The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ethics, Reflexivity, and “Ethically Important Moments” in Research
Abstract
Ethical tensions are part of the everyday practice of doing research—all kinds of research. How do researchers deal with ethical problems that arise in the practice of their research, and are there conceptual frameworks that they can draw on to assist them? This article examines the relationship between reflexivity and research ethics. It focuses on what constitutes ethical research practice in qualitative research and how researchers achieve ethical research practice. As a framework for thinking through these issues, the authors distinguish two different dimensions of ethics in research, which they term procedural ethics and “ethics in practice.” The relationship between them and the impact that each has on the actual doing of research are examined. The article then draws on the notion of reflexivity as a helpful way of understanding both the nature of ethics in qualitative research and how ethical practice in research can be achieved.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
The Science Question in Feminism
Harding, S. (1986) · Cornell University Press eBooks · Cited by 2,790
Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?
Harding, S. (2016) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9781501712951 · Cited by 2,443
Ethics in Qualitative Research
Orb, A., Eisenhauer, L. A., & Wynaden, D. (2001) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00093.x · Cited by 1,259
Qualitative Research Methods: A Health Focus
Rice, P. L., & Ezzy, D. (1999) · Cited by 1,235
Mason, J., Fthenakis, V. M., Zweibel, K., Hansen, T., & Nikolakakis, T. (1996) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 1,062
ETHICS AND POLITICS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Christians, C. G. (2005) · Cited by 932
Wark, R. I. (1989) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/0362-3319(89)90027-x · Cited by 854
Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives
Yearley, S., & Harding, S. (1993) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/591706 · Cited by 745
Reconceptualizing rigour: the case for reflexivity
Koch, T., & Harrington, A. (1998) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00725.x · Cited by 618
Homan, R. E. (1991) · Cited by 423
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- American Association of University Professors. (2000). Protecting human beings: Institutional review boards and social science research. Retrieved December 13, 2002, from http://www.aaup.org/statements/Redbook/repirb.htm
- Hertz, R. (1997). Introduction: Reflexivity and voice. In R. Hertz (Ed.), Reflexivity and voice (pp. vi-xviii). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Hornsby-Smith, M. (1993). Gaining access. In N. Gilbert (Ed.), Researching social life (pp. 52-67). London: Sage.
- Jenkins, R. (1992). Pierre Bourdieu. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,001
Esin, C., & Lounasmaa, A. (2020) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2020.1723202 · Cited by 23
Psychic Distance, Consent, and Other Ethical Issues
Wyatt, J. (2006) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1077800406288630 · Cited by 23
Rooney, V. M. (2013) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794113501686 · Cited by 23
Baker, L. R., Martimianakis, M. A., Nasirzadeh, Y., Northup, E., Gold, K., Friesen, F., Bhatia, A., & Ng, S. (2018) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000002373 · Cited by 23
Reflexive Accounts of a Postcolonial Ethnographer: Understanding Insider-Outsider Status
McSweeney, M. J. (2018) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.2018-0120 · Cited by 24
Perpetrators of International Crimes
Smeulers, A., Weerdesteijn, M., & Holá, B. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198829997.001.0001 · Cited by 26
The Dereliction Tourist: Ethical Issues of Conducting Research in Areas of Industrial Ruination
Mah, A. (2014) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.3330 · Cited by 23
Power, pedagogy and the personal: feminist ethics in facilitating a doctoral writing group
Danvers, E. C., Hinton‐Smith, T., & Webb, R. (2018) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2018.1456423 · Cited by 23
Asker, A. (2012) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 23
A Study of Immigrant Latina Survivors of Domestic Violence
Serrata, J. V., Macias, R. L., Rosales, A., Rodriguez, R., & Perilla, J. L. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137521477_10 · Cited by 23
