Role of Dopamine in the Motivational and Cognitive Control of Behavior

“…performance levels has been argued to reflect quantitative variation in baseline levels of dopamine neurotrans-mission, so that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between dopamine receptor stimulation and performance (Williams and Goldman-Rakic 1995; Zahrt and others 1997; Arnsten 1998 2008).”

“…idea generation process, which are discussed in more detail in other articles (Doboli, Brown, & Minai, 2009; Doboli, Minai, & Brown, 2007; Iyer, Minai, Doboli, & Brown, 2007, 2008; Iyer, Doboli, et al., 2009; Iyer, Minai, Doboli, Brown, & Paulus, 2009; Minai, Iyer, Padur, Doboli, & Brown, 2009).”

“Indeed, consideration of relevant individual differences may provide an essential step toward a more complete understanding of DA’s role in cognitive control (Cools, 2008).”

“Dopamine is linked to impulsive and, risk-taking or reward-seeking behaviors (Arias-Carri on & P oppel, 2007; Cools, 2008).”

“…to the dorsal CPu, which is profoundly DA depleted in PD, whereas they impair learning tasks, implicating the frontal cortex–ventral striatal circuitry, which is relatively spared from DA loss in PD. Dorsal striatal circuits, however, might be implicated as well, as suggested by Cools (2008).”

“Brain dopamine — which innervates the limbic‐striatal and frontostriatal brain circuits — has often been implicated in impulsive behaviours, which may reflect failures of motivational and cognitive controls (Cools, 2008 for an overview).”

“When relevant and useful information is detected, the gate opens and facilitates flexible updating of WM (Cools, 2008; Frank, Loughry, & O’Reilly, 2001).”

“Given the extensive neuropharmacological research on the neural substrates of reward and punishment (Cools et al., 2007; Cools, 2008), further research into characterizing individual differences in BP's may enable therapists to tailor patient management to the individual patient's specific strengths.”

“In addition to its key role in motivation, DA has important roles in cognition [15], as well as motor control and motor pattern formation [16].”

“Pharmacological trials, genetic imaging studies and studies of neurodegenerative diseases affecting dopaminergic pathways indicate that dopamine in the PFC modulates cognitive control and thereby influences attention, impulse inhibition, prospective memory and cognitive flexibility (cf. Müller et al., 2007a; Cools, 20…”

“, without a previous psychiatric history), mostly due to activity in the dopaminergic system, implicated in managing behavior and thought processes and in determining psychosis, or in the serotonergic, noradrenergic, and/or glutamatergic systems (4, 108, 109) (as illustrated in Table 1).”

“Increased synaptic DA availability is generally associated with increased reward-related activity, and usually linked to augmented motivational behavior (see for a review Cools 2008).”

“Genotypes: (1) þ /y;þ /þ ;þ /UAS-TH; (2) þ /y;þ /þ ;TH-Gal4/UAS-TH; (3) þ /y;þ /þ ;TH-Gal4/þ ; (4) þ /y; TH-C1-Gal4/þ ; þ /UAS-TH; (5) þ /y; TH-C1-Gal4/þ ; þ /þ ; (6) þ /y; TH-D1-Gal4/þ ; þ /UAS-TH; (7) þ /y; TH-D1-Gal4/þ ; þ /þ ; (8) þ /y;þ /þ ;murashka-1-Gal4/UASTH; (9) þ /y;þ /þ ;murashka-1-Gal4/þ ; (10) NP2758-Gal…”

“The modulation of distinct frontal WM maintenance vs. striatal gating functions by predicted utility could parallel the distinct actions of dopamine on frontal vs. basal ganglia systems (Durstewitz et al., 2000; Cools, 2008).”

“One additional temperament description ‘Impulsive’ with accompanying definition ‘tends to act without forethought, regardless of the consequences’ was added, as impulsivity is thought to be characteristic of abnormal behaviors such as stereotypy (Garner & Mason, 2002) and has links back to dopamine transmission (Cools…”

“All participants were educated in the country they 1 Top-down bias of competition and local inhibition are different mechanisms that have dissociable effect on behavior (Bogacz, 2007) and are likely to rely on separable brain circuits and neurotransmitter pathways (cf., Cools, 2008).”

“Taking into account these findings, it has been suggested that reduced striatal D2 receptor density and increased striatal DA levels are associated with an increased striatal response to reward anticipation but decreased activity during reward receipt (Cools, 2008).”

