Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric outpatients: A 20-year prospective study.
Abstract
To determine the risk factors for suicide, 6,891 psychiatric outpatients were evaluated in a prospective study. Subsequent deaths for the sample were identified through the National Death Index. Forty-nine (1%) suicides were determined from death certificates obtained from state vital statistics offices. Specific psychological variables that could be modified by clinical intervention were measured using standardized scales. Univariate survival analyses revealed that the severity of depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation were significant risk factors for eventual suicide. A multivariate survival analysis indicated that several modifiable variables were significant and unique risk factors for suicide, including suicide ideation, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and unemployment status.
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Studies of risk factors predicting suicide consistently suggest that suicidal ideation and a history of suicide attempts are among the most salient risk factors for suicide.
“Studies of risk factors predicting suicide consistently suggest that suicidal ideation and a history of suicide attempts are among the most salient risk factors for suicide (6–9).”
From The Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale: Initial Validity and Internal Consistency Findings From Three Multisite Studies With Adolescents and Adults (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
Traditional epidemiological studies neglected the dynamic nature of suicidal ideation and its psychological risk factors.
“but neglected the dynamic nature of suicidal ideation and its psychological risk factors.”
From Modelling suicide ideation from beep to beep: application of network analysis to ecological momentary assessment data (2019) · cites this paper as Brown et al., 2000
Traditional epidemiological studies gave insight into the role of more static risk factors of suicidal behavior, such as sex and a history of depression.
“Analysis from traditional epidemiological studies gave insight into the role of more static risk factors of suicidal behavior, such as sex and a history of depression (Brown et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2015)”
From Modelling suicide ideation from beep to beep: application of network analysis to ecological momentary assessment data (2019) · cites this paper as Brown et al., 2000
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- Authors
- Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Grisham, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 371-377
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W1990369310
- Cited by
- 1,317
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 14.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (R49 CCR 304568)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R37 MH 47383, R37MH047383)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- suicide risk factors, psychiatric outpatients, suicidal ideation, depression severity, hopelessness, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, unemployment, suicide prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Cause of Death, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outpatients, Pennsylvania, Population Surveillance, Prospective Studies, Risk, Risk Factors, Suicide, Unemployment, Proportional Hazards Models
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