“We Need Sound Too!” Children and Teachers CreatingMultimodal Digital Stories Together
Undheim, M. (2020) · Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy · doi:10.18261/issn.1891-943x-2020-03-03 · Cited by 22
Oyinloye, B. (2021) · Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/17470161211010863 · Cited by 22
What ethical approaches are used by scientists when sharing health data? An interview study
Johansson, J. V., Bentzen, H. B., & Mascalzoni, D. (2022) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-022-00779-8 · Cited by 24
Reflexive Integration of Research Elements in Mixed-Method Research
Olaghere, A. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221093137 · Cited by 41
How and when should we (not) speak?: Ethical knowledge production about the Russia–Ukraine war
Howlett, M., & Lazarenko, V. (2023) · Journal of International Relations and Development · doi:10.1057/s41268-023-00305-2 · Cited by 22
Driessnack, M., Daack‐Hirsch, S., Downing, N. R., Hanish, A., Shah, L., Alasagheirin, M., Simon, C. M., & Williams, J. K. (2013) · Journal of Community Genetics · doi:10.1007/s12687-013-0145-1 · Cited by 22
Schweiger, G., & Graf, G. (2015) · doi:10.1515/9783110450521 · Cited by 23
The Ethics of Technology Choice: Photovoice Methodology with Men Living in Low-Income Contexts
Tarrant, A., & Hughes, K. (2019) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.1177/1360780419878714 · Cited by 22
Kvam, E. K. (2021) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2021.1876146 · Cited by 29
Organizational predicaments: ethical conditions for nursing research
Toffoli, L., & Rudge, T. (2006) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04056.x · Cited by 22
Beyond Compliance Checking: A Situated Approach to Visual Research Ethics
Lenette, C., Botfield, J. R., Boydell, K., Haire, B. G., Newman, C. E., & Zwi, A. B. (2018) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-018-9850-0 · Cited by 21
Cumyn, A., Ouellet, K., Côté, A., Francoeur, C., & St‐Onge, C. (2018) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2018.1539671 · Cited by 21
Writing to template: Researchers’ negotiation of procedural research ethics
Chiumento, A., Rahman, A., & Frith, L. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112980 · Cited by 21
Language Development and Social Integration of Students with English as an Additional Language
Evans, M., Schneider, C., Arnot, M., Fisher, L. G., Forbes, K., Liu, Y., & Welply, O. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108656047 · Cited by 23
How Data Curation Enables Epistemically Responsible Reuse of Qualitative Data
Karcher, S., Kirilova, D., Pagé, C., & Weber, N. (2021) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2021.5012 · Cited by 21
Bilotta, N. (2021) · Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/17470161211037386 · Cited by 21
On the Outside Looking In: Ethnography and Authoritarianism
Stroup, D. R., & Goode, J. P. (2023) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592722004182 · Cited by 21
Researching Sensitive Topics With Children and Young People: Ethical Practice and Blurry Boundaries
Ellis, K., Hickle, K. E., & Warrington, C. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069231207011 · Cited by 21
Medication administration in nursing homes: A qualitative study of the nurse role
Odberg, K. R., Hansen, B. S., & Wangensteen, S. (2018) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.216 · Cited by 21
Ethical implications of network data in business and management settings
Cronin, B., Perra, N., Rocha, L. E. C., Zhu, Z., Pallotti, F., Gorgoni, S., Conaldi, G., & Vita, R. D. (2020) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2020.09.001 · Cited by 21
An Ethical Journey: Rights, Relationships and Reflexivity
Bone, J. (2005) · Australasian Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1177/183693910503000102 · Cited by 21
Pilbeam, C., Anthierens, S., Vanderslott, S., Tonkin-Crine, S., & Wanat, M. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221077763 · Cited by 20
Farazouli, A. (2024) · Postdigital science and education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58622-4_12 · Cited by 21
‘To participate or not to participate?’ A reflective account
Mura, P. (2013) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2013.790879 · Cited by 20
Social fairness and social marketing
Kennedy, A., & Santos, N. J. C. (2019) · Journal of Social Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsocm-10-2018-0120 · Cited by 20
A framework for ethical research in international and comparative education
McMahon, E., & Milligan, L. O. (2021) · Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education · doi:10.1080/03057925.2021.1876553 · Cited by 20
Govender, N., Reddy, P., & Bhagwan, R. (2021) · Perspectives in Education · doi:10.18820/2519593x/pie.v39.i3.5 · Cited by 19
Ethics as Lived Practice. Anticipatory Capacity and Ethical Decision-Making in Forensic Genetics
Wienroth, M., Granja, R., Lipphardt, V., Amoako, E. N., & McCartney, C. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12121868 · Cited by 21
Forced separation, ruptured kinship and transnational family life
Shapiro, D. K., & Montgomery, E. (2019) · Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) · doi:10.1017/9781108602105 · Cited by 2
Lees, A. B., Walters, S., & Godbold, R. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221076933 · Cited by 35
Naughton‐Doe, R., Barke, J., Manchester, H., Willis, P. B., & Wigfield, A. (2022) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x2200099x · Cited by 20
When “Home” Becomes the “Field”: Ethical Considerations in Digital and Remote Fieldwork
Konken, L. C., & Howlett, M. (2022) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592722002572 · Cited by 20
Groot, B. C., Hendrikx, A., Bendien, E., Woelders, S., de Kock, L., & Abma, T. (2023) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101154 · Cited by 23
Kessler, M., Marino, F., & Liska, D. (2023) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2023.100082 · Cited by 28
“Active Waiting”: Habits and the Practice of Conducting Qualitative Research
Hunt, M. R. (2010) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/160940691000900107 · Cited by 20
Naidu, T., & Sliep, Y. (2011) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/160940691101000409 · Cited by 20
Reflecting on the risks and ethical dilemmas of digital research
Sparks, H., Collins, F. L., & KEARNS, R. A. (2016) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.09.019 · Cited by 20
Okyere, S. (2017) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794117743464 · Cited by 20
Harris, M., & Rhodes, T. (2018) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732318764393 · Cited by 20
Gibbs, L. F., Block, K., MacDougall, C., Harms, L., Baker, E., Richardson, J. T., Ireton, G., Gallagher, H. C., Bryant, R. A., Lusher, D., et al. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/5621609 · Cited by 20
Social work research with marginalized groups – navigating an ethical minefield
Müller, M., Olesen, A., & Rømer, M. (2020) · Nordic Social Work Research · doi:10.1080/2156857x.2020.1756388 · Cited by 20
The risks and rewards of researching victims of crime
Fohring, S. (2020) · Methodological Innovations · doi:10.1177/2059799120926339 · Cited by 22
van Wijngaarden, E. J., Leget, C. J. W., & Goossensen, A. (2017) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2017.1399621 · Cited by 20
Owczarzak, J., & Smith, K. C. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323211061101 · Cited by 19
Making the absent subject present in organizational research
Driver, M. (2016) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726715596801 · Cited by 19
Giraud, C., Cioffo, G. D., de Lettenhove, M. K., & Chaves, C. R. (2018) · Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/1747016117750081 · Cited by 19
No love found: how female students of colour negotiate and repurpose university spaces
Samatar, A., Madriaga, M., & McGrath, L. (2021) · British Journal of Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/01425692.2021.1914548 · Cited by 26
Runners’ experiences of street harassment in London
Brockschmidt, E., & Wadey, R. (2021) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2021.1943502 · Cited by 19
Reasons for qualitative psychologists to share human data
Karhulahti, V. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12573 · Cited by 19
Inzunza, E. R., Cockle, K. L., Montellano, M. G. N., Fontana, C. S., Lima, C. C., Echeverry-Gálvis, M. Á., Fernández‐Gómez, R. A., Montaño‐Centellas, F. A., Bonaccorso, E., Lambertucci, S. A., et al. (2023) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/ornithapp/duac047 · Cited by 19
Terry, L. M. (2011) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2011.06.006 · Cited by 19
Negotiating insider–outsider status in ethnographic sports research
Coombs, D. S., & Osborne, A. C. (2016) · Sport in Society · doi:10.1080/17430437.2016.1221938 · Cited by 19
Malinverni, L., & Parés, N. (2016) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iww031 · Cited by 25