“Although more general measures of attentional control (Bellgrove and Mattingly, 2008) and the influence of reward on cognition (Cools, 2008) have been linked to genetic variability, the genetic underpinnings of susceptibility to value-driven attentional capture has not been directly investigated.”

“Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in controlling behaviours and thought processes (Cools, 2008).”

“…it is well-known that dopamine (DA) plays a central role in modulating both motivational/affective and higher-order cognitive and functions (Aarts et al., 2010; Cools, 2008; Nieoullon, 2002), the exact boundary conditions for how these variables relate to one another remains somewhat elusive.”

“Specifically, dopaminergic projections from the VTA also regulate the PFC to mediate cognitive control (Floresco and Magyar 2006, Cools 2008) and estrogens can also increase mesocortical DA release (Aubele and Kritzer 2010).”

“striatal dopaminergic signaling capacity (Cools, 2008), as indexed by composite scores presumably reflecting multilocus genetic effects, predicts prefrontal and midbrain activity during risky decision making.”

“Evidence from both animal and human studies, using pharmacological stimulation of DA receptors, suggests that both too little or too much stimulation of DA impairs cognitive performance (Cools, 2008; Gibbs and D'Esposito, 2005; Vijayraghavan et al., 2007).”

“Executive attention has been linked to the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal areas, and appears to be moderated primarily by dopaminergic transmission (Bush, Luu, & Posner, 2000; Cools, 2008; Granon et al, 2000; MacDonald, Cohen, Stenger, & Carter, 2000).”

“…of attentional control such as lapses of attention, perseveration, and distraction are frequently associated with a variety of clinical syndromes such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Barkley et al., 1997), substance abuse (Cools, 2008), and obesity (Volkow et al., 2011).”

“, attention and set-shifting) (Cools, 2008; Packard and Knowlton, 2002) (Cools, 2008 Neuroscientist.”

“Altogether, our data support the theoretical model of a DA dependent learning style (e.g., Frank et al., 2004; Cools, 2008) and propose natural variations of the steroid hormones E2 and PROG as other important factors that need to be considered.”

“…network is involved in target detection, error detection, and conflict resolution and has been linked to the ventral tegmental area dopaminergic system (Cools 2008; Granon et al. 2000), the anterior cingulate (Bush et al. 2000), and prefrontal cortex (Kadosh et al. 2008; Sandrini et al. 2008).”

“Furthermore, variation in COMT-mediated prefrontal dopamine metabolism is thought to affect cognitive control abilities since dopamine levels are associated with variation in cognitive performance (Aalto et al., 2005; Congdon et al., 2009; Cools, 2008; Robbins and Arnsten, 2009) and dopamine levels influence the signa…”

“…been proposed as key mechanisms underlying distinct aspects of WM, in particular, the control over which information is updated to be maintained in WM (Bgo^) and which should be ignored (Bno-go^; Cools, 2008, 2011; Frank & Fossella, 2011; Frank, Loughry, & O’Reilly, 2001; Frank & O’Reilly 2006).”

“Interestingly, PD is a progressive disease that can exhibit different cognitive responses to a similar dose of DA medication depending on the severity of DA denervation (Cools 2008; Kulisevsky 2000).”

“Studies show that the striatum, particularly the ventral part, is involved in various forms of learning including instrumental learning (Cools 2008; Schultz et al. 2003).”

“…or impair brain processes have been accounted for by using the inverted-U principle, that is, agonists might stimulate the dopamine system to ‘optimal’ or overdosed levels in individuals with low and high baseline dopamine system functioning, respectively (Cools, 2008; Cools and Robbins, 2004).”

“Dopamine (DA) has a well-recognized role in cognition including motivation, reward, punishment, and working memory (Cools, 2008).”

“One aspect of reward-related behavior for which dopamine is critical is motivation (Cools 2008; Salamone and Correa 2012).”

“It refers to the suppression of both motor actions as well as higher order responses, such as thoughts and emotions (Verbruggen & Logan, 2009); it is critical to deliberately or unconsciously (Eimer & Schlaghecken, 2003) stopping automatic behaviors in response to goals or environmental contingencies; and, it is also…”

“…addition to varying in their baseline levels of cognitive flexibility (e.g., Heatherton & Wagner, 2011; Nolan, Bilder, Lachman, & Volavka, 2004; see Cools, 2008, for a review), individuals also regularly fluctuate over time in their moment-by-moment readiness to perform a cognitive switch, such as…”

“Although DA activity and reward anticipation effects have been investigated in multiple cognitive domains, (cognitive control: (Cools, 2008; Locke and Braver, 2008; Krebs et al., 2012; Chiew and Braver, 2013); episodic memory: (Wittmann et al.”

