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Cited by 204Children's Rights and ParticipationParticipatory Visual Research MethodsQualitative Research Methods and Ethics

Child participatory research methods: Attempts to go ‘deeper’

Open access
Horgan, Deirdre·2017·Childhood
DOI 10.1177/0907568216647787
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Abstract

Along with the growth of child participatory research an increased focus on its complexity, specifically unaddressed power inequities in the research relationship and unreflexive use of methods, has developed. This article discusses a participatory research project with children in Ireland and reflects on attempts to achieve deeper participation through the use of children and youth advisory groups, mixed visual and discursive group methods. It argues that overly paternalistic frameworks adopted by ethical review bodies can hamper participatory research with children.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0907568216647787

Cites

67 of 67 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

6 of 53 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Group interviews produce 'collective knowledges' (general truths extending beyond a particular moment).

    “Ultimately group interviews produce what Ansell et al., (2012: 175) refer to as 'collective knowledges' (those presented as a general truth that extend beyond a particular moment).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ansell et al., (2012: 175) source

      In “The data produced,” the paper says group-based participatory methods generally produce collective knowledges. But it explicitly distinguishes collective from generalised knowledges: a truth extending beyond a particular moment defines the latter, not the former. It also notes that some group activities produced specific collective knowledges. (LLM, conf=0.89)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    In our study, a challenge was developing suitable methods to meaningfully engage a broad range of children and young people from seven to seventeen years of age.

    “In our study, one of the many challenges encountered was developing suitable methods to meaningfully engage with a broad range of children and young people from seven to seventeen years of age and so we developed quite different methods for exploring similar issues of participation and decision making.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In our group interviews, peer group dynamics excluding individual voices occurred.

    “This, undoubtedly, occurred in our group interviews, for example, in one incident during a meeting with the children's advisory group (aged 7 to 12) early in the project we asked participants about issues of importance to children in terms of their decision-making and asked them to identify these with post-its placed on a wall.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In our study, a teacher sat in on the first Children's Advisory group meeting held in the school, despite agreement that the process would only involve the children and researchers.

    “In our study, the issue of institutional space and power dynamics became apparent in the Children's Advisory group when a teacher sat in on the first meeting held in the school, despite agreement that the process would only involve the children and researchers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In our study, a key tension was in the requirements around parental consent.

    “One of the key ways this tension presented in our study was in the requirements around parental consent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 39
  • May combine two claims. 29

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Adult researchers have not sufficiently attended to local social inequalities and power relations in their participatory research with children.

    “Ansell et al., (2012) argue that adult researchers have not sufficiently attended to local social inequalities and power relations in their participatory research with children.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ansell et al., 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mitchell and Elwood see mapping as a political act which locates individual politics and agency everywhere and note gradual acceptance of this view of mapping the broader contextual world and social relationships emphasising the communicative process.

    “Mitchell and Elwood (2012) see mapping as a political act which locates individual politics and agency everywhere and note the gradual acceptance of this view of mapping the broader contextual world and social relationships emphasising the communicative process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mitchell and Elwood (2012) source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Peer group cultures and dynamics in the research process can exclude individual voices, with some children copying from one another and providing accounts reflecting social norms rather than direct experience.

    “Ansell et al., (2012) outline evidence of peer group cultures and dynamics in the research process which exclude individual voices and recount strategies employed by some children in their research including copying from one another and providing accounts which reflected social norms rather than direct experience.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ansell et al., (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Certain children are excluded from research and those who do participate can experience it as disempowering.

    “Not only are certain children excluded from research but those who do participate can experience it as disempowering.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ansell et al., 2012 source

      In “Participatory research: justifications” (page unavailable), the paper says children’s participation can be tokenistic or exploitative. In “Social context of the research and ‘insider’/‘outsider’ research assistants” (page unavailable), it describes a participating boy who was ridiculed by an assistant and became visibly upset. These passages support the possibility of disempowering participation, but the copy does not establish the broader claim that certain children are excluded from research. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The participatory process itself is not neutral and systematically facilitates certain dominant voices while subduing others.

    “Ansell et al., (2012) make the point that the participatory process itself is not neutral and systematically facilitates certain dominant voices while subduing others.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ansell et al., 2012 source

      In “Participatory research: epistemological critiques,” the paper says the participatory process is not neutral and that techniques may systematically facilitate dominant voices and subdue others. The citing sentence presents that possible effect as an unqualified fact. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In our study, we had very little control over the selection process and, especially in schools, found that the children asked to volunteer were those deemed to be articulate and 'good' representatives.

