Influence of Heart Rate on Mortality in a French Population: Role of Age, Gender, and Blood Pressure
Abstract
Abstract —The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of high heart rate on mortality in different subgroups in a French population according to age, gender, and blood pressure levels. We studied 19 386 subjects (12 123 men, 7263 women), aged 40 to 69 years, who had a routine health examination at the Centre d’Investigations Préventives et Cliniques (IPC) between 1974 and 1977. Heart rate (HR) measured by ECG was classified into 4 groups: HR1, <60; HR2, 60 to 80; HR3, 81 to 100; and HR4, >100 bpm. Mortality data were recorded for the period of 1974 through 1994. In both sexes, HR was a significant predictor of noncardiovascular mortality. In men, the relative risk (95% confidence interval) for cardiovascular death after adjustment for age and other risk factors in the HR2, HR3, and HR4 groups was 1.35 (1.01 to 1.80), 1.44 (1.04 to 2.00), and 2.18 (1.37 to 3.47), respectively, when compared with HR1. In women, HR did not influence cardiovascular mortality. The association of HR with cardiovascular mortality in men was (1) related to a strong association with coronary but not cerebrovascular mortality, (2) independent of age and hypertension, and (3) influenced by the level of pulse pressure; in patients with high pulse pressure (>65 mm Hg), accelerated HR was not associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. In conclusion, in a large French population, accelerated resting HR represents an independent predictor of noncardiovascular mortality in both genders, and of cardiovascular mortality in men, independent of age and the presence of hypertension. Further investigations are needed to explain the complex interactions between HR, pulse pressure, and cardiovascular complications.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The percentage of heart rates above 90-100 bpm in population studies ranges from 2.1 to 4.6%.
“The percentage of heart rates above 90–100 bpm in population studies ranges from 2.1 to 4.6%.11,13–15”
From Sinus Tachycardia: a Multidisciplinary Expert Focused Review (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Chen, C.-H., Nevo, E., Fetics, B., Pak, P. H., Yin, F. C. P., Maughan, W. L., & Kass, D. A. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.7.1827 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Bénétos, A., Safar, M. E., Rudnichi, A., Smulyan, H., Richard, J. L., Ducimetière, P., & Guize, L. (1997) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.30.6.1410 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: The Framingham Study
Gillman, M. W., Kannel, W. B., Belanger, A. J., & D’Agostino, R. B. (1993) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(93)90128-v · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Relation of pulse pressure and blood pressure reduction to the incidence of myocardial infarction.
Madhavan, S., Ooi, W. L., Cohen, H. W., & Alderman, M. H. (1994) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.23.3.395 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Dyer, A. R., Persky, V., Stamler, J., Paul, O., Shekelle, R. B., Berkson, D. M., Lepper, M. M., Schoenberger, J. A., & Lindberg, H. A. (1980) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113046 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Darné, B. M., Girerd, X. J., Safar, M. E., Cambien, F., & Guize, L. (1989) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.13.4.392 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Self-citationMitchell, G. F., Moyé, L. A., Braunwald, E., Rouleau, J. L., Bernstein, V., Geltman, E. M., Flaker, G. C., Pfeffer, M. A., & for the SAVE Investigators (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.12.4254 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Heart rate and the cardiovascular risk
Palatini, P., & Julius, S. (1997) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199715010-00001 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Pulse rate, coronary heart disease, and death: The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study
Gillum, R. F., Makuc, D. M., & Feldman, J. J. (1991) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(91)90970-s · Cited by 405 · see citing works
McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries : Theoretic, Experimental and Clinical Principles
Nicholas, W. W., O’Rourke, M. F., & McDonald, D. A. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Prognostic significance of exercise blood pressure and heart rate in middle-aged men.
Filipovský, J., Ducimetière, P., & Safar, M. E. (1992) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.20.3.333 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Self-citationSudden cardiac death. Support for a role of triggering in causation.
Willich, S. N., Maclure, M., Mittleman, M. A., Arntz, H. R., & Muller, J. E. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.87.5.1442 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Cunha, R. S., Pannier, B., Bénétos, A., Siche, J. P., London, G. M., Mallion, J. M., & Safar, M. E. (1997) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199715120-00009 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relationship between resting heart rate and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality
Mensink, G., & Hoffmeister, H. M. (1997) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015465 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Hematocrit, blood pressure, and hypertension. The Gubbio Population Study.
