The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 68 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development and Validation of a State-Based Measure of Emotion Dysregulation: The State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS)
Open accessAbstract
Existing measures of emotion dysregulation typically assess dispositional tendencies and are therefore not well suited for study designs that require repeated assessments over brief intervals. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a state-based multidimensional measure of emotion dysregulation. Psychometric properties of the State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) were examined in a large representative community sample of young adult women drawn from four sites ( N = 484). Exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor solution, with results supporting the internal consistency, construct validity, and predictive validity of the total scale and the four subscales: Nonacceptance (i.e., nonacceptance of current emotions), Modulate (i.e., difficulties modulating emotional and behavioral responses in the moment), Awareness (i.e., limited awareness of current emotions), and Clarity (i.e., limited clarity about current emotions). S-DERS scores were significantly associated with trait-based measures of emotion dysregulation, affect intensity/reactivity, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness, as well as measures of substance use problems. Moreover, significant associations were found between the S-DERS and state-based laboratory measures of emotional reactivity, even when controlling for the corresponding original DERS scales. Results provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the S-DERS as a state-based measure of emotion regulation difficulties.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Non-acceptance demonstrated convergent validity, showing significant moderate-to-large correlations with the DERS non-acceptance subscale ( r= .44) and the AAQ ( r =.41).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Lavender et al. (2017)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Despite being styled on the DERS, EFA demonstrated a different factor solution; four of the original six factors remained, one of which was the non-acceptance scale.”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Lavender et al. (2017)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Lavender, Tull, DiLillo, Messman-Moore, and Gratz (2017) developed the S-DERS with the aim of assessing emotional regulation difficulties at a particular moment in time”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Lavender, Tull, DiLillo, Messman-Moore, and Gratz (2017)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, internal consistency of the non-acceptance scale was excellent (α=.92).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Lavender et al. (2017)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · cited 5×
“To ensure that the task induced emotional distress in this sample, participants completed the negative affect scale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-NA; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) before the PASAT-C and following completion of the third (most difficult) level of the task.”
MethodInfluentialSAUNDERS, J. B., AASLAND, O. G., BABOR, T. F., DE LA FUENTE, J. R., & GRANT, M. (1993) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x · Cited by 13,597
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929 · cited 4×
“There are several existing measures of emotion regulation (e.g., Emotion Regulation Questionnaire [ERQ]; Gross & John, 2003) and conceptually related constructs such as distress tolerance (e.g., Distress Tolerance Scale; Simons & Gaher, 2005), mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCostello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005) · University of Massachusetts Amherst · doi:10.7275/jyj1-4868 · Cited by 10,297 · cited 1×
“Given that two-item scales may be weaker and less stable (Costello & Osborne, 2005), findings pertaining to the Clarity subscale should be interpreted with caution.”
BackgroundGratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94 · Cited by 8,942 · cited 5×
“Items from the original DERS (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), which assesses individuals’ typical levels of emotion dysregulation across multiple domains, were adapted and modified to assess emotion dysregulation in a momentary fashion.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationUsing Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · cited 5×
“Furthermore, the FFMQ Awareness/Describe composite scale was negatively associated with the S-DERS total and subscale scores, including the Clarity and Awareness subscales (although its association with the Awareness subscale was not as strong as anticipated).”
BackgroundInfluential(1993) · Cited by 7,136
Ecological momentary assessment
Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 · Cited by 6,454
EMOTION REGULATION: A THEME IN SEARCH OF DEFINITION
Thompson, R. A. (1994) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x · Cited by 4,210 · cited 2×
“These definitions differ in several ways, including the extent to which they (a) distinguish between emotion generation and regulation, (b) emphasize the explicit versus implicit nature of emotion regulation, and (c) focus on interpersonal versus intrapersonal processes (e.g., Campos, Walle, Dahl, & Main, 2011; Gross…”
BackgroundWhiteside, S. P., & Lynam, D. R. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00064-7 · Cited by 4,123 · cited 2×
“There are several existing measures of emotion regulation (e.g., Emotion Regulation Questionnaire [ERQ]; Gross & John, 2003) and conceptually related constructs such as distress tolerance (e.g., Distress Tolerance Scale; Simons & Gaher, 2005), mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire [FFMQ]; Baer, Smith, Hopk…”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 10.1037/0021-843X.111.1.180 · DOI · Paper page
- Gratz K. L., 2010, Assessing mindfulness and acceptance: Illuminating the processes of change, 107
- Lejuez C. W., 2003, Behavior Therapist, 26, 290
- Sher K. J., 2007, Handbook of emotion regulation, 560
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–165 of 165
Li, S., Kalan, R. E., Smith, A., Mason, T. B., & Smith, K. E. (2024) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3116 · Cited by 4
Díez, G. G., Martin-Subero, I., Zangri, R. M., Kulis, M., Andreu, C. I., Blanco, I., Roca, P., Cuesta, P., García, C., Garzón, J., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.23286782 · Cited by 3
Granero, R., Krug, I., & Ortiz, G. G. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1436479 · Cited by 3
Pourjafari, P. M., Sadek, M., Paramasivam, T., & Daros, A. R. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-025-10224-w · Cited by 2
“There are other versions of the DERS developed for state (verses trait) measurement (see Lavender et al., 2017 ; Weiss et al., 2025 ) and could be used in experience sampling or other experimental work.”
Executive Functions and Emotional Lability in Adults with ADHD
Amador, J. A., & Krieger, V. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41709-2_5 · Cited by 2
Alrawashdeh, M. N., Alsawalqa, R. O., & Alnajdawi, A. M. (2024) · International Studies in Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/09620214.2024.2405822 · Cited by 2
“Lavender et al. (2017, pp. 2–3) indicate that difficulties with emotion regulation are more likely to manifest in the context of particular emotional experiences (e.g. experiencing secondary emotions in response to non-acceptance of anger), in response to a particular level of affective intensity,…”
Hadi, S. A. A., Kaba, A., & Ellala, Z. K. (2023) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.33423/jhetp.v23i15.6410 · Cited by 2
“…regulation strategies to modify the intensity or temporal feature of an emotional response, control impulsive behaviors, goal-oriented behaviors, emotional awareness, and carry out meaningful activities to reduce the experience of emotional stress (Lavender et al., 2017; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
Jiménez-Orenga, N., Díaz‐García, A., García‐Palacios, A., & Bretón-López, J. M. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100761 · Cited by 2
“The Modulate subscale of the S-DERS (Lavender et al., 2017) will also be used as a measure of state emotional regulation throughout the treatment.”
MethodSmith, L., George, W. H., & Neilson, E. C. (2024) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2022-0131 · Cited by 2
Herrera, J. M. D., & Turk, C. L. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.102012 · Cited by 4
Pavlacic, J. M., Hampton, B. N., Young, J. N., & Schulenberg, S. E. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10579-0 · Cited by 3
Berkowitz, T. S., Toumbourou, J. W., Evans, S., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., & Westrupp, E. M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0327179 · Cited by 2
Laird, J. J., Klettke, B., Mattingley, S., Hallford, D. J., & Hall, K. (2022) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych4030037 · Cited by 2
Cremades, C. F., Garay, C. J., Etchevers, M. J., Muiños, R., Peker, G. M., & Penedo, J. M. G. (2023) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.11523 · Cited by 1
Chang, Y.-C., Yang, C.-Y., Blake-Nickels, A. E., & Ladd, B. O. (2025) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2025.2503837 · Cited by 1
Miller‐Chagnon, R. L., Prince, M. A., Haddock, S. A., & Zimmerman, T. S. (2026) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70114 · Cited by 2
“Participants completed four items from the State-Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Lavender et al., 2017) via EMA, which is a state-oriented measure of emotion regulation difficulties that is based on the original trait-oriented DERS (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
Effect of Imagery Rescripting on State Emotion Regulation: An Experimental Paradigm
Berman, N. C., Reuman, L., & Fang, A. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10713-y · Cited by 1
Henry, R. D. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-08828-5 · Cited by 1
“Participants also completed an abbreviated version of the State-DERS (S-DERS) [43] twice weekly.”