    “While we made every effort to communicate our desire to have as representative a group of participants as possible, ultimately we had very little control over the selection process and, especially in schools, found that the children asked to volunteer were those deemed to be articulate and 'good' representatives.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Through mapping, the children communicated the rules of the school and their relationship to these, which they experienced as unsatisfactory and based on limited representative structures such as student councils.

    “Through this process they communicated the rules of the school and their relationship to these, which they experienced as unsatisfactory and based on limited representative structures such as student councils.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    Their involvement ensured that the project maintained its focus on decision-making issues that were important or of concern to children and young people.

    “Their involvement ensured that the project maintained its focus on decision-making issues that were important or of concern to children and young people.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The teacher's presence completely altered the nature of the interaction within the group on that occasion and had a limiting effect on discussion.

    “This was resolved before the next meeting but completely altered the nature of the interaction within the group on that occasion and had a limiting effect on discussion, particularly given that school was one of the spaces for participation in decision-making being explored with the children.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The children in our study mapped and discussed everyday concerns such as location of favourite spaces in their school and best places to play in their local area.

    “The children in our study mapped and discussed everyday concerns such as the location of favourite spaces in their school, and the best places to play in their local area.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The children gave insight into local power relations in which they are involved and ways they navigate these, mainly through youth clubs or activities.

    “They also gave an insight into some of the local power relations in which they are involved and the ways in which they navigate these, mainly through their involvement in youth clubs or activities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In one incident in the children's advisory group (aged 7-12), a boy spoke about his family not watching television during the week, was laughed at by the group, removed his sticky note, and participated very little for the remainder of the discussion.

    “During the discussion one young boy spoke about the fact that the family did not watch television during the week and this was responded to with laughter by the rest of the group.He immediately removed his coloured sticky note from the board and for the remainder of the discussion, despite our efforts, this boy participated very little.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    While floor mats were useful starting points for discussion, some children spent a lot of time trying to locate their 'spaces' on the mat and using these as geographical representations of their 'spaces' at home, school, and local community.

    “Our experience was that, while the floor mats were useful starting points for discussion, some of the children spent a lot of time trying to locate their 'spaces' on the mat and using these as geographical representations of their 'spaces' at home, in their school and their local community.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In one research setting, a second level school Principal assured the researchers that there was no need to request individual consent from parents or children as there was blanket consent signed by parents for all such activities at the beginning of the school year.

    “In one of our research settings, a second level school Principal assured us that there was no need to request individual consent from parents or children as there was blanket consent signed by parents for all such activities at the beginning of the school year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisereasoning

    A growing focus on the complex, fluid and multi-layered process of child participatory research has resulted from critical work on participatory research with children.

    “A growing focus on the complex, fluid and multi-layered process of child participatory research has resulted from such critical work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    It is not the methods themselves but the social relations involved in the co-production of knowledge which makes research participatory.

    “However, it is not the methods themselves but the social relations involved in the co-production of knowledge which makes the research participatory (Gallagher, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gallagher, 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Adult gatekeepers' concern to protect the well-being of vulnerable children may partly explain selection, but gatekeeping is often used as a means to control the process and outcomes.

    “This may be partly explained by adult gatekeepers concern to protect the well-being of vulnerable children (Hopkins, 2008;Wickenden and Kembhavi-Tam, 2014) but is often used as a means to control the process and outcomes (Spyrou, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hopkins, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Spyrou, 2011 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The gatekeeping functions of key adults, the positionality of the researcher as an adult, research processes which facilitate certain voices over others, power dynamics within groups of young people themselves, and the institutional context in which the research is conducted are all relevant when examining power in child participatory research.

    “The gatekeeping functions of key adults, the positionality of the researcher as an adult, research processes which facilitate certain voices over others, power dynamics within groups of young people themselves, and the institutional context in which the research is conducted are all relevant when examining power in child participatory research.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The problematisation of child participatory research has centred around two key issues: power relationships and the complexity of representation.

    “The problematisation of child participatory research has centred around two key issues -power relationships and the complexity of representation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The CYAG is an aspect of participatory research with children which may have the potential to contribute to deeper participation.

    “The CYAG, then, is an aspect of participatory research with children which may have the potential to contribute to deeper participation and merits further exploration and research.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Deeper participation is a desirable goal for child participatory research.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Child participatory research has attempted to respond to power inequities by developing innovative participatory and creative methods which place the child at the centre of proceedings, including the use of child and youth advisory groups.

    “Child participatory research has attempted to respond to this by developing innovative participatory and creative methods which place the child at the centre of proceedings, including the use of child and youth advisory groups, some of which I will discuss later.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Even the use of children as co-researchers is problematic and brings with it all of the challenges in conducting research with children.

    “Yet, even this is problematic (Hopkins, 2008) and brings with it all of the challenges in conducting research with children.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hopkins, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Even with all efforts to deal with the challenges, interactions with children in research are still unequal and accurate representation of their 'multi-voicedness' is challenging.

    “But, even with all of these efforts to deal with the challenges, we have to accept that interactions with children in research are still unequal and that accurate representation of their 'multi-voicedness' is challenging.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Moving from a preoccupation with children's 'authentic' voice to one of critical reflexive representation requires focusing more on the process producing those voices, including power dynamics and broader cultural, societal, ideological and institutional influences and how children's voices are heard and represented.

    “Spyrou (2011) argues that moving from a preoccupation with children's 'authentic' voice to one of critical reflexive representation requires us to focus more on the process producing those voices involving power dynamics as well as the broader cultural, societal, ideological and institutional influences and how children's voices are heard and represented.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Spyrou, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This study does not meet all of the criteria for 'deep' participation because it was commissioned by a Government agency to meet specific objectives, it had a limited timeframe linked to the funding, and it was constrained by reliance on schools in recruiting some participants.

    “This study does not meet all of the criteria for 'deep' participation because it was commissioned by a Government agency to meet specific objectives, it had a limited timeframe linked to the funding, as well as being constrained by our reliance on schools in recruiting some of our participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Data collection questions were asked during on-task chatter of interactive activities using floor mats or while 'twiddle objects' were used to deflect researcher and peer attention.

    “Also, data collection questions were asked during the on-task chatter of interactive activities using the floor mats (Figure 1) or while 'twiddle objects' such as colourful pipe cleaners were used in order to deflect the glare of researcher and peer attention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    That schools emerged negatively in the findings indicates that the spatial context did not silence children's opinions, and research was conducted outside school settings to balance this potential.

    “That schools emerged negatively in the findings is, however, an indication that the spatial context did not silence their opinions but also reflects the fact that research was conducted outside of school settings to balance this potential.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A second area of concern is the representation of children's 'voice' in research.

    “Along with issues of power, a second area of concern is the representation of children's 'voice' in research.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    We need to move beyond the search for authentic voice and instead acknowledge the fluidity and diversity of children's positions.

    “Alanen (1992), similarly, contends that we need to move beyond the search for authentic voice and instead acknowledge the fluidity and diversity of children's positions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alanen, 1992

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Multiple modalities of expression in child-centred research empower children by promoting their participation in the production of oral and visual texts.

    “as Quiroz et al., (2014: 212) note 'multiple modalities of expression in child-centred research empower children by promoting their participation in the production of oral and visual texts'.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Quiroz et al., 2014 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A growing interrogation of the process of research with children has highlighted the essentialising of children's voices, diminishing the 'messiness' and general problems of representation of children's 'authentic' voices.

    “A growing interrogation of the process of research with children has highlighted the essentialising of children's voices (Elden, 2012), diminishing the 'messiness' and general problems of representation of children's 'authentic' voices (Spyrou, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Elden, 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Spyrou, 2011 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In this way the children were both informants and researchers.

    “In this way the children were both informants and researchers (Jones, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jones, 2004

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The positionality of the researcher in terms of age, 'insider' or 'outsider' status, race, gender, class and personal biography is important.

    “The positionality of the researcher in terms of age, 'insider' or 'outsider' status, race, gender, class and personal biography is important.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The CYAG role involved helping the research team to decide on key themes for exploration in group interviews, trialling/piloting some of the proposed ice breakers and child-centred data collection methods, and contributing to the analysis process by working with the raw data generated from the focus group interviews, thereby potentially diminishing problems with representation of participants' '

    “The CYAG role involved helping the research team to decide on key themes for exploration in group interviews, trialling/piloting some of the proposed ice breakers and child-centred data collection methods and, contributing to the analysis process by working with the raw data generated from the focus group interviews and thereby potentially diminishing problems with representation of participants'”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Visual and activity focused methods are especially useful in research with children through assisting reflection of complex ideas, making the process more enjoyable, offering a different way of revealing experiences, and democratically involving children as producers of knowledge.

    “Visual and activity focused methods have been demonstrated as being especially useful in research with children through assisting on the reflection of complex ideas or issues, making the process more enjoyable, offering a different way of revealing experiences and perspectives while at the same time democratically involving children as 'producers of knowledge' (Elden, 2012;Winstone et al., 2014;).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Elden, 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Winstone et al., 2014 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    We attempted to mitigate these limitations through our work with child and youth advisory groups (CYAG's) from immediately after the research was commissioned through to the data analysis stage.

    “However, we did attempt to mitigate these through our work with child and youth advisory groups (CYAG's) from immediately after the research was commissioned through to the data analysis stage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Group discussions in participatory research with children make children accountable to their peers and enable dynamic conversations that shape the discussion in ways not possible in one-to-one interviews.

    “The value of group discussions in participatory research with children includes that children are accountable to their peers and engage in dynamic conversations that shape the discussion in ways not possible during one-to-one interviews (Hunleth, 2011;ref).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hunleth, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Producing or engaging with images is part of children's everyday lives and is experienced as fun, relaxing and enables the abstract to become concrete.

    “Information is understood more easily visually than through narrative (Wickenden and Kembhavi-Tam, 2014), producing or engaging with images is part of children's everyday lives and is experienced as fun, relaxing and enables the abstract become concrete (Elden, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Elden, 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The significance of child voice and the complexity associated with representing it indicates the importance of the process of eliciting the multi-voiced character of children's interactions.

    “The significance of child voice and the complexity associated with representing it indicates the importance of the process of eliciting the multi-voiced character of children's interactions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Utilising a wide variety of settings in our study - large and small schools, youth projects, youth cafes, youth groups - all with very different purpose, ethos, structure, size and location, helped to counteract the possibility of such context limitations.

    “However, utilising a wide variety of settings in our study -large and small schools, youth projects, youth cafes, youth groups -all with very different purpose, ethos, structure, size and location, helped to counteract the possibility of such context limitations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The mixing of methods generates multi-layered, richly textured information.

    “The mixing of methods (as in our study which combined visual, interactive exercises and games), generates multi-layered, richly textured information (Gabb, 2009)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gabb, 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    In this study, the research team was comprised primarily of white, middle class female academics (with a male researcher involved in two of the 10 focus groups).

    “In this study, the research team was comprised primarily of white, middle class female academics (with a male researcher involved in two of the 10 focus groups).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Even with a wide range of interaction activities, some children's perspectives are not adequately represented.

    “However, Warming argues that even with a wide range of interaction activities, some children's perspectives are not adequately represented.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Warming

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    While speech is still the dominant means of communication and representation in research with children, some children's voices and perspectives are not being heard and recognized, especially younger children and children with disabilities as well as in societies where children [are marginalized].

    “Warming (2011) makes the point that while speech is still the dominant means of communication and representation in research with children, some children's voices and perspectives are not being heard and recognized.This is especially the case for younger children and children with disabilities as well as in societies where children”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Warming (2011) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some question the dominance and rigidity of ethical committees and rules.

    “More rigorous ethics regarding children's participation in research are welcome, however, some question the dominance and rigidity of ethical committees and rules (Parsons et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Parsons et al., 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    There is no easy way of engaging and focusing the children, but the maps offered a useful way in to the discussion.

    “It soon became obvious that there is no easy way of engaging and focusing the children, but rather the maps offered a useful way in to the discussion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Ethical guidance is still strongly based on and informed by a medical model.

    “While this contribution to ethical procedures and practices has been noted, some have argued that ethical guidance is still strongly based on and informed by a medical model (Coyne, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Coyne, 2010 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    With the expansion of child participatory research, key challenges have been identified in the literature related to power inequalities and representation of children's voices.

    “With this expansion, key challenges have been identified in the literature related to power inequalities and representation of children's voices in such research.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Parental consent procedures rest on the problematic assumption that children may agree to research in order to please adults.

    “Coyne (2010) outlines a number of problematic assumptions within parental consent -that children cannot understand what they are consenting to; that parents can evaluate risks and benefits of research; and that children may agree to research in order to please adults.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Coyne (2010) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Much good practice in developing researchers' capacity in child consent is already evident.