“Dopamine has long been recognized as a key neurotransmitter for a wide range of cognitive control functions, including working memory (Brozoski et al., 1979; Nieoullon, 2002; Robbins, 2005; Cools, 2008).”

“More recently, Cools et al. (2001, 2007) and Cools (2008) provided a refined version of this account by showing that the neural structure in which dopamine levels are sensitive to positive affect are indeed involved in the modulation of cognitive control.”

“Evidence from both animal and human studies that pharmacologically stimulated DA receptors suggests that both too little and too much DA stimulation impairs cognitive performance (Cools, 2008; Gibbs and D'Esposito, 2005; Vijayraghavan et al., 2007; Gourgiotis et al., 2012).”

“, 2011; Gass & Olive, 2008; Pittenger, Bloch, & Williams, 2011) and dopaminergic signaling which have been associated with key symptoms of both disorders as well as the regulation of behavioral control, associative learning and compulsivity (Bari & Robbins, 2013; Bellini et al., 2018; Cools, 2008).”

“Estrogen has been shown to enhance dopamine release, which is important in the control and organization of goal-directed behaviors and decision-making (Cools, 2008).”

“However, the majority of the VTA DA cells projects to cortical and limbic regions, while the majority of the SN DA cells projects to striatal regions (for references see; Cools, 2008).”

“Biogenic amines are important regulators of various physiological and pharmacological functions in the brain and any alterations in their brain levels may affect the signaling process and behavioral functions Torda 2004; Hritcu et al. 2007; Cools 2008).”

“Because cortical dopamine projections are predominantly frontal (Cools, 2008), univariate analyses addressed more specific task-related hypotheses about changes in frontostriatal regions by using the AAL template brain (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al.”

“While this difference is undoubtedly dependent on a number of factors, it is generally understood that dopamine effects manifest as an inverted U-shaped curve, in which either too much or too little dopamine can be detrimental to executive functions that contribute to decisionmaking (Cools 2008).”

“Furthermore, given that the DLPFC is involved in at least two of the four major dopamine pathways in the brain (mesolimbic and mesocortical pathway) (Cools, 2008), and given that bi-directional results might be caused by differences in basal DA/NA levels according to the inverted-U-shape function,…”

“Dopamine levels in the PFC have been proposed to promote cognitive stability (stability of the task set), while decreases in dopamine levels should enable flexible shifts of the cognitive tasks (Cools, 2008).”

“, 2008; Likhtik and Johansen, 2019), learning (Keiflin and Janak, 2015) and motivation (Fields et al., 2007; Cools, 2008; Salamone and Correa, 2012).”

“An integral part of corticostriatal-midbrain circuits supporting conflict detection and cognitive control, the caudate head is heavily modulated by midbrain dopaminergic inputs (for reviews, see: Cools, 2008; Haber, 2014).”

“NPS use in people with SMI could have stronger and more severe effects than in healthy subjects, mostly because of the NPS interaction with dopamine system, involved in controlling behavior and thought processes (Cools, 2008) and with an established role in psychosis (Howes & Kapur, 2009), or with other neurotransmitt…”

“Importantly, dopamine is argued to modulate cognitive (Lewis et al., 2005; Cools, 2006, 2008) and sensory processing (Almeida et al., 2005; Li et al., 2010) in Parkinson’s disease – which are both important processes for movement planning.”

“by 3 major dopaminergic pathways: the nigrostriatal, mesocortical, and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems (Lindvall and Bjorklund 1978; Moore and Bloom 1978; Cools 2008).”

“However, the data on the role of dopamine in attention and executive functions, in particular in flexibility/stability of attention, are still controversial (Colzato, Waszak, Nieuwenhuis, Posthuma, & Homme, 2010; Cools, 2008; Fallon, Williams-Gray, Barker, Owen, & Hampshire, 2013; Goschke, 2000).”

“…with behavior in rodents, humans, and cattle (Ray et al., 2006; Keltikangas-Järvinen and Salo, 2009; Garza-Brenner et al., 2017), dopaminergic regulation of behavior is complex and multifaceted due to the number and diversity of brain regions innervated by dopaminergic neurons (Cools, 2008).”