L)
1552-3047
DOI: 10.1177/074171369704800103
OpenAlex: W1970131054
Cited by: 1,578
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 125 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 130 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 25.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Adult Education Quarterly (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Adult and Continuing Education Topics
Social Sciences › Education › Educational Leadership and Innovation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
Keywords: self-directed learning, self-management, self-monitoring, motivation, adult education, theoretical model, contextual control

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Self-Directed Learning: Toward a Comprehensive Model

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks