The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ethics, Reflexivity, and “Ethically Important Moments” in Research
Abstract
Ethical tensions are part of the everyday practice of doing research—all kinds of research. How do researchers deal with ethical problems that arise in the practice of their research, and are there conceptual frameworks that they can draw on to assist them? This article examines the relationship between reflexivity and research ethics. It focuses on what constitutes ethical research practice in qualitative research and how researchers achieve ethical research practice. As a framework for thinking through these issues, the authors distinguish two different dimensions of ethics in research, which they term procedural ethics and “ethics in practice.” The relationship between them and the impact that each has on the actual doing of research are examined. The article then draws on the notion of reflexivity as a helpful way of understanding both the nature of ethics in qualitative research and how ethical practice in research can be achieved.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
The Science Question in Feminism
Harding, S. (1986) · Cornell University Press eBooks · Cited by 2,790
Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?
Harding, S. (2016) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9781501712951 · Cited by 2,443
Ethics in Qualitative Research
Orb, A., Eisenhauer, L. A., & Wynaden, D. (2001) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00093.x · Cited by 1,259
Qualitative Research Methods: A Health Focus
Rice, P. L., & Ezzy, D. (1999) · Cited by 1,235
Mason, J., Fthenakis, V. M., Zweibel, K., Hansen, T., & Nikolakakis, T. (1996) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 1,062
ETHICS AND POLITICS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Christians, C. G. (2005) · Cited by 932
Wark, R. I. (1989) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/0362-3319(89)90027-x · Cited by 854
Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives
Yearley, S., & Harding, S. (1993) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/591706 · Cited by 745
Reconceptualizing rigour: the case for reflexivity
Koch, T., & Harrington, A. (1998) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00725.x · Cited by 618
Homan, R. E. (1991) · Cited by 423
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- American Association of University Professors. (2000). Protecting human beings: Institutional review boards and social science research. Retrieved December 13, 2002, from http://www.aaup.org/statements/Redbook/repirb.htm
- Hertz, R. (1997). Introduction: Reflexivity and voice. In R. Hertz (Ed.), Reflexivity and voice (pp. vi-xviii). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Hornsby-Smith, M. (1993). Gaining access. In N. Gilbert (Ed.), Researching social life (pp. 52-67). London: Sage.
- Jenkins, R. (1992). Pierre Bourdieu. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,001
Ethikkompetenz als Querschnittsaufgabe
Prinzing, M., Schlütz, D., Kaufmann, K., Kreissl, J., & Rakebrand, T. (2020) · Publizistik · doi:10.1007/s11616-020-00578-4 · Cited by 7
Orrmalm, A. (2021) · Linköping studies in arts and science · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-172256 · Cited by 7
Riera‐Retamero, M., Hernández‐Hernández, F., Mayoral, S. D. R., Lozano‐Mulet, P., & Bielsa, P. E. (2021) · Antípoda Revista de Antropología y Arqueología · doi:10.7440/antipoda43.2021.08 · Cited by 10
Ethical dilemmas experienced by students in Child–Computer Interaction—A case study
Eriksson, E. W., Barendregt, W., & Torgersson, O. (2021) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100341 · Cited by 7
Community responses to the annual flooding (efundja) in the Cuvelai-Etosha basin, Northern Namibia
Shaamhula, L., Smit, H. A. P., & van der Merwe, J. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102372 · Cited by 7
Navigating Ethical Quandaries with Close Personal Contacts in Qualitative Research
Iannacone, J. I., & Anderson, L. B. (2021) · Journal of Contemporary Ethnography · doi:10.1177/08912416211060649 · Cited by 7
The ethics of facing the Other in suicide
Jaworski, K. (2021) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/13634593211061637 · Cited by 11
Mackley, H., Edwards, S., McLean, K., & Cinelli, R. L. (2022) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0305764x.2022.2030300 · Cited by 7
Schofield, L. N. (2022) · Progress in Development Studies · doi:10.1177/14649934221089085 · Cited by 7
Political and ethical dilemmas in multi-agency participatory research: The role of the buffer zone
Bennett, H. P., & Brunner, R. (2022) · Methodological Innovations · doi:10.1177/20597991221129775 · Cited by 7
The voice of memory in hospital birth: A phenomenological study.