Routine Outcome Monitoring Within Child and Adolescent Outpatient Psychotherapy
Huth, D., Ertl, S., Schwenck, C., Lindenberg, K., & Kolar, A. D. R. (2026) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000859 · Cited by 1
“For the proposed outcome set, we consider the assessment of self-reported emotion regulation difficulties using the state version of the Diffi-culties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS; Lavender et al., 2017; German version: Sicorello et al., 2025).”
Kłosowska, J., & Prochwicz, K. (2026) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2026.152715 · Cited by 1
Goodnight, J. R. M. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/8899966 · Cited by 1
Effect of emotions on risk taking, dishonesty and social cognition in college emerging adults
Michelini, Y., & Godoy, J. C. (2019) · Quaderns de Psicologia · doi:10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1508 · Cited by 3
“Las medidas dependientes para la tarea BART fueron: la media de infladas en cada globo; la cantidad de globos explotados; y el promedio ajustado de infladas (PAI), (i. e., media de infladas en globos no explotados; Lejuez et al., 2003).”
Reseach progress in dual harm.
Huang, Y., & Wang, X. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210653 · Cited by 1
Waharjani, W., Saputra, W. N. E., & Khairunnisa, D. A. (2023) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v12i4.25790 · Cited by 1
Performance on a relational integration task is impaired during hangover
Gunn, C., Crosby, T., Nanton, A., & Gorvin, L. (2024) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.02.009 · Cited by 1
Sexual Victimization History and Emotion Regulation in Daily Life: A Role for Stress Sensitization
Bridges‐Curry, Z., Ellem, J. R., & Newton, T. L. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241289480 · Cited by 1
“Items drawn from the State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS; Lavender et al., 2017) were used to assess state emotion dysregulation.”
Cullen, C., Gaynor, K., & Kessler, K. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2025.100357 · Cited by 1
“This 21-item scale conceptualises emotion dysregulation as a fluid construct rather than a dispositional tendency and proposes emotion dysregulation can vary over time particularly in response to external experiences (Lavender et al., 2016).”
State-based measurement of emotion regulation: The Turkish versions of SERI and S-DERS
Gökdağ, C., Günay, G., & Demir, G. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02582-x · Cited by 1
Riquino, M. R. (2019) · KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas) · Cited by 1
Colombo, D. (2020) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · doi:10.6035/14109.2020.762821 · Cited by 1
Neilson, E. C. (2019) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) · Cited by 1
Vanzhula, I. A. (2021) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3679 · Cited by 1
Borges, L. M. (2016) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University)
Emotion regulation in young people with complex mental health and substance use issues
Sloan, E. (2018) · Own your potential (DEAKIN)
Nikdoost, F., Tahmouresi, N., & Azar, Z. A. (2019) · Alborz University Medical Journal · doi:10.29252/aums.8.1.17
Ferreira, J. S. (2019) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
Samadieh, H., Hossein, K., Reshvanloo, F. T., & Ghalenoei, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.52547/rbs.17.1.22
The cognitive effects of alcohol hangover
Gunn, C. (2020)
Examining the role of cognitive bias in emotion regulation
Usyatynsky, A. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14654418
Examining the role of cognitive bias in emotion regulation
Usyatynsky, A. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14654418.v1
Nan, J. K.-M. (2020) · http://isrctn.com/ · doi:10.1186/isrctn96947690
Michelini, Y., & Godoy, J. C. (2022) · Revista Costarricense de Psicología · doi:10.22544/rcps.v41i01.02
Lewis, M. M., Naugle, A. E., DiBacco, T. A., Katte, K., Smith, C. A., & Blematl, A. R. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03447-7
Meta-Analysis of Emotional Dysregulation in Relation to Substance Use and Behavioral AddictionsPreprint
González‐Roz, A., Castaño, Y., Krotter, A., Salazar, A., & Gervilla, E. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4765585
Interoception and emotion regulation following a sad mood induction
Desdentado, L., Miragall, M., Lloréns, R., Escrivá‐Martínez, T., Mai‐Lippold, S. A., Pollatos, O., & Baños, R. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06950-1
“Then, participants again rated their mood and completed the S-DERS (T3: after the sponta-neous emotion regulation task).”
