Examining the Factor Structure of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a Post-9/11 U.S. Military Veteran Sample
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The present study examined the structural validity of the 25-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a large sample of U.S. veterans with military service since September 11, 2001. Participants ( N = 1,981) completed the 25-item CD-RISC, a structured clinical interview and a self-report questionnaire assessing psychiatric symptoms. The study sample was randomly divided into two subsamples: an initial sample (Sample 1: n = 990) and a replication sample (Sample 2: n = 991). Findings derived from exploratory factor analysis (EFA) did not support the five-factor analytic structure as initially suggested in Connor and Davidson’s instrument validation study. Although parallel analyses indicated a two-factor structural model, we tested one to six factor solutions for best model fit using confirmatory factor analysis. Results supported a two-factor model of resilience, composed of adaptability- (8 items) and self-efficacy-themed (6 items) items; however, only the adaptability-themed factor was found to be consistent with our view of resilience—a factor of protection against the development of psychopathology following trauma exposure. The adaptability-themed factor may be a useful measure of resilience for post-9/11 U.S. military veterans.
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Resilience is an important factor that enables individuals to adapt to and recover from emotionally, physically, and psychologically distressing situations and trauma.
“Resilience has been identified as an important factor that enables individuals adapt to and recover from emotionally, physically, and psychologically distressing situations and trauma [17,20].”
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- Authors
- Green, K. T., Hayward, L. C., Williams, A. M., Dennis, P. A., Bryan, B. C., Taber, K. H., Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, E. A. C. C. W., Davidson, J. R. T., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Ingle, S. J., Miller-Mumford, M., McDonald, S. D., Pickett, T. C., Yoash-Gantz, R. E., Brancu, M., Morey, R. A., Strauss, J. J., Tupler, L. A., & Dennis, M. F.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Syracuse VA Medical Center (US)
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Durham VA Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-02-27
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 443-451
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC4147024
- OpenAlex
- W1990014824
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 10.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH062482)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, resilience, factor structure, military veterans, post-9/11 veterans, adaptability, self-efficacy, psychopathology, trauma exposure, psychiatric symptoms, structural validity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Veterans, Reproducibility of Results, Terrorism, Resilience, Psychological
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