The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cynicism about Organizational Change: Measurement, Antecedents, and Correlates
Abstract
A new construct called Cynicism About Organizational Change (CAOC) was proposed and distinguished from related concepts. The measure of CAOC was supported by confirmatory factor analysis and has acceptable internal consistency reliability. Potential antecedents (measured 21 months before the measurement of CAOC) were examined. Little support was found for CAOC having dispositional roots in one’s general negative affectivity. More support was found for CAOC being learned as a result of little previous change, ineffective leadership practices, and lack of participation in decisions. CAOC was negatively correlated with a concurrent measure of organizational change and with the motivation to keep on trying to support change efforts. In addition, CAOC was negatively correlated with factors outside the realm of change: organizational commitment and the number of labor grievances. Finally, CAOC weakened the instrumentality perception of the relationship between performing well and earning more money, while holding the actual pay system constant.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Importantly, Wanous et al. (2000, p. 147) highlights that cynicism should be seen as a learned response than a fixed personality trait.”
From Creating a workforce of fatigued cynics? A randomized controlled trial of implementing an algorithmic decision-making support tool (2024) · cites this paper as Wanous et al., 2000
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
Research in Organizational Behavior
Hammer, E. R., Cummings, L. L., & Staw, B. M. (1984) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258300 · Cited by 11,176
(1964) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,439
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130 · Cited by 10,418
Academy of Management Executive
(2010) · The Academy of Management executive/Academy of Management executive · doi:10.5465/ame · Cited by 9,051
Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach
Steiger, J. H. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4 · Cited by 7,408
Reengineering the corporation: A manifesto for business revolution
Hammer, M., & Champy, J. (1993) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/s0007-6813(05)80064-3 · Cited by 6,455
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.171 · Cited by 6,439
Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover.
Trice, H. M., Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1984) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2068333 · Cited by 4,653
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- 10.2307/258717 · DOI
- Browne, M. W., 1994, SYSTAT for DOS: Advanced applications, 167
- Mann, F. C., 1957, Research in industrial human relation, 146
- Pope, K. S., 1993, The MMPI, MMPI-2 & MMPI-A in court
- Shapiro, B., 1997, APA Monitor, 34
- Steiger, J. H., annual meeting of the Psychometric Society
- Tjosvold, D. W., 1991, Leading the team organization
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 509
Zheng, G., Liu, H., Wang, Y., & Liu, J. (2021) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/713475 · Cited by 6
Ferrari, F. (2023) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697017.2023.2281921 · Cited by 6
Understanding employee attitudes to change in longitudinal perspective
Procter, S., & Randall, J. (2015) · Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/qrom-01-2013-1127 · Cited by 6
Berheide, C. W., & Anderson‐Hanley, C. (2012) · Advances in gender research · doi:10.1108/s1529-2126(2012)0000016011 · Cited by 6
Anticipatory (in)justice and organizational change: understanding employee reactions to change
Dhensa‐Kahlon, R. K., & Coyle‐Shapiro, J. A. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139096690.012 · Cited by 6
Minds, Hearts and Deeds: Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural Responses to Change
Smollan, R. K. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-16511-4_12 · Cited by 6
Grote, S., & Hering, V. W. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31052-2_1 · Cited by 6
Can’t buy me laughter – Humour in organisational change
Vetter, L., & Gockel, C. (2016) · Gruppe Interaktion Organisation Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) · doi:10.1007/s11612-016-0341-7 · Cited by 9
The Influence of Job Autonomy on Organizational Cynicism: The Reliability Test
Shaharruddin, S., & Ahmad, F. (2015) · Cited by 6
Jang, J., & Tak, J. (2013) · Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.24230/ksiop.26.1.201302.1 · Cited by 6
READY OR NOT…? WHAT'S THE RELEVANCE OF A MESO LEVEL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF READINESS FOR CHANGEPreprint
Bouckenooghe, D., & Devos, G. (2008) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 6
Trust, sensemaking, and individual responses to organizational change
Sloyan, R. M. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 6
A study on individual readiness for organizational change
Choi, M. (2011) · Cited by 6
Yes, We Can! A Job Embeddedness Perspective on Employee Change Acceptance
Vardaman, J. M., Chew, S. L., Zhou, F., Hargrove, D. C., Raddatz, P. A., Datta, A., & Tabor, W. E. (2023) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697017.2023.2271025 · Cited by 5
Coombs, W. T., Kim, S., & Jin, Y. (2025) · Journal of Public Relations Research · doi:10.1080/1062726x.2025.2587611 · Cited by 5
Yavuz, A., & Bedük, A. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 5
Odpor učitelů vůči změnám ve škole a ve školství
Mareš, J. (2018) · Pedagogika · doi:10.14712/23362189.2018.1090 · Cited by 5
Motivasyon, Deneyime Açıklık ve Örgütsel Bağlılık: Değişime İlişkin Tutumların Aracılık Rolü
Gürbüz, S., & Bayık, M. E. (2019) · Türk Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31828/tpd1300443320190502x000029 · Cited by 5
Kalamaki, F. R., Mahmoudi, G., & Charati, J. Y. (2020) · Archives of Hygiene Sciences · doi:10.52547/archhygsci.9.4.256 · Cited by 5
Tülübaş, T. (2022) · Educational Process International Journal · doi:10.22521/edupij.2022.111.4 · Cited by 5
Terlemez, M. (2023) · Aurum Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.62393/aurum.1317985 · Cited by 5
Impact of Supervisor's Humor on Civil Servant's Innovative Work Behavior
Jung, S.-H. (2014) · The Journal of the Korea Contents Association · doi:10.5392/jkca.2014.14.12.733 · Cited by 5
Validación de la escala de cinismo organizacional: un estudio con trabajadores argentinos
Salessi, S., & Omar, A. (2014) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.18800/psico.201402.007 · Cited by 5
Supervision anxiety as a predictor for organizational cynism in teachers
Gündüz, H. B., & Ömür, Y. E. (2016) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3626 · Cited by 5
Bahadir, M. G., & Levent, F. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research · doi:10.33200/ijcer.1014322 · Cited by 5
Perryer, C., & McShane, S. L. (2008) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) · Cited by 5
A quasi-experimental study of an action-research project: The effect of project visibility
Wanous, J. P., & Reichers, A. E. (2004) · Research in organizational change and development · doi:10.1016/s0897-3016(01)13006-5 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMeasuring cynicism toward organizational change--one dimension or two?
Albrecht, S. L. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Abdurrezzak, S., YILDIZBAŞ, Y. V., Özkul, R., & DOĞAN, Ü. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Research Review · doi:10.24331/ijere.1167626 · Cited by 4
Cynicism, justice and behavioral support for change: a moderated mediation analysis
Sabar, S., Sukoco, B. M., & Ahlström, D. (2024) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-11-2023-0649 · Cited by 4
Laiduc, G., & Covarrubias, R. (2026) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.70064 · Cited by 4
Akkoç, S., & Cemaloğlu, N. (2023) · International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research · doi:10.52380/ijcer.2023.10.4.365 · Cited by 4
Unlocking the sources of individual readiness for change: exploring the role of nationality
Saïd, K., Kherrazi, S., & Gottschling-Knudsen, L. (2024) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-11-2023-0329 · Cited by 4
Implementering av organisasjonsendringer i helsesektoren - hvorfor det ofte går galt
Bernstrøm, V. H. (2014) · Scandinavian journal of organizational psychology · Cited by 4
Çalışanların Örgütsel Güven ve Sinizm Algılarının Örgütsel Bağlılıkları Üzerindeki Rolü
Türköz, T., Polat, M., & Çoşar, S. (2013) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 4
Lee, J.-H., Jeong, A.-S., & Seo, Y. (2016) · The Journal of the Korea Contents Association · doi:10.5392/jkca.2016.16.07.575 · Cited by 4
Organisationaler Zynismus: Destruktive Einstellungen von Mitarbeitern verhindern
Schilling, J., & May, D. C.-M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55080-5_33 · Cited by 4
Thomson, B., & Rank, J. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-57388-4_10 · Cited by 4
Following Through the Good and the Bad?