    “We also need to reflect on the critical importance of child consent in its own right, which places the final decision at the point of participation with the child themselves, and to developing researchers' capacity in this area with much good practice already evident (Kellett, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kellett, 2010 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Parental consent procedures rest on the problematic assumption that children cannot understand what they are consenting to.

    “Coyne (2010) outlines a number of problematic assumptions within parental consent -that children cannot understand what they are consenting to; that parents can evaluate risks and benefits of research; and that children may agree to research in order to please adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Coyne (2010) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Social research emphasises active involvement of participants, concern about risks of research, and broadening scope of attention to ethics from data collection to include every stage of research from planning through to dissemination.

    “Social research emphasises the active involvement of participants, concern about risks of research, and broadening the scope of attention to ethics from data collection to include every stage of research from planning through to dissemination (Alderson, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alderson, 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The authors' initial reading was that younger children perhaps did not fully understand the concept of 'community', but on reflection they were describing their community as not necessarily limited to the local.

    “Our initial reading of this was that the younger children perhaps did not fully understand the concept of 'community', but on reflection they were describing their community as not necessarily limited to the local.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The researchers insisted on individual consent being completed as it was part of the approval process agreed with the Ethics committee at the University.

    “We insisted on this being completed as it was part of the approval process agreed with the Ethics committee at the University.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Deep participation is somewhat of a misnomer in that all research with children is unequal and usually framed by agendas constructed by adults.

    “Deep participation is somewhat of a misnomer in that all research with children is unequal and usually framed by agendas constructed by adults.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Skelton (2008) experienced a political and ethical tension between 'adultist' guidance and policy on consent and conceptual perspectives on childhood framing her research, and calls for a revision of understandings about consent.

    “Skelton (2008) talks of experiencing a political and ethical tension between the 'adultist' guidance and policy on consent and the conceptual perspectives on childhood framing her research and calls for a revision of understandings about consent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Skelton (2008) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The importance of thinking carefully about ethical and methodological issues at all stages of the research process, from planning through consent to dissemination, is well established.

    “The importance of thinking carefully about ethical and methodological issues at all stages of the research process, from planning through consent to dissemination, is well established (Greene and Hogan 2005;Harcourt et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Greene and Hogan 2005 source
    • cites Harcourt et al., 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Parental consent procedures rest on the problematic assumption that parents can evaluate risks and benefits of research.

    “Coyne (2010) outlines a number of problematic assumptions within parental consent -that children cannot understand what they are consenting to; that parents can evaluate risks and benefits of research; and that children may agree to research in order to please adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Coyne (2010) source
58 of 58

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Children and young people in the CYAGs can bring expertise to the research team based on their contemporary experience as a child in a similar peer group to the research participants.

    “the children in our CYAGs were invited to participate on the basis of the expertise they could bring to the research team in terms of their contemporary experience as a child in a similar peer group to the research participants (7-12 year olds and 12-17 year olds).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Deeper participation is a desirable goal for child participatory research.

    “This article explores the possibilities for deeper participation against this backdrop”
2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Alanen L, 1992, Modern childhood: Exploring the ‘child questions’ in sociology
  2. Corsaro WA, 1997, The Sociology of Childhood
  3. Davey C, 2010, Children’s Participation in Decision-Making: A Children’s Views Report
  4. Horgan D, 2015, Children and Young People’s Experiences of Participation in Decision Making at Home, in School and in Their Communities
  5. James A, 1990, Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood
  6. Mandell N, 1991, Studying the Social Worlds of Children: Sociological Reading, 38

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Horgan, D.
Affiliations
University College Cork (IE)
Corresponding author
Horgan, Deirdre
ORCID
Horgan, Deirdre
Venue
Childhood
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2016-05-17
Volume
24
Issue
2
Pages
245-259
ISSN
  • 0907-5682 (ISSN-L)
  • 1461-7013
DOI
10.1177/0907568216647787
OpenAlex
W2406068489
Semantic Scholar
4eac95aaca52e2c5c6f3ce2fb99eef6cf389d578
Cited by
204
References
63
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2
FWCI
40.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Childhood (publishedVersion)
  • Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences (RDI2012 -2-6)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Children's Rights and Participation
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Participatory Visual Research Methods
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
Keywords
children's participation, reflexivity, research ethics review, paternalism, research ethics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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