Pereda-Goikoetxea, B., Marín-Fernández, B., Huitzi-Egilegor, J. X., & Elorza-Puyadena, M. I. (2022) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2022.103531 · Cited by 7
Agency, power and emotions: ethnographic note-taking in research with children
Kapoor, A., Ambreen, S., & Zhu, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Research & Method in Education · doi:10.1080/1743727x.2023.2196065 · Cited by 8
Nyklová, B., Moree, D., & Kubala, P. K. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00589-5 · Cited by 11
Pillay, S. R. (2023) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/09593535231181759 · Cited by 11
Discussions on the past, present, and future of quantitative research ethics in applied linguistics
Yaw, K., Andringa, S. J., Gass, S. M., Hancock, G. R., Isbell, D. R., Kim, J., Kytö, M., Larsson, T., Plonsky, L., Sterling, S., et al. (2023) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444823000253 · Cited by 7
Ethical Issues of the Organization and Management of Research Information
Schöpfel, J., & Azeroual, O. (2023) · Communication technologies et développement · doi:10.4000/ctd.9857 · Cited by 7
Circulating power and in/visibility: layers of educational leadership
Mifsud, D. (2015) · Journal of Workplace Learning · doi:10.1108/jwl-09-2013-0065 · Cited by 7
An Insider’s Moments of Confucian Ethical Conflict: Reflexivity as the “Middle Way” Response
Lee, M. C. Y. (2014) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-014-9217-z · Cited by 7
Grafanaki, S. (2012) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733145.2012.689310 · Cited by 7
Interrupting Life History: The Evolution of Relationship within Research
Hackett, R. (2015) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2013.1536 · Cited by 7
The Ethics of Researching Images Found Online
Harris, A. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-54305-9_5 · Cited by 7
How a needs assessment study taught us a lesson about the ethics of educational research
Varpio, L., & McCarthy, A. E. (2017) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-017-0356-y · Cited by 7
Conceptualisation of home among Russian-speaking women engaged in commercial sex in Finland
Diatlova, A. (2017) · Gender Place & Culture · doi:10.1080/0966369x.2017.1400950 · Cited by 7
To Be or Not to Be…Revealing Questions of Anonymity and Confidentiality
Naidu, T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74721-7_16 · Cited by 7
Morton, J. (2018) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2018.1537790 · Cited by 7
An Online Consent Maturity Model
Rooney, V. M., & Foley, S. N. (2018) · New Security Paradigms Workshop · doi:10.1145/3285002.3285003 · Cited by 8
The medicalisation of the dying self: The search for life extension in advanced cancer
Mohammed, S., Peter, E. H., Gastaldo, D., & Howell, D. (2019) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12316 · Cited by 9
Karlsen, A. S., & Scott, K. D. (2019) · Discourse Context & Media · doi:10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100332 · Cited by 13
PARA ALÉM DA ÉTICA BUROCRÁTICA EM PESQUISA QUALITATIVA ENVOLVENDO SERES HUMANOS
Chimentão, L. K., & Reis, S. (2019) · Alfa · doi:10.1590/1981-5794-1911-9 · Cited by 7
The practice of balancing in clinical ethics case consultation
McDougall, R. J., Shadbolt, C., & Gillam, L. H. (2019) · Clinical Ethics · doi:10.1177/1477750919897377 · Cited by 7
Self-citationFamily-School Relationships in Supporting Refugee Children’s School Trajectories
Fazel, M. S., & O’Higgins, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602105.019 · Cited by 9
Embodying the least‐adult role
Garratt, L. (2021) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3721 · Cited by 7
Dearing, K. (2021) · Evidence & Policy · doi:10.1332/174426421x16140992285741 · Cited by 7
Mittner, L., Dalby, K., & Gjærum, R. G. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Arts Culture and Health · doi:10.18261/issn.2535-7913-2021-01-02-06 · Cited by 7
Silverman, M. (2015) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/1473325015595712 · Cited by 7
Lake Taupo: a multi-sector collaborative partnership towards sustainable development
Roper, J., Collins, E. M., & de Jong, J. (2014) · Journal of Public Affairs · doi:10.1002/pa.1540 · Cited by 7
Gorup, M. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2056-375220160000002007 · Cited by 7
View From the Penthouse: Epistemological Bumps and Emergent Metaphors as Method for Team Reflexivity
Park, M., & Zafran, H. (2017) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732317746379 · Cited by 7
How Dialogical Are We Really? Insights Gleaned from Un-Dialogical Moments
Kang, D., & Sodeke, C. U. (2017) · Departures in Critical Qualitative Research · doi:10.1525/dcqr.2017.6.4.47 · Cited by 7
Fire in the Ashes: Twenty-Five Years Among the Poorest Children in America
Fishman-Weaver, K. (2015) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00131946.2015.1015359 · Cited by 7
The construction and negotiation of identity and face in post observation feedback
Donaghue, H. (2015) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · doi:10.48780/publications.aston.ac.uk.00028591 · Cited by 7
Moore, T. (2012) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · doi:10.4226/66/5a962cd6c6895 · Cited by 7
