The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 68 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development and Validation of a State-Based Measure of Emotion Dysregulation: The State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS)
Open accessAbstract
Existing measures of emotion dysregulation typically assess dispositional tendencies and are therefore not well suited for study designs that require repeated assessments over brief intervals. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a state-based multidimensional measure of emotion dysregulation. Psychometric properties of the State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) were examined in a large representative community sample of young adult women drawn from four sites ( N = 484). Exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor solution, with results supporting the internal consistency, construct validity, and predictive validity of the total scale and the four subscales: Nonacceptance (i.e., nonacceptance of current emotions), Modulate (i.e., difficulties modulating emotional and behavioral responses in the moment), Awareness (i.e., limited awareness of current emotions), and Clarity (i.e., limited clarity about current emotions). S-DERS scores were significantly associated with trait-based measures of emotion dysregulation, affect intensity/reactivity, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness, as well as measures of substance use problems. Moreover, significant associations were found between the S-DERS and state-based laboratory measures of emotional reactivity, even when controlling for the corresponding original DERS scales. Results provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the S-DERS as a state-based measure of emotion regulation difficulties.
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“Non-acceptance demonstrated convergent validity, showing significant moderate-to-large correlations with the DERS non-acceptance subscale ( r= .44) and the AAQ ( r =.41).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Lavender et al. (2017)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Despite being styled on the DERS, EFA demonstrated a different factor solution; four of the original six factors remained, one of which was the non-acceptance scale.”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Lavender et al. (2017)
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“Lavender, Tull, DiLillo, Messman-Moore, and Gratz (2017) developed the S-DERS with the aim of assessing emotional regulation difficulties at a particular moment in time”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Lavender, Tull, DiLillo, Messman-Moore, and Gratz (2017)
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“However, internal consistency of the non-acceptance scale was excellent (α=.92).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Lavender et al. (2017)
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Citations
Cites
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MethodInfluentialEmotion elicitation using films
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1995) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939508408966 · Cited by 2,179 · cited 1×
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BackgroundAddiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33 · Cited by 2,162 · cited 1×
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MethodMeasuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., Polusny, M. A., Dykstra, T. A., Batten, S. V., Bergan, J., et al. (2004) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395492 · Cited by 2,140
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BackgroundHandbook of Emotion Regulation
Lambert, K. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.15.1808 · Cited by 1,446
Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90023-7 · Cited by 1,172 · cited 6×
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BackgroundInfluentialThe Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): A review of recent research
Reinert, D. F., & Allen, J. P. (2002) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02534.x · Cited by 1,143
Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a dual-process framework.
Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.544160 · Cited by 1,015
Emotion generation and emotion regulation: One or two depends on your point of view
Gross, J. J., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380974 · Cited by 863
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A., & Asnaani, A. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21888 · Cited by 630
Distress tolerance and duration of past smoking cessation attempts.
Brown, R. A., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., & Strong, D. R. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.111.1.180 · Cited by 627
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The regulation of negative and positive affect in daily life.
Brans, K., Koval, P., Verduyn, P., Lim, Y. L., & Kuppens, P. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0032400 · Cited by 567
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“…(c) evidence suggesting that the parallel analysis approach used here may have a tendency to overestimate the number of appropriate factors (Buja & Eyuboglu, 1992), and (d) the greater theoretical consistency and interpretability of the four-factor versus five-factor solution (vis-à-vis…”
BackgroundSmyth, J., Wonderlich, S., Heron, K. E., Sliwinski, M., Crosby, R., Mitchell, J., & Engel, S. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.4.629 · Cited by 522 · cited 1×
“…of maladaptive behaviors (e.g., eating disorder behaviors, self-harm, substance use; e.g., Armey, Crowther, & Miller, 2011; Shiffman & Waters, 2004; Smyth et al., 2007), extant trait-based measures of emotion dysregulation do not permit the assessment of momentary emotion regulation difficulties,…”
BackgroundAn experimental investigation of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder
Gratz, K. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Tull, M. T., Lejuez, C. W., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.850 · Cited by 518 · cited 3×
“The AAQ demonstrates adequate convergent and concurrent validity (Hayes et al., 2004) and is significantly associated with a behavioral measure of willingness to tolerate distress (Gratz et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder
Brasfield, C. R. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90183-x · Cited by 517
Applying an emotion regulation framework to integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder.
Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2002) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.1.85 · Cited by 461
Situation-based contingencies underlying trait-content manifestation in behavior
Fleeson, W. (2007) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00458.x · Cited by 455 · cited 2×
“…overall propensities within certain domains, they are limited by this general focus, which disregards the potential for variability over time and neglects the potential influence of various situational factors (de Veld, Riksen-Walraven, & de Weerth, 2012; Fleeson, 2007; Tomko et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAffect intensity and reactions to daily life events.
Larsen, R. J., Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.803 · Cited by 444
Negative Affect and Smoking Lapses: A Prospective Analysis.
Shiffman, S., & Waters, A. J. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.2.192 · Cited by 427 · cited 1×
“…occurrence of a variety of maladaptive behaviors (e.g., eating disorder behaviors, self-harm, substance use; e.g., Armey, Crowther, & Miller, 2011; Shiffman & Waters, 2004; Smyth et al., 2007), extant trait-based measures of emotion dysregulation do not permit the assessment of momentary emotion…”
BackgroundRoemer, L., Lee, J. K., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2009) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.04.001 · Cited by 392 · cited 2×
“…use disorders (Fox, Axelrod, Paliwal, Sleeper, & Sinha, 2007; Fox, Hong, & Sinha, 2008), anxiety disorders (Mennin, McLaughlin, & Flanagan, 2009; Roemer et al., 2009), eating disorders (Lavender et al., 2014; Racine & Wildes, 2013), and personality disorders (Bornovalova et al., 2008; Gratz,…”
Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control during cocaine abstinence
Fox, H. C., Axelrod, S. R., Paliwal, P., Sleeper, J., & Sinha, R. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.026 · Cited by 383 · cited 1×
“Additionally, given the relevance of emotion regulation difficulties to substance use (e.g., Fox et al., 2007; Fox et al., 2008), participants completed measures of past-year alcohol and drug use problems.”
BackgroundFox, H. C., Hong, K. A., & Sinha, R. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.10.002 · Cited by 366 · cited 1×
“Additionally, given the relevance of emotion regulation difficulties to substance use (e.g., Fox et al., 2007; Fox et al., 2008), participants completed measures of past-year alcohol and drug use problems.”
BackgroundAnorexia nervosa as a disorder of emotion dysregulation: Evidence and treatment implications.
Haynos, A. F., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01250.x · Cited by 345 · cited 1×
“…disorder, substance use disorders; e.g., Baker, Piper, McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004; Boden, Kulkarni, Shurick, Bonn-Miller, & Gross, 2014; Haynos & Fruzzetti, 2011; Hofmann, Sawyer, Fang, & Asnaani, 2012; Linehan, 1993; Mennin, Heimberg, Turk, & Fresco, 2002) and, as such, are an…”
Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.04.006 · Cited by 293
Armey, M. F., Crowther, J. H., & Miller, I. W. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.01.002 · Cited by 292
Emotion regulation as a mechanism of change in acceptance- and mindfulness-based treatments.
Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2010) · Cited by 292
Examining emotion regulation as an outcome, mechanism, or target of psychological treatments
Gratz, K. L., Weiss, N. H., & Tull, M. T. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.010 · Cited by 288
Kuo, J. R., & Linehan, M. M. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016392 · Cited by 288 · cited 1×
“…and consistent with past research examining emotional responding in the laboratory (e.g., Ehring, Tuschen-Caffier, Schnülle, Fischer, & Gross, 2010; Kuo & Linehan, 2009), participants viewed three brief (4-5 minutes) film clips that have been shown in previous research to elicit amusement (“The…”
ResultEcological Momentary Assessment
Kirchner, T., & Shiffman, S. S. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118384404.ch20 · Cited by 288
Egloff, B., Schmukle, S. C., Burns, L. R., & Schwerdtfeger, A. R. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.356 · Cited by 286
Reconceptualizing Emotion Regulation
Campos, J. J., Walle, E. A., Dahl, A., & Main, A. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380975 · Cited by 245 · cited 1×
“This is consistent with evidence and theories suggesting that both psychological and interpersonal factors may affect one’s ability to successfully regulate emotional states (e.g., Campos et al., 2011; Flett et al., 1996; Linehan, 1993).”
ResultTargeting emotion dysregulation in the treatment of self‐injury
Gratz, K. L. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20417 · Cited by 232 · cited 2×
“…to resist impulsive behaviors and engage in goal-directed behaviors in the context of emotional distress; (c) emotional awareness, clarity, and acceptance; and (d) willingness to experience emotional distress in the context of pursuing meaningful activities (Gratz, 2007; Gratz & Tull, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRisk Perception, Rape, and Sexual Revictimization: A Prospective Study of College Women
Messman‐Moore, T. L., & Brown, A. L. (2006) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00279.x · Cited by 193 · cited 1×
“Specifically, the PANAS-NA was administered immediately before and after the Risk Perception Survey (RPS; Messman-Moore & Brown, 2006), a computer-administered vignette depicting a sexual assault.”
MethodFarmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2012) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2012.666561 · Cited by 192 · cited 1×
“…approach to studying emotion regulation and associated constructs (e.g., experiential avoidance, impulsivity; Brans, Koval, Verduyn, Lim, & Kuppens, 2013; Farmer & Kashdan, 2012; O’Toole, Jensen, Fentz, Zachariae, & Hougaard, 2014; Shahar & Herr, 2011; Tan et al., 2012; Tomko et al., 2014).”
Emotion and regulation are one!
Kappas, A. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380971 · Cited by 163 · cited 2×
“These definitions differ in several ways, including the extent to which they (a) distinguish between emotion generation and regulation, (b) emphasize the explicit versus implicit nature of emotion regulation, and (c) focus on interpersonal versus intrapersonal processes (e.g., Campos, Walle, Dahl, & Main, 2011; Gross…”
BackgroundThe Resilience handbook: approaches to stress and trauma
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-5313 · Cited by 162
Measuring impulsivity in daily life: The Momentary Impulsivity Scale.
Tomko, R. L., Solhan, M. B., Carpenter, R. W., Brown, W. C., Jahng, S., Wood, P. K., & Trull, T. J. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0035083 · Cited by 161 · cited 5×
“Such a conceptualization is consistent with emerging research taking a daily or momentary approach to studying emotion regulation and associated constructs (e.g., experiential avoidance, impulsivity; Brans, Koval, Verduyn, Lim, & Kuppens, 2013; Farmer & Kashdan, 2012; O’Toole, Jensen, Fentz, Zachariae, & Hougaard, 201…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAlcohol and Affect Regulation.
Sher, K. J., & Grekin, E. R. (2007) · Cited by 157
Tan, P., Forbes, E. E., Dahl, R., Ryan, N., Siegle, G., Ladouceur, C., & Silk, J. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02469.x · Cited by 152 · cited 2×
“…approach to studying emotion regulation and associated constructs (e.g., experiential avoidance, impulsivity; Brans, Koval, Verduyn, Lim, & Kuppens, 2013; Farmer & Kashdan, 2012; O’Toole, Jensen, Fentz, Zachariae, & Hougaard, 2014; Shahar & Herr, 2011; Tan et al., 2012; Tomko et al., 2014).”
ResultBornovalova, M. A., Gratz, K. L., Daughters, S. B., Nick, B., Delany-Brumsey, A., Lynch, T. R., Kosson, D., & Lejuez, C. W. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.07.014 · Cited by 152 · cited 3×
“…McLaughlin, & Flanagan, 2009; Roemer et al., 2009), eating disorders (Lavender et al., 2014; Racine & Wildes, 2013), and personality disorders (Bornovalova et al., 2008; Gratz, Rosenthal, Tull, Lejuez, & Gunderson, 2006), is the multidimensional conceptualization of emotion regulation…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAffect intensity, coping styles, mood regulation expectancies, and depressive symptoms
Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Obertynski, M. A. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00163-8 · Cited by 149 · cited 1×
“This is consistent with evidence and theories suggesting that both psychological and interpersonal factors may affect one’s ability to successfully regulate emotional states (e.g., Campos et al., 2011; Flett et al., 1996; Linehan, 1993).”
ResultRisk factors in the relationship between gender and crack/cocaine.
Lejuez, C., Bornovalova, M., Reynolds, E., Daughters, S., & Curtin, J. (2007) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.2.165 · Cited by 147
Racine, S., & Wildes, J. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22145 · Cited by 143 · cited 1×
“…Fox, Hong, & Sinha, 2008), anxiety disorders (Mennin, McLaughlin, & Flanagan, 2009; Roemer et al., 2009), eating disorders (Lavender et al., 2014; Racine & Wildes, 2013), and personality disorders (Bornovalova et al., 2008; Gratz, Rosenthal, Tull, Lejuez, & Gunderson, 2006), is the…”
An affective and cognitive model of marijuana and alcohol problems.
Simons, J., & Carey, K. (2006) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.004 · Cited by 104 · cited 1×
“In this study, only the scale assessing drug use problems (α = .82) was used, given the relevance of emotion dysregulation to substance use problems (vs. substance use; e.g., Baker et al., 2004; Sher & Grekin, 2007; Simons & Carey, 2006).”
MethodDimensions of Emotion Dysregulation in Bulimia Nervosa
Lavender, J. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Peterson, C. B., Crosby, R. D., Engel, S. G., Mitchell, J. E., Crow, S. J., Smith, T. L., Klein, M. H., Goldschmidt, A. B., et al. (2014) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2288 · Cited by 103 · cited 2×
“…Sleeper, & Sinha, 2007; Fox, Hong, & Sinha, 2008), anxiety disorders (Mennin, McLaughlin, & Flanagan, 2009; Roemer et al., 2009), eating disorders (Lavender et al., 2014; Racine & Wildes, 2013), and personality disorders (Bornovalova et al., 2008; Gratz, Rosenthal, Tull, Lejuez, & Gunderson,…”
Backgroundde Veld, D. M. J., Riksen‐Walraven, J. M., & de Weerth, C. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.01.004 · Cited by 83
Orsillo, S. M., Batten, S. V., Plumb, J. C., Luterek, J. A., & Roessner, B. M. (2004) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/b:jots.0000029267.61240.94 · Cited by 82
O’Toole, M. S., Jensen, M. B., Fentz, H. N., Zachariae, R., & Hougaard, E. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9611-2 · Cited by 81
Neuroticism and extraversion in different factors of the affect intensity measure
Williams, D. G. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90261-4 · Cited by 66 · cited 2×
“…that the AIM is multidimensional (measuring both positive and negative emotional intensity and reactivity; Weinfurt, Bryant, & Yarnold, 1994; Williams, 1989) and (b) the emphasis on negative emotions within the conceptualization of emotion regulation difficulties used here, this study…”
BackgroundThe Factor Structure of the Affect Intensity Measure: In Search of a Measurement Model
Weinfurt, K. P., Bryant, F. B., & Yarnold, P. R. (1994) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1994.1023 · Cited by 61
Shahar, B., & Herr, N. R. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.006 · Cited by 54 · cited 1×
“…approach to studying emotion regulation and associated constructs (e.g., experiential avoidance, impulsivity; Brans, Koval, Verduyn, Lim, & Kuppens, 2013; Farmer & Kashdan, 2012; O’Toole, Jensen, Fentz, Zachariae, & Hougaard, 2014; Shahar & Herr, 2011; Tan et al., 2012; Tomko et al., 2014).”
Hamilton, N. A., Karoly, P., Gallagher, M. W., Stevens, N. R., Karlson, C., & McCurdy, D. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9163-9 · Cited by 34 · cited 2×
“The Emotion Amplification and Reduction Scales (TEARS; Hamilton et al., 2009) is an 18-item measure that assesses an individual’s ability to modify the trajectory of an emotional response or expression.”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 10.1037/0021-843X.111.1.180 · DOI · Paper page
- Gratz K. L., 2010, Assessing mindfulness and acceptance: Illuminating the processes of change, 107
- Lejuez C. W., 2003, Behavior Therapist, 26, 290
- Sher K. J., 2007, Handbook of emotion regulation, 560
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Faraone, S. V., Rostain, A. L., Blader, J., Busch, B., Childress, A. C., Connor, D. F., & Newcorn, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12899 · Cited by 400
The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form)
Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Knox, M. C., Kuchar, A., & Davidson, O. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4 · Cited by 309
The role of emotion regulation in the characterization, development and treatment of psychopathology
Lincoln, T. M., Schulze, L., & Renneberg, B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00040-4 · Cited by 234
Emotion regulation in everyday life: Mapping global self-reports to daily processes.
Koval, P., Kalokerinos, E. K., Greenaway, K. H., Medland, H., Kuppens, P., Nezlek, J. B., Hinton, J. D. X., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001097 · Cited by 165
Monell, E., Clinton, D. N., & Birgegård, A. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22925 · Cited by 131
Metadata
- Authors
- Lavender, J. M., Tull, M. T., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute (US)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Corresponding author
- Lavender, Jason M.
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-07-27
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-209
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC5243864
- OpenAlex
- W2126477718
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH101342)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD062226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- emotional dysregulation, emotional reactivity, emotional awareness, emotional clarity, experiential avoidance, mindfulness, problematic substance use, young adult women, scale development and validation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Affective Symptoms, Arousal, Character, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Personality Assessment, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Emotional Intelligence
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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