Cited by 165Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

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Development and Validation of a State-Based Measure of Emotion Dysregulation: The State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS)

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Lavender, Jason M., Tull, Matthew T., DiLillo, David, Messman-Moore, Terri, Gratz, Kim L.·2017·Assessment

DOI 10.1177/1073191115601218PMC PMC5243864

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Abstract

Existing measures of emotion dysregulation typically assess dispositional tendencies and are therefore not well suited for study designs that require repeated assessments over brief intervals. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a state-based multidimensional measure of emotion dysregulation. Psychometric properties of the State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) were examined in a large representative community sample of young adult women drawn from four sites ( N = 484). Exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor solution, with results supporting the internal consistency, construct validity, and predictive validity of the total scale and the four subscales: Nonacceptance (i.e., nonacceptance of current emotions), Modulate (i.e., difficulties modulating emotional and behavioral responses in the moment), Awareness (i.e., limited awareness of current emotions), and Clarity (i.e., limited clarity about current emotions). S-DERS scores were significantly associated with trait-based measures of emotion dysregulation, affect intensity/reactivity, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness, as well as measures of substance use problems. Moreover, significant associations were found between the S-DERS and state-based laboratory measures of emotional reactivity, even when controlling for the corresponding original DERS scales. Results provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the S-DERS as a state-based measure of emotion regulation difficulties.

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“The DERS is validated in various countries worldwide [14, 24, 37].”
Background
Dynamic Associations Among Sleep, Emotion Dysregulation, and Desire to Live in a Perinatal Sample
Kaliush, P. R., Butner, J., Williams, P., Conradt, E. D., & Crowell, S. E. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001297 · Cited by 9
“During the evening surveys, participants completed 12 items from the State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (62).”
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“The S-DERS demonstrated good psychometric properties in prior research (Lavender et al., 2017).”
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“Emotion regulation abilities are most often measured using the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) [8], its short versions ( DERS-16 ) [24], ( DERS-18 ) [25], a state measure ( S-DERS ) [26], and more recently a measure of positive emotion regulation ( DERS-P ) [27].”
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Seitz, K. I., Schouler, N., Hundertmark, J., Wilhelm, M., Franz, S., Bauer, S., Taubner, S., Korn, C. W., Haun, M. W., Ditzen, B., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-090476 · Cited by 9
“The S-DERS consists of four subscales, including Non-acceptance (ie, non-acceptance of current emotions), Modulate (ie, momentary difficulties modulating emotional and behavioural reactions), Awareness (ie, limited awareness of current emotions) and Clarity (ie, limited clarity about current emotions).”
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“The modulate subscale of the State Difficulties Regulating Emotions Scale (S-DERS) (Lavender et al., 2017) assess one’s perceived ability to control emotion and behavior, and thus was used to assess momentary emotion modulation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“Participants completed four items from the State-Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Lavender et al., 2017), which is a state-oriented measure of emotion regulation difficulties that is based on the original trait-oriented DERS (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
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“…and feelings I am having ” Momentary Difficulties in Emotion Regulation 3 items from the State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) [68] “ I am having difficulty controlling my behaviors ” “ My emotions feel out of control ” “ I believe I will continue feeling this way for a long…”
Background
Capacity to Invest Effort as a Predictor of Preference for Digital Mental Health Interventions Over Psychotherapy: Cross-Sectional Study Using an Ecological Digital Screening Tool
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“It is important to note that 2-item scales tend to produce lower reliability coefficients [50-52], often lower than the conventional threshold of 0.7 [53-55]—even for well-established measures such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale– 2 [56].”
Influential
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“The PASAT-C can reliably induce negative emotions (Lavender et al., 2017).”
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“, the extent to which people outwardly display their emotions; Gratz and Roemer, 2004) and mindfulness (i.e., acting with awareness and describing one’s inner experiences; Lavender et al., 2016).”
Background
Translation, validation and extended factor models of the German State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS)
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“This is in contrast to the analyses performed by Laven-der et al. [22] and was considered as the esem package did not exist at the time of preregistration and the only validated procedure was performed with this estimation procedure.”
Influential
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“This state‑based scale was developed by Lavender et al. (2017) and is composed of 21 items in a 5‑Likert‑type format.”
Influential
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“Situational factors such as emotion type, emotional intensity, and social context all may in ﬂ uence state ER (Aldao, 2013; Colombo et al., 2020; Lavender et al., 2017).”
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“Due to mindfulness being positively associated with empathy (Fulton & Cashwell, 2015) and a negatively associated with affect dysregulation (Lavender et al., 2017), we expected Mindful State and Mindful Trait scores to be positively associated with Empathic State and Perspective State scores, and…”
The effectiveness of mindful self-compassion training on difficulties in emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility of mothers of children with phenylketonuria
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Authors: Lavender, J. M., Tull, M. T., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., & Gratz, K. L.
Affiliations: Neuropsychiatric Research Institute (US)
University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
Corresponding author: Lavender, Jason M.
ORCID: Lavender, Jason M.
Tull, Matthew T.
DiLillo, David
Gratz, Kim L.
Venue: Assessment
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2016-07-27
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Pages: 197-209
ISSN: 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
1552-3489
DOI: 10.1177/1073191115601218
PMC: PMC5243864
OpenAlex: W2126477718
Cited by: 164
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 5.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH101342)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD062226)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords: emotional dysregulation, emotional reactivity, emotional awareness, emotional clarity, experiential avoidance, mindfulness, problematic substance use, young adult women, scale development and validation
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Affective Symptoms, Arousal, Character, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Personality Assessment, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Emotional Intelligence

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Development and Validation of a State-Based Measure of Emotion Dysregulation: The State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS)

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