Crawford, J., Young, S., & Knox, M. W. (2021) · Advances in business strategy and competitive advantage book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2807-5.ch010 · Cited by 4
Reactions to Change in Romanian SMEs
Ceptureanu, E. G. (2015) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4
Agarwal, U. A., & Gupta, V. (2015) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4
Miranda, S. L., Vicente, Â. G., Antunes, A. C., Rodrigues, B. S., & D’Oliveira, T. C. (2012) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 3
O’Malley, A. (2014) · Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering · doi:10.7158/14488388.2014.11464883 · Cited by 3
Cases and Exercises in Organization Development & Change
Anderson, D. (2012) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483387444 · Cited by 3
Impact of Leader Mistreatment and Organizational Cynicism on Organization Citizenship Behavior OCB
Hamayoun, M., Gul, N., & Khalid, B. (2021) · Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies · doi:10.26710/jbsee.v7i4.2057 · Cited by 3
Organizational Cynicism and Communication: “Onstage” and “Offstage”
Adamska, K. (2023) · Roczniki Psychologiczne · doi:10.18290/rpsych2023.0006 · Cited by 3
Ferrari, F. (2019) · Advances in business strategy and competitive advantage book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-6155-2.ch017 · Cited by 3
KİŞİ-ÖRGÜT UYUMUNUN İŞE YABANCILAŞMA ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL SİNİZMİN ROLÜ
TÜRKKAN, G., & Ülbeği, İ. D. (2024) · Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.35408/comuybd.1316883 · Cited by 3
An empirical study on the role of context factors in employees' commitment to change
Soumyaja, D., Kamlanabhan, T. J., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2011) · International Journal of Learning and Change · doi:10.1504/ijlc.2011.041869 · Cited by 3
Mastering Employee Turnover Intention in the Modern Workforce
Kasemsap, K. (2017) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2250-8.ch018 · Cited by 3
Workeneh, M. M., & Abebe, A. S. (2019) · Human Resource Management Research · Cited by 3
Roles of Employees' Social Capital in the Relationship Between Empowerment and Cynicism
Semerci̇, A. B. (2020) · Ege Akademik Bakis (Ege Academic Review) · doi:10.21121/eab.539372 · Cited by 3
Change and fit, fit and change
Caldwell, S. D. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139096690.017 · Cited by 3
THE CHANGE CLIMATE QUESTIONNAIRE: SCALE DEVELOPMENTPreprint
Bouckenooghe, D. (2008) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 3
Be Careful What You Ask For: How Highly Inclusive Leaders Diminish Upward Communication Quality
Sumanth, J. J. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/jweg-5c66 · Cited by 3
Accepting Robots as Assistants: A Social, Personal, and Principled Matter
Turja, T. (2019) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 3
Naiveté and Cynicism in Negotiations and Other Competitive ContextsPreprint
Tsay, C., Shu, L. L., & Bazerman, M. H. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1740657 · Cited by 3
Otulana, O. (2011) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) · Cited by 3
Taşkale, N., Özveren, C. G., Halaçoğlu, A., & Yalçin, R. C. (2025) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2025.2498263 · Cited by 2
Ülkü, A., & Solmaz, S. A. (2025) · Journal of Gastronomy Hospitality and Travel (joghat) · doi:10.33083/joghat.2025.507 · Cited by 2
Internals vs. externals: Who is impacted by ethical leadership?
Crawford, W. S., Taylor, N., Miles, J. M., Andrews, M. C., & Kacmar, K. M. (2025) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-10-2024-0694 · Cited by 2
Xerri, M. J., & Rafferty, A. E. (2025) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-11-2024-1035 · Cited by 2
Ülbeği, İ. D., & İplik, E. (2018) · Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18506/anemon.452638 · Cited by 2
Jackson, N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92636-0_11 · Cited by 2
Yalçınsoy, A., & Sığrı, Ü. (2022) · International Journal of Management and Administration · doi:10.29064/ijma.1104092 · Cited by 2
Managing Organizational Change During Turbulent Times
Ferrari, F. (2023) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7509-6.ch001 · Cited by 2
Lim, J., & 성영태 (2013) · Korean Review of Organizational Studies · doi:10.21484/kros.2013.10.2.153 · Cited by 2
정진철, & 최지원 (2011) · Journal ofAgricultural Education and Human Resource Development · doi:10.23840/agehrd.2011.43.1.137 · Cited by 2
Gündüz, E. (2017) · Pressacademia · doi:10.17261/pressacademia.2017.681 · Cited by 2
(Still) making waves : ageing knowledge workers and intergenerational learning
Ropes, D. (2011) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 2
The effects of store managers’ empowering leadership on contact employees’ cooperative behavior
Kim, H., Park, D., & Lee, J.-H. (2015) · Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.24230/kjiop.v28i1.23-60 · Cited by 2
Irfan, S., Amin, R., Khizar, U., & Saeed, W. (2021) · Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies · doi:10.26710/jbsee.v7i3.1929 · Cited by 2
Mastering Employee Turnover Intention in the Modern Workforce
Kasemsap, K. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3917-9.ch013 · Cited by 2
Wanous, J. P., & Reichers, A. E. (2004) · Research in organizational change and development · doi:10.1016/s0897-3016(03)14086-4 · Cited by 2
Self-citationIn Search of a Framework for User-Oriented Data-Driven Development of Information Systems
Mijač, T., Jadrić, M., & Čakušić, M. (2019) · Economic and business review · doi:10.15458/ebr.89 · Cited by 2
Demir, S. (2021) · Trakya Üniversitesi sosyal bilimler dergisi/Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler dergisi · doi:10.26468/trakyasobed.643511 · Cited by 2
Role of leadership credibility and effective communication in achieving organizational change
Babarinsa, O. O. (2011) · Cited by 2
Samuel, M. O. (2017) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 2
Employee engagement : the impact of change management implementation in mergers
Bhola, H. (2011) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 2
Readiness for change : an individual perspective
Anderson, B. G. (2002) · Open ULeth Scholarship (OPUS) (University of Lethbridge) · Cited by 2
Rehwaldt, R., & Richter, A. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67575-5_12 · Cited by 2
Trihudiyatmanto, M., Pranaditya, A., Purwanto, H., & Prasetiyo, A. Y. (2024) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-273-6_5 · Cited by 1
Leader-Member Exchange Paradigm in RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang
Sutrisno, T. F., Teofilus, T., Silaswara, D., & Rusmi, N. S. (2021) · Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis · doi:10.18196/mabis.v12i1.9041 · Cited by 1
Gallegos, W. L. A., Ramos, D. V., Jiménez, A. G., Solis, V. G. H., Palomino, K. Y. S., & Villanueva, S. M. O. (2023) · Cuadernos de Administración · doi:10.25100/cdea.v39i76.12385 · Cited by 1
Organizational Cynicism: Preventing Destructive Attitudes of Employees
Schilling, J., & May, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-70444-8_30 · Cited by 1
Bronsgeest, O. J., Bouwmeester, O., & de Man, A. (2026) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/23970022261436268 · Cited by 1
Öz, H., GÜLBAHAR, B., & Turpçu, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1777604 · Cited by 1
Les fusions municipales au Québec : vers un modèle d'intégration orientée projet
Mazouz, B., TARDIF, M. J. B., & Viola, J.-M. (2003) · Gestion · doi:10.3917/riges.283.0048 · Cited by 1
Audit social et Changement Organisationnel
Archimi, C. S., & Brasseur, M. (2009) · Humanisme et Entreprise · doi:10.3917/hume.293.0069 · Cited by 1
Arslan, E., Üniversitesi, S. D., & Üniversitesi, D. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 1
김학수, 박대훈, & 이준호 (2015) · Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.24230/ksiop.28.1.201502.23 · Cited by 1
Y Kuşağı Çalışanlarında Örgütsel Sinizm: Görgül Bir Çalışma
Arun, K., & ARSLAN, H. (2020) · Opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.741151 · Cited by 1
Schorlemmer, J., & Steffen, A. (2022) · FOM-Edition · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-36663-6_8 · Cited by 2
Murat, A. Y. A. R., & Yıldız, D. (2023) · İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi · doi:10.25204/iktisad.1225672 · Cited by 1
Raza, M. A., Khan, M. K., Quadri, S. S. A., Khawaja, W. S., & Siddiqui, A. N. (2023) · Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0563 · Cited by 1
Terlemez, M. (2024) · Iğdır Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.48133/igdirsbd.1592020 · Cited by 1
A Research on the Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Organizational Cynicism
Işık, Ö. (2015) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 1
Beliefs of healthcare professionals about training and institutional development actions
Meireles, E. (2015) · International journal of Nursing Didactics · doi:10.15520/ijnd.2015.vol5.iss01.32.01-08 · Cited by 1
PSİKOLOJİK ŞİDDETİN GENEL VE ÖRGÜTSEL SİNİZME ETKİLERİ
Aslan, Ş., & Ulutaş, D. A. (2015) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Fisher College (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Group & Organization Management
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 132-153
- ISSN
- 1059-6011 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3993
- OpenAlex
- W2130033479
- Cited by
- 509
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 10.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Group & Organization Management (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Organizational Change and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Organizational Management and Change
- Keywords
- organizational change, negative affectivity, ineffective leadership, employee participation in decision-making, organizational commitment, labor grievances, wage systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review