CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 871Nonprofit Sector and VolunteeringCommunity Development and Social ImpactManagement and Organizational Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Diversification of Revenue Strategies: Evolving Resource Dependence in Nonprofit Organizations

Froelich, Karen A.·1999·Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
DOI 10.1177/0899764099283002
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article examines the effects of three major revenue strategies in nonprofit organizations. Evolving resource dependence is demonstrated by the shifting reliance on each source of funds: private contributions, government funding, and commercial activities. A wide-ranging literature review is condensed into summary profiles comparing revenue volatility, goal displacement, process, and structure effects of each strategy. The profiles are drawn upon to anticipate potential advantages and disadvantages of increasingly diversified revenue strategies employed by nonprofits to combat resource dependence. The potential interaction effects raise critical but unanswered questions about nonprofit performance, legitimacy, and public policy issues.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0899764099283002

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 54 references

6 of the 54 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 36

  1. Boris, E. T., 1998, Charting civil society, 1
  2. Boris, E. T., 1990, Critical issues in American philanthropy, 188
  3. Crimmins, J. C., 1983, Enterprise in the nonprofit sector
  4. DiMaggio, P. J., 1986, Nonprofit enterprise and the arts, 65
  5. DiMaggio, P. J., 1986, Nonprofit enterprise and the arts, 3
  6. DiMaggio, P. J., 1986, Nonprofit enterprise and the arts, 113
  7. Eckel, C. C., 1993, Nonprofit organizations in a market economy, 57
  8. 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199821)17:2<215::AID-PAM6>3.0.CO;2-K · DOI
  9. Gronbjerg, K. A., 1993, Understanding nonprofit funding
  10. Hansmann, H., 1989, The future of the nonprofit sector, 91
  11. Hodgkinson, V. A., 1989, The future of the nonprofit sector, 3
  12. Hodgkinson, V. A., 1986, Dimensions of the independent sector: A statistical profile
  13. Hodgkinson, V. A., 1988, Dimensions of the independent sector: A statistical profile. An interim update, fall 1988
  14. Hodgkinson, V. A., 1996, Nonprofit almanac 1996-1997: Dimensions of the independent sector
  15. Kirk, S. A., 1992, Human services as complex organizations, 163
  16. Knoke, D., 1993, Nonprofit organizations in a market economy, 138
  17. Kramer, R. M., 1986, The future of voluntary organizations in social welfare
  18. Kramer, R. M., 1989, Services for sale, 97
  19. Langley, M., 1998, Wall Street Journal, A1
  20. McGovern, J. J., 1989, The future of the nonprofit sector, 168
  21. Peterson, P. A., 1986, Nonprofit enterprise and the arts, 161
  22. Powell, W. W., 1986, Nonprofit enterprise in the arts, 245
  23. 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199821)17:2<253::AID-PAM8>3.0.CO;2-G · DOI
  24. Salamon, L. M., 1987, The nonprofit sector: A research handbook, 99
  25. Salamon, L. M., 1992, America’s nonprofit sector
  26. Scott, R. A., 1974, Human services organizations: A book of readings, 485
  27. Thompson, J. D., 1967, Organizations in action
  28. 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199821)17:2<175::AID-PAM4>3.0.CO;2-E · DOI
  29. Useem, M., 1987, The nonprofit sector: A research handbook, 340
  30. Useem, M., 1986, Nonprofit enterprise in the arts, 93
  31. 10.4159/9780674045064 · DOI
  32. Weisbrod, B. A., 1989, The future of the nonprofit sector, 103
  33. 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199821)17:2<165::AID-PAM3>3.0.CO;2-M · DOI
  34. Ylvisaker, P. N., 1987, The nonprofit sector: A research handbook, 360
  35. Young, D. R., 1989, The future of the nonprofit sector, 183
  36. 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199821)17:2<278::AID-PAM9>3.0.CO;2-E · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 871

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Froelich, K. A.
Affiliations
North Dakota State University (US)
Corresponding author
Froelich, Karen A.
Venue
Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
1999-09
Volume
28
Issue
3
Pages
246-268
ISSN
  • 0094-0607 (ISSN-L)
  • 0899-7640
  • 1552-7395
DOI
10.1177/0899764099283002
OpenAlex
W2119852045
Cited by
863
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 37 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 42
FWCI
5.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Community Development and Social Impact
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
Keywords
resource dependence, income diversification, private contributions, government funding, business activity, revenue volatility, goal displacement, nonprofit performance, public policy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review