Círillo, M., Laurenzi, M. W., Trevisan, M., & Stamler, J. (1992) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.20.3.319 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Beere, P. A., Glagov, S., & Zarins, C. K. (1992) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.12.11.1245 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Hemodynamic stress and experimental aortoiliac atherosclerosis
Bassiouny, H. S., Zarins, C. K., Kadowaki, M. H., & Glagov, S. (1994) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0741-5214(94)70069-9 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
O'Rourke, M. F. (1970) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/4.3.291 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Stamler, J., Stamler, R., Rhomberg, P., Dyer, A. R., Berkson, D. M., Reedus, W., & Wannamaker, J. (1975) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(75)90059-4 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Palatini P, Pessina AC, Dal palu `C. Recording Venetia Study (HARVEST): a trial on the predictive value of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for the development of fixed hypertension in patients with borderline hypertension. High Blood Press. 1993;2:11-18.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mancia, G., Kreutz, R., Brunström, M., Burnier, M., Grassi, G., Januszewicz, A., Muiesan, M. L., Tsioufis, K., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Algharably, E. A. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003480 · Cited by 3,473 · see citing works
Self-citationAune, D., Giovannucci, E., Boffetta, P., Fadnes, L. T., Keum, N., Norat, T., Greenwood, D. C., Riboli, E., Vatten, L. J., & Tonstad, S. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw319 · Cited by 2,419 · see citing works
Diaz, A., Bourassa, M. G., Guertin, M.-C., & Tardif, J.-C. (2005) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi190 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Aune, D., Sen, A., ó'Hartaigh, B., Janszky, I., Romundstad, P. R., Tonstad, S., & Vatten, L. J. (2017) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.04.004 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Heart Rate as a Predictor of Mortality: The MATISS Project
Seccareccia, F., Pannozzo, F., Dima, F., Minoprio, A., Menditto, A., Lo Noce, C., & Giampaoli, S. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.8.1258 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Quer, G., Gouda, P., Galarnyk, M., Topol, E. J., & Steinhubl, S. R. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227709 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Jouven, X., Empana, J. P., Escolano, S., Buyck, J. F., Tafflet, M., Desnos, M., & Ducimetière, P. (2009) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.071 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The Funny Current: Cellular Basis for the Control of Heart Rate
DiFrancesco, D., & Borer, J. S. (2007) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200767002-00003 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Zhang, D., Wang, W., & Li, F. (2016) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.160050 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Heart rate response during exercise test and cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged men
Savonen, K. P., Lakka, T. A., Laukkanen, J. A., Halonen, P. M., Rauramaa, T. H., Salonen, J. T., & Rauramaa, R. (2006) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi708 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Woodward, M., Webster, R., Murakami, Y., Barzi, F., Lam, T.-H., Fang, X., Suh, I., Batty, G. D., Huxley, R., & Rodgers, A. (2014) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487312452501 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Heart rate as a predictor of cardiovascular risk
Tadic, M., Cuspidi, C., & Grassi, G. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12892 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Nocturnal nondipping of heart rate predicts cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients
Eguchi, K., Hoshide, S., Ishikawa, J., Pickering, T. G., Schwartz, J. E., Shimada, K., & Kario, K. (2009) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328330a938 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The effect of sibutramine-assisted weight loss in men with obstructive sleep apnoea
Yee, B. J., Phillips, C. L., Banerjee, D., Caterson, I., Hedner, J. A., & Grunstein, R. R. (2007) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803363 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia
Olshansky, B., & Sullivan, R. M. (2019) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euy128 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Resting heart rate as a prognostic factor for mortality in patients with breast cancer
Lee, D. H., Park, S., Lim, S. M., Lee, M. K., Giovannucci, E. L., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. I., & Jeon, J. Y. (2016) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-016-3938-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sinus Tachycardia: a Multidisciplinary Expert Focused Review
Mayuga, K. A., Fedorowski, A., Ricci, F., Gopinathannair, R., Dukes, J. W., Gibbons, C., Hanna, P., Sorajja, D., Chung, M., Benditt, D., et al. (2022) · Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.121.007960 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Pfister, R., Michels, G., Sharp, S. J., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., & Khaw, K.-T. (2012) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfs104 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Morbidity and Mortality in Cardiovascular Disorders: Impact of Reduced Heart Rate
Singh, B. N. (2001) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/107424840100600401 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sharashova, E., Wilsgaard, T., Mathiesen, E. B., Løchen, M.-L., Njølstad, I., & Brenn, T. (2016) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206663 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Association Between Heart Rate and Subclinical Cerebrovascular Disease in the Elderly
Nakanishi, K., Jin, Z., Homma, S., Elkind, M. S. V., Rundek, T., Lee, S. C., Tugcu, A., Yoshita, M., DeCarli, C., Wright, C. B., et al. (2018) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.019355 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Characterization of drug binding within the HCN1 channel pore
Tanguay, J., Callahan, K. M., & D’Avanzo, N. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37116-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Thomas, F., Guize, L., Bean, K., & Benetos, A. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00353-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Benetos, A., Rudnichi, A., Thomas, F., Safar, M., & Guize, L.
- Affiliations
- From the Investigations Préventives et Cliniques (IPC) (A.B., A.R., F.T., L.G.) and INSERM U337 (A.B., M.S.), Paris, France.
- Inserm (FR)
- ORCID
- Safar, Michel
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44-52
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W2157769629
- Cited by
- 356
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 5.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- heart rate, resting heart rate, mortality, cardiovascular mortality, non-cardiovascular mortality, pulse pressure, sex differences, coronary heart disease mortality, cerebrovascular disease mortality, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Cholesterol, Coronary Disease, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Physical Exertion, Female, Follow-Up Studies, France, Heart Rate, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Pulse, Risk, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, Time Factors, Confidence Intervals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
