The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of COVID-19 Misinformation on Information Seeking, Avoidance, and Processing: A Multicountry Comparative Study
Open accessAbstract
We examined the implications of exposure to misinformation about COVID-19 in the United States, South Korea, and Singapore in the early stages of the global pandemic. The online survey results showed that misinformation exposure reduced information insufficiency, which subsequently led to greater information avoidance and heuristic processing, as well as less systematic processing of COVID-19 information. Indirect effects differ by country and were stronger in the U.S. sample than in the Singapore sample. This study highlights negative consequences of misinformation during a global pandemic and addresses possible cultural and situational differences in how people interpret and respond to misinformation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures



Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“misinformation has even been shown to lead to information avoidance and less systematic processing of COVID-19 information 32”
From Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587
(2013) · Cited by 44,563
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.
Triandis, H. C., & Hofstede, G. (1993) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393257 · Cited by 17,696
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.
Fong, G. T., Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. R. (1985) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2287930 · Cited by 4,610
When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 · Cited by 3,173
Systematic Literature Review on the Spread of Health-related Misinformation on Social Media
Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., & Stuckler, D. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552 · Cited by 1,806 · cited 1×
“There is limited understanding of why certain individuals or societies are more or less vulnerable to misinformation (Wang et al., 2019).”
BackgroundNational Cultures in Four Dimensions: A Research-Based Theory of Cultural Differences among Nations
Hofstede, G. H. (1983) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.1983.11656358 · Cited by 1,684
Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind
(1992) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(92)90033-q · Cited by 1,653
Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook
Guess, A., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau4586 · Cited by 1,652
Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2020) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000875 · Cited by 1,270
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Cohen J., 2003, Appplied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences
- Eagly A. H., 1993, The psychology of attitudes
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 313
Zheng, H. (2025) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.70145 · Cited by 2
Tang, H., Li, L., & Chen, L. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2621990 · Cited by 2
Marfo, E. A., Manca, T., Cha, E., Lee, J., Greyson, D. L., MacDonald, N., Gagnon, D., Dubé, È., & MacDonald, S. E. (2026) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2026.2670833 · Cited by 2
Zimbres, T. M., Ruiz, J. B., & Bell, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2022.2097344 · Cited by 2
Msimang, P. M. (2022) · Theoria · doi:10.3167/th.2022.6917201 · Cited by 2
The Transformation of the Healthcare Business through the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020–2021)
Patel, R. (2023) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm16070333 · Cited by 3
Tshotetsi, L., Hajison, P., Jella, C., Mpachika-Mfipa, F., & Chimatiro, C. S. (2023) · Global Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/17579759231204353 · Cited by 2
Misinformation Processing Model: How Users Process Misinformation When Using Recommender Algorithms
Shin, D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52569-8_5 · Cited by 2
Individual Response to the Spread of Misinformation about COVID-19 via Facebook and WhatsApp
Jalaludin, F. W., Loh, Y. X., Seah, C. S., Chang, Y. K., Arif, E. E. M., & Chin, W. Y. (2024) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2024.03.085 · Cited by 2
The Influence of the Cultural and Religious Factors on the Media
Khudarova, A., Abdramanov, Y., Tsvetkova, M., & Sokolovskiy, K. G. (2024) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · doi:10.29333/ejecs/1830 · Cited by 2
Screen use and mental health: the need to strengthen the information ecosystem
Broilo, P. L., Fortes, A. B., & Lisbôa, C. S. D. M. (2024) · Academia Mental Health and Well-Being · doi:10.20935/mhealthwellb7332 · Cited by 2
Missau, L. D. (2024) · Tripodos · doi:10.51698/tripodos.2024.56.01 · Cited by 2
Intersectional Disaster Response in the Globalized World Via Equitable Crisis Communication
Baniya, S. (2025) · Journal of Business and Technical Communication · doi:10.1177/10506519251326565 · Cited by 2
Schwartzman, R. J., & Simon, J. M. (2021) · Advances in linguistics and communication studies · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7439-3.ch004 · Cited by 2
Hong, Y., Myung, E., & Kim, S. (2021) · Journal of Communications In Healthcare · doi:10.1080/17538068.2021.1954411 · Cited by 2
Austers, I., Dimdiņš, Ģ., Leja, V., & Gaina, V. (2022) · International Journal of Smart Education and Urban Society · doi:10.4018/ijseus.300736 · Cited by 2
Reducing Covid-19 Information Uncertainty Through Social Media
Fitriani, E., & Purworini, D. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.220501.010 · Cited by 2
COVID-19, Misinformation and Communication Studies: A Systematic Review of the Infodemic
Kuş, O., & ÖZTÜRK, İ. D. (2022) · Connectist Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences · doi:10.26650/connectist2022-1028131 · Cited by 2
“I Try to Find a Balance”: Investigating Strategies for Self‐Regulating Covid News Consumption
Zappia, C., & Makri, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.760 · Cited by 2
Böcker, R., Mandl, T., Mitera, H., & Schmidt, F. (2022) · Information - Wissenschaft & Praxis · doi:10.1515/iwp-2022-2248 · Cited by 2
Rosemary, R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-01949-4_133 · Cited by 2
Roth, A. J. L., Lowy, J. A., & Matsoukas, K. (2024) · Psychiatry update · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48557-2_6 · Cited by 2
Shaheen, H., Ali, F., Awais, M., & Saeed, M. (2021) · International Journal of Media and Information Literacy · doi:10.13187/ijmil.2021.1.201 · Cited by 3
Glimpsing Indonesia’s Social Media Discourse: What Goes on During the Covid-19 Infodemic
Ronny, R., Herdiansyah, H., & Panjaitan, B. S. P. (2023) · REiLA Journal of Research and Innovation in Language · doi:10.31849/reila.v5i3.13285 · Cited by 1
Health Information Disorders Models: A Scoping Review
Zalpour, A., Hashemian, M., Geraei, E., & Zare‐Farashbandi, F. (2024) · Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research · doi:10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_414_23 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 Misperceptions and Masking Compliance: A Support Marshaling Analysis
Crowley, J. P., Maloney, E. K., Bleakley, A., Edwards, T., & Langbaum, J. B. S. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2024.2437836 · Cited by 1
Social dominance orientation and information seeking about the Monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak
Dong, X., & Yang, J. Z. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251317800 · Cited by 1
Qi, S., Tham, J. S., Waheed, M., & Hashim, N. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1545942 · Cited by 1
Predictors of credibility perceptions: The moderating role of political ideology
Borah, P., Lee, D. K. L., Lorenzano, K. J., Cao, X., & Austin, E. W. (2025) · Atlantic Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/15456870.2025.2510334 · Cited by 1
Songo, J., Whitehead, H. S., Phiri, K., Kalande, P., Lungu, E., Phiri, S., van Oosterhout, J. J., Moses, A., Hoffman, R. M., & Moucheraud, C. (2025) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-025-00864-0 · Cited by 1
Guo, Y., Liu, S., & He, Y. (2025) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2025.2520405 · Cited by 2
The Health Risks of Information Avoidance: A RISP Perspective
Liu, Y., Mabrouk, F., Alhur, A., & Naeem, S. B. (2025) · Libri · doi:10.1515/libri-2024-0177 · Cited by 1
Link, E. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2590532 · Cited by 1
Kim, H. K., Gu, R., & Kim, Y. (2025) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2025.2598820 · Cited by 1
Self-citationHow negative emotions affect health information avoidance: the role of motivation
Yu, Y., & Liu, L. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08733-8 · Cited by 1
Ma, Y., Lu, X., & Zhao, R. (2026) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2025.2596081 · Cited by 2
Beyond assumptions: how social media use and self-other dynamics shape responses to misinformation
Lai, C., & Liu, A. K.-C. (2026) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-03-2025-0161 · Cited by 1
Tourism and Study Abroad Options
Kusumawati, A. (2020) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v10is3.2712 · Cited by 1
Ugoala, B., & Udenze, S. (2022) · Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.17829/turcom.1049246 · Cited by 1
Putri, A. E., & Mujiyono, M. (2022) · International Journal of Advanced Health Science and Technology · doi:10.35882/ijahst.v2i3.10 · Cited by 1
Bakuri, A. Z., & Antwi‐Berko, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2022.824591 · Cited by 1
Sadarang, R. A. I., Karini, T. A., & Kurniati, Y. (2023) · Preventia The Indonesian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17977/um044v8i12023p1-10 · Cited by 1
Baxter, M., & Lonsdale, M. D. S. (2023) · Information Design Journal · doi:10.1075/idj.23006.bax · Cited by 1
Alsharaydeh, E., Shafiabady, N., & Chan, S. W. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v14n12p10 · Cited by 1
Eman, S., Jha, R. P., Safdar, M., Singh, M., Patel, P. D., & Javeria, U. (2024) · Health Information & Libraries Journal · doi:10.1111/hir.12549 · Cited by 1
Kekeba, S. K. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2346041 · Cited by 1
Hu, X., Zhu, W., Zhou, B., & Liang, L. (2025) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.70030 · Cited by 1
ten Kate, J., de Koster, W., & van der Waal, J. (2025) · European Societies · doi:10.1162/euso.a.24 · Cited by 1
Karimi, S. E., Ahmadi, S., SoleimanvandiAzar, N., Rampisheh, Z., Nojomi, M., Sepahvand, E., Tavangar, F., Tehrani‐Banihashemi, A., Tayefi, B., & Higgs, P. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11248-z · Cited by 1
Measuring the Factors of Hesitancy in Saudi Population toward COVID-19 Vaccines
Attar, R. M. S., Karkashan, A., Abbas, B., Almarashi, A., & Hashem, T. (2021) · Academic Journal of Research and Scientific Publishing · doi:10.52132/ajrsp.e.2021.292 · Cited by 1
Analysis of COVID-19 Prevention Behaviour among Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity Patients in Palembang
Putri, G., Hasyim, H., & Fajar, N. A. (2021) · Jurnal PROMKES · doi:10.20473/jpk.v9.i2.2021.168-176 · Cited by 1
COVID-19, Misinformation and Communication Studies: A Systematic Review of the Infodemic
Kuş, O., & ÖZTÜRK, İ. D. (2022) · Connectist Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences · doi:10.26650/connectist2022-102813 · Cited by 4
The plethora of information and individuals’ perceived feelings during COVID-19 pandemic in Greece
Skarpa, P. E., & Garoufallou, E. (2022) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-04-2022-0085 · Cited by 1
Hafiar, H., Prastowo, A. A., Kadiyono, A. L., Amin, K., & Musa, H. G. (2022) · Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.18844/cjes.v17i12.7968 · Cited by 1
Discusión pública sobre Covid-19 en México: ¿Qué nos dice Twitter?
García-Guerrero, M., de Oliveira, D. L., Moreno, E., Martínez-Báez, N., Rodríguez-Pinedo, A., & Ruiz-García, E. (2023) · Journal of Science Communication América Latina · doi:10.22323/3.06010204 · Cited by 1
Akpan, I. J., Aguolu, O. G., & Akpan, A. A. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.21252323 · Cited by 1
Makri, S., & Willson, R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95689-5.00172-3 · Cited by 1
Cross-Functional Approach to Tackling Covid19 & The Way Forward for Healthcare
Ahmed, N. (2021) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2021.33.005415
ANALYSIS OF A CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE CAVITY LOADED WITH THICK MAGNETIZED FERRITE DISKS
Hellums, J. M. (1977) · Rice Research Repository (Rice University)
Wischnewski, M., & Krämer, N. (2020) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000029.supp
جابر مهران, د. أ. (2021) · مجلة البحث العلمي في الآداب · doi:10.21608/jssa.2021.210289
Rosemary, R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38948-2_133-1
Does the Student Feel Bothered by COVID-19 News?
Oktaviani, S. D., Relintra, M. A., Astuti, P. Y., Maulida, I. S., & Sulistiobudi, R. A. (2022) · European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.24018/ejsocial.2022.2.5.281
International Experience of State Regulation of Business in Social Networks
Petrenko, O. (2022) · Economic Affairs · doi:10.46852/0424-2513.5.2022.28
Factors Affecting Consumer Behaviour during COVID-19:A Case Study in Bangladesh
Shahriar, F., & Mohammadian, M. (2023) · International Conference on Information Systems and Computer Networks (ISCON) · doi:10.1109/iscon57294.2023.10112165
Complex Dynamics in the Spread of COVID-19
Contreras, S. (2023) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-9876
Isakov, A. B., Marković, V., & Penavić, S. P. (2023) · Annual of Social Work · doi:10.3935/ljsr.v29i3.478
International Experience of State Regulation of Business in Social Networks
Petrenko, O., Костик, Є. П., Бєляєва, О., Melnychuk, L., Лола, В., & Olkhovska, A. B. (2023) · EARTH SCIENCES AND HUMAN CONSTRUCTIONS · doi:10.37394/232024.2023.3.2
Dulal‐Arthur, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31119-2_12
Melit, M. F. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.242731
Xu, K. W. Z., Pahme, N. F. M., Shuib, A. S. M., Abdullah, A. F., & Soedewi, S. (2023) · Idealogy Journal · doi:10.24191/idealogy.v8i2.471
Information-Seeking Behaviors in the COVID-19 Crisis in Turkey
Güzeloğlu, E. B., Erten, E. Ü., Keysan, A. Ö., Zalluhoğlu, A. E., & Şentürk, B. (2023) · Advances in multimedia and interactive technologies book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0896-7.ch014
Ashley, R., & Rizzolo, D. (2023) · Public Health - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/phoj-8-164
Coupled dynamics of the spread of COVID-19, interventions and human behaviour
Iftekhar, E. N. (2024) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-10390
Labeled data and models for COVID-19 vaccine related tweets with stance, location, and topicsPreprint
Rahman, A., Ehsan, M., & Alhoori, H. (2024) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.6842883
Setiawati, N. A., Wasino, W., Pratama, S. F., Horton, W. B., & Sina, F. D. P. (2024) · Paramita Historical Studies Journal · doi:10.15294/paramita.v34i1.43832
Huang, Y. C., & zhang, L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4811282
Erawati, D., & Harmain, H. (2024) · Millah Journal of Religious Studies · doi:10.20885/millah.vol23.iss2.art8
Tendências e implicações da automedicação na pandemia da COVID-19
Soares, T. E. D. O., de Souza, I. D. O. M., da Silva, C. A., Ribeiro, C. H. M. A., de Sousa, C. J. P., & Prete, A. C. L. (2024) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e16702.2024
White, A. V., Iverson, G., Wright, L., Fallon, J. T., & Humphrey, C. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.24319584
The Role of Audiences, Citizens, and Victims in International Crises
Wiedicke, A., & Rossmann, C. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394180844.ch19
Physician’s Seeking Behaviours for Health Information Services for their Patients
Link, E., & Memenga, P. (2025) · European Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.47368/ejhc.2025.106
Stubenvoll, M., Freiling, I., & Matthes, J. (2025) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2025.2501612
Tuki, D. (2025) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2025.2509426
Frisli, S. (2025) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051251347614 · Cited by 1
Liu, B. X., & Liu, C. W. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2544075
Information Seeking on Social Media as a Coping Mechanism During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Malawi
Mhagama, P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95508-2_4
Abi-Jaoudé, A., Artna, E., Buchman, D. Z., Consalas, J., Johnson, A., Kozloff, N., Narajos, A., Perry, C., LEVINSON, A. J., & Sockalingam, S. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-097949
Shen, Z., Alhur, A. A., Ramzan, M. A., & Naeem, S. B. (2025) · Journal of Librarianship and Information Science · doi:10.1177/09610006251387703
Park, S., Choi, S., Kim, H. B., Sawada, Y., & Yamano, T. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2025.102508
Self-citationBishwal, E. (2026) · Gender, justice and legal feminism · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06470-7_8
Huang, Y. C., Zhang, L.-Y., Liu, R., Liu, H., Cai, Q., & Wang, X. (2026) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2026.2653186
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, H. K., Ahn, J., Atkinson, L., & Kahlor, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Hallym University (KR)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Hye Kyung
- Venue
- Science Communication
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-09-13
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 586-615
- ISSN
- 0164-0259 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-5470
- 1552-8545
- PMC
- PMC7492825
- OpenAlex
- W3086361638
- Cited by
- 313
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 71.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Science Communication (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- ministry of education - singapore (Academic Research Fund Tier 1)
- national research foundation of korea (NRF-2018S1A3A2074932)
- Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
- Keywords
- COVID-19 misinformation, information seeking, information avoidance, heuristic processing, systematic processing, information insufficiency, cross-cultural comparison, pandemic response, United States, South Korea, Singapore
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review