InfluentialRomano, E., Dyyat, S., & Moorman, J. (2025) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00717-x
Smith, C., Sorsdahl, K. R., Pozuelo, J. R., & van der Westhuizen, C. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100522
Zangri, R. M., Roca, P., Blanco, I., Baliyan, S., & Vázquez, C. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10662-6
Laghaei, M., Mehrabizadeh-Honarmand, M., Jobson, L., Ranjbar, H. A., & Habibi-Asgarabad, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26585796
Flack, M., Burton, W. H., & Caudwell, K. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25893788
Reappraising negative situations after a night of sleep deprivation
Campbell, R. L., Thompson, L., Williams, P., Assar, A., Gournay, L. R., Nguyen, A. M., Gupta, N., Vargas, I., & Leen‐Feldner, E. W. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.104958
Tellez-Monnery, K., & Weber, A. M. (2026) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2026.01.156
Tan, R., Hu, K., Cai, L., & Huang, P. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04344-5
“Emotion regulation (ER) refers to the competence of being aware of, understanding, and accepting emotions, as well as changing moods when distressed [18, 19].”
Emotion dysregulation in autistic adults : an ecological, self-report, and physiological approach
Costache, M. E. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/575e0a4az1174z4c91z976cz320b40c5304a
Zhang, Y. S., Li, Z., Wu, B., Li, Q., Xu, J., Song, Y., & Zhao, L. (2026) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3772363.3798550
Roos, C. R., Witkiewitz, K. A., Bowen, S. W., Kiluk, B. D., Bricker, J. B., Mun, C. J., Baillet, E., John, M., & Hedy Kober, A. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02836-4
Batchelder, A. W., Glynn, T. R., Witkower, Z., Ruben, M. A., Traeger, L., Schaefer, H. S., Shin, H. J. J., Tracy, J. L., O'Cleirigh, C., & Moskowitz, J. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261449651
Vega, D. O. C., Hampl, R. L. M., Villalobos-Gallegos, L., Ramos, M. G. D., & Trejo, S. (2026) · Revista Internacional de Investigación en Adicciones · doi:10.28931/riiad.2026.424
Lowe-Brown, X., Koval, P., Glasser, S., & Wadley, G. (2026) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3800645.3812960
Lucas‐Thompson, R. G., Moran, M. J., Krause, J. T., Rzonca, A. J., Rigsby, B. A., Grossklaus, O., Najman, J. I., & Prince, M. A. (2026) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941261464056
Mindfulness Induction Reduces Cue‐Induced Craving in Female Methamphetamine Users
Zhou, X., Wu, R., Li, Z., & Li, F. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70199
A Digital Behavioral Health Game for Adolescent Mental Health
Barry, C. M., Pendergrass, T. M., Haile, K., Xie, H., & Fiellin, L. E. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.29173
Knorr, A. C., Wang, L., Valentino, K., & Ammerman, B. A. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122522
Wang, Z., Lin, Y., Zhao, X., Huang, Y., Zhou, Z., Xue, W., Cai, W., & Jin, Y. (2026) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3776574.3831173
“Unlike trait-based measures of emotion regulation that focus on stable and dispositional tendencies, the S-DERS is designed to assess fluctuations in emotion dysregulation over brief intervals, making it particularly suited for evaluating short-term changes around a specific emotional event [36].”
Shelley, L. T., Yule, A. M., Wilens, T. E., Morgan‐López, A. A., Ridenour, T. A., Stone, M., Fiellin, L. E., Ahrens, K. R., & Knight, D. K. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113418
Metadata
- Authors
- Lavender, J. M., Tull, M. T., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute (US)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Corresponding author
- Lavender, Jason M.
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-07-27
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-209
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC5243864
- OpenAlex
- W2126477718
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH101342)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD062226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- emotional dysregulation, emotional reactivity, emotional awareness, emotional clarity, experiential avoidance, mindfulness, problematic substance use, young adult women, scale development and validation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Affective Symptoms, Arousal, Character, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Personality Assessment, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Emotional Intelligence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