Kichuk, A. (2017) · Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University) · Cited by 7
Stanovsek, S. (2019) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon) · Cited by 7
Research Ethics in Qualitative Health Research
Potthoff, S., Hempeler, C., & Scholten, M. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069231189335 · Cited by 7
A study on gender inequality in Thailand : career experience of Thai female managers
Hansatit, P. (2014) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) · Cited by 7
Collaborating with children: intergenerational research encounters
Kiili, J., Lehto-Lundén, T. K., Moilanen, J., Kannasoja, S., & Malinen, K. (2024) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2024.2301848 · Cited by 9
Dirisu, O., Eluwa, G., Callens, S., Adams, E., Akinwunmi, A., Geibel, S., & Iyortim, I. (2024) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-024-01282-9 · Cited by 6
Lyon, C. H., Little, A., Dobson, E., Glover, O., Patterson, J., Telford, J., & Noret, N. (2024) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540253.2024.2389108 · Cited by 6
Reflexivity in research: addressing power dynamics in researching Syrian refugees in the UK
Solie, T. (2024) · Language and Intercultural Communication · doi:10.1080/14708477.2024.2392264 · Cited by 6
Academics marginalised: practices for navigating tensions, resistance, and care
Lehtonen, M. J., & Yang, I.-C. M. (2025) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2025.2473440 · Cited by 8
The AI-Reflexivity Checklist (ARC): A Pre-Analysis Pause for LLM-Assisted Coding
Prahl, A. (2025) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323251401503 · Cited by 7
Andrew, J. D., Wilkinson, H. A., & Prior, S. (2021) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/14713012211024488 · Cited by 6
Consuming Images, Ethics, and Integrity in Visual Social Research
Lomax, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16759-2_39 · Cited by 6
Structural Influences on Consent Decisions in Participatory Health Research in Eswatini
Brear, M., Shabangu, P. N., Hammarberg, K., & Fisher, J. (2023) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/15562646221147811 · Cited by 6
Ademolu, E. (2023) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2023.2245101 · Cited by 6
Framing Integrity Resolution: An Integrative Approach to Academic Ethics
Dahal, B. (2024) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-024-09529-4 · Cited by 8
Ethical Pitfalls in Research with Young People: How Can They Be Identified and Addressed?
Schmid, E., & Garrels, V. (2024) · Young · doi:10.1177/11033088241254230 · Cited by 6
For an ethics of generosity: Values for ethnography in a time of regulatory ethics
Atkinson, P., Cataldi, S., & Wästerfors, D. (2024) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/14687941241259978 · Cited by 7
Hinton‐Smith, T. (2024) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540253.2024.2404048 · Cited by 6
Ethics of Biological Sampling Research with Aboriginal Communities in Canada
Nowrouzi‐Kia, B., McGregor, L., McDougall, A., Debassige, D., Casole, J., Nguyen, C., Nowrouzi-Kia, B., & McGregor, D. (2016) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v9n4p20 · Cited by 6
Researching Social Work Practice Ethically and Developing Ethical Researchers
Stout, B., Dadich, A., Evans, S., Plath, D., & Lawson, K. D. (2019) · Ethics and Social Welfare · doi:10.1080/17496535.2019.1698630 · Cited by 6
Krieger, T., FERON, F. J. M., & Dorant, E. (2020) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x20000665 · Cited by 6
Trauma Narration in Family Therapy with Refugees
Haene, L. D., Adriaenssens, P., Deruddere, N., & Rober, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602105.011 · Cited by 7
The Process Is Not Enough: Children and Teachers Creating Multimodal Digital Stories in Kindergarten
Undheim, M. (2020) · University of Stavanger eBooks · doi:10.31265/usps.65 · Cited by 6
Sperling, D. (2021) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/15562646211005253 · Cited by 7
Ethical perplexities of researching with children in uncertain times: a dialogic approach
Lee, C. (2021) · International Studies in Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/09620214.2021.1925140 · Cited by 6
Health-Related Decision-Making of People with Thyroid Disease
Schoßböck, J. (2021) · European Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.47368/ejhc.2021.202 · Cited by 6
Olsson, C., Ljungberg, H. T., Brämberg, E. B., Jensen, I. B., & Nybergh, L. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069211032071 · Cited by 6
Reflections from Cross-Gender Fieldwork Experiences in Open Markets in Ghana
Sowatey, E. A., Nyantakyi‐Frimpong, H., Hussey, L. K., Annan-Aggrey, E., Pinkrah, A., & Arku, G. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069211053102 · Cited by 6
Peralta, L. R., Yager, Z., & Prichard, I. J. (2021) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.561 · Cited by 6
The Echoes of Voice in Education Research Ethics
Midgley, W., Davies, A., Oliver, M. E., & Danaher, P. A. (2014) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-491-8_1 · Cited by 6
Evaluation and Action Research
Rademaker, L. L., & Polush, E. Y. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197620823.001.0001 · Cited by 6
Developing an Online Data Ethics Module Informed by an Ecology of Data Perspective
Tang, X., Mendieta, E., & Litzinger, T. (2022) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-022-00374-5 · Cited by 6
Schnellert, L., Tidey, L., & Hole, R. (2022) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/10778004221101586 · Cited by 6
Marx, J., & Mirbabaie, M. (2022) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v26i0.3287 · Cited by 6
Interviews in the social sciences
Knott, E., Rao, A. H., Summers, K., & Teeger, C. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-022-00166-y · Cited by 6
Vandenplas, Y., Simoens, S., Wilder, P. V., Vulto, A. G., Turk, F., & Huys, I. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08591-1 · Cited by 6
Lewis, C. P., & Aldossari, M. (2022) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-10-2021-0449 · Cited by 6
Hvordan vurdere elevers kritiske lesing? Forslag til et praktisk-didaktisk rammeverk
Weyergang, C., Frønes, T. S., & Siljan, H. H. (2023) · Nordic Journal of Literacy Research · doi:10.23865/njlr.v9.5111 · Cited by 11
Ahmad, S., Ansari, A. N., Khawaja, S., & Bhutta, S. M. (2023) · Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education · doi:10.1108/sgpe-01-2023-0011 · Cited by 6
Protecting Sensitive Data Early in the Research Data Lifecycle
Karcher, S., Secen, S., & Weber, N. (2023) · Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality · doi:10.29012/jpc.846 · Cited by 6
Rao, S., Dimitropoulos, G., Milaney, K., Eurich, D., & Patten, S. (2024) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth4010008 · Cited by 6
Pesambili, J. C., & Mkumbo, K. A. K. (2024) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-023-00822-4 · Cited by 6
Ethics in applied linguistics research: Evidence and action
Isbell, D. R., & Costa, P. I. D. (2024) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2024.100104 · Cited by 6
Ellison, T. L. (2014) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/160940691401300113 · Cited by 6
Africanising Philosophy for Children (P4C) in the South African Context
Letseka, M. M. (2014) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n9p348 · Cited by 6
Navigating the ethics of cross‐cultural health promotion research
Haintz, G. L., Graham, M., & McKenzie, H. J. (2015) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1071/he15050 · Cited by 6
Chan, L., Chan, T., Cheung, B. T., Mo, K., & Fung, K. K.-L. (2015) · Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics · doi:10.5430/jbei.v1n1p93 · Cited by 6
Regulatory Practices and School-based Research: Making Sense of Research Ethics/Review
Tilley, S., Powick, K. D., & Ratković, S. (2009) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-10.2.1287 · Cited by 6
Mulla, I., Wright, N., & Archbold, S. M. (2013) · Deafness & Education International · doi:10.1179/1557069x12y.0000000016 · Cited by 6
Ethics in Acute Care Research: A Global Perspective and Research Agenda
Hirshon, J. M., Hansoti, B., Hauswald, M., Sethuraman, K. N., Kerr, N. L., Scordino, D., & Biros, M. H. (2013) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.12271 · Cited by 6
Relationship-based teaching: a relational ethics led approach to teaching social work
Walker, S. (2015) · Ethics and Social Welfare · doi:10.1080/17496535.2015.1088703 · Cited by 8
The Politics of Research Ethics in Social Work: Reflections From a First-time Researcher
Jarldorn, M. (2014) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 6
Guţă, A., Murray, S. J., Strıke, C., Flicker, S., Upshur, R. E. G., & Myers, T. (2016) · Public Health Ethics · doi:10.1093/phe/phw024 · Cited by 6
From cooperative practice to research and back
Langmead, K. (2017) · Social enterprise journal · doi:10.1108/sej-07-2016-0028 · Cited by 6
Brazilian and Nigerian International Students’ Conceptions of Learning in Higher Education
Ashong, C., & Commander, N. E. (2017) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v7i2.319 · Cited by 6
Zhang, J. J. (2017) · Tourism Culture & Communication · doi:10.3727/109830417x14837314056816 · Cited by 6
Accounting for ethics: towards a de-humanised comparative approach
Whiteman, N. (2017) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794117724499 · Cited by 6
Shaw, J. E. (2018) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12277 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Guillemin, M., & Gillam, L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Venue
- Qualitative Inquiry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 261-280
- ISSN
- 1077-8004 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7565
- OpenAlex
- W2103099631
- Cited by
- 2,671
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 226 · 2025: 216 · 2024: 200 · 2023: 235 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 191 · 2020: 212 · 2019: 219 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 134 · 2015: 102 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 48.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Qualitative Inquiry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Data Analysis and Archiving
- Keywords
- research ethics, reflexivity, qualitative research ethics, procedural ethics, ethics in practice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review