D’souza, N. A., Guzder, J., Hickling, F. W., & Groleau, D. (2018) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-018-0282-5 · Cited by 19
Business School Professors’ Perception of Ethics in Education in Europe
Gottardello, D., & Pàmies, M. D. M. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11030608 · Cited by 21
Kwiringira, J. N., Ariho, P., Zakumumpa, H., Mugisha, J., Rujumba, J., & Mugisha, M. (2019) · Journal of Tropical Medicine · doi:10.1155/2019/6496240 · Cited by 19
Sellers, C., Samuel, G. N., & Derrick, G. (2019) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/1556264619837088 · Cited by 19
Reflections on failure: teaching research methodology
Ross, K., & Call-Cummings, M. (2020) · International Journal of Research & Method in Education · doi:10.1080/1743727x.2020.1719060 · Cited by 19
Josif, C. M., Barclay, L. M., Bar‐Zeev, S., Kildea, S. V., & Brittin, M. (2012) · Action Research · doi:10.1177/1476750312467832 · Cited by 19
Going Back and Giving Back: The Ethics of Staying in the Field
Rupp, L. J., & Taylor, V. A. (2011) · Qualitative Sociology · doi:10.1007/s11133-011-9200-6 · Cited by 19
Naidu, T., & Prose, N. S. (2018) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-19.3.3153 · Cited by 19
What’s in a name? Participants’ pseudonym choices as a practice of empowerment and epistemic justice
Pretorius, L., & Patel, S. V. (2024) · International Journal of Research & Method in Education · doi:10.1080/1743727x.2024.2432271 · Cited by 20
Ethical Issues in Visual Research and the Value of Stories from the Field
Warr, D. J., Waycott, J., Guillemin, M. N., & Cox, S. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-54305-9_1 · Cited by 18
Self-citationThomas, F., Hansford, L., Wyatt, K. M., Byng, R., Coombes, K., Finch, J., Finnerty, K., Ford, J., Guppy, K., Guppy, R., et al. (2020) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13065 · Cited by 18
Research Ethics, Open Science and CRIS
Schöpfel, J., Azeroual, O., & Jungbauer-Gans, M. (2020) · Publications · doi:10.3390/publications8040051 · Cited by 18
Practicing Ethics and Ethics Praxis
Tolich, M., & Tumilty, E. (2020) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4753 · Cited by 18
Exilic (Art) Narratives of Queer Refugees Challenging Dominant Hegemonies
Holle, F., Rast, M. C., & Ghorashi, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.641630 · Cited by 18
Egido, A. A., & Costa, P. I. D. (2022) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100016 · Cited by 18
Listening to Children: A Childist Analysis of Children’s Participation in Family Law Cases
Alminde, S. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13030133 · Cited by 18
Running between the Raindrops: The Obligation Dilemma of the Social Worker in the Nursing Home
Lev, S., & Ayalon, L. (2014) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlu036 · Cited by 18
Negotiating and Exploring Relationships in Métis Community-Based Research
LaVallee, A., Troupe, C., & Turner, T. (2017) · Engaged Scholar Journal Community-Engaged Research Teaching and Learning · doi:10.15402/esj.v2i1.205 · Cited by 18
Engaging Ethics in Postcritical Ethnography: Troubling Transparency, Trustworthiness, and Advocacy
Lester, J. N., & Anders, A. D. (2018) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-19.3.3060 · Cited by 28
Homecare professionals’ observation of deteriorating, frail older patients: A mixed‐methods study
Strømme, T., Aase, K., & Tjoflåt, I. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15255 · Cited by 18
Vandekinderen, C., Roets, G., & Hove, G. V. (2013) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1077800413489267 · Cited by 18
Literature review: Status and trends of research ethics in Swedish nurses’ dissertations
Kjellström, S., & Fridlund, B. (2010) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/0969733009355541 · Cited by 18
Gazing from the inside out during ethically heightened moments
Trussell, D. (2010) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2010.523835 · Cited by 24
Mifsud, D. (2015) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2015.1018335 · Cited by 18
McEvoy, E., Enright, E., & MacPhail, A. (2015) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2015.1119877 · Cited by 18
An alternative ethics for research: Levinas and the unheard voices and unseen faces
Vermeylen, S., & Clark, G. L. (2016) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2016.1220117 · Cited by 18
Williams, A. (2016) · Social & Cultural Geography · doi:10.1080/14649365.2016.1247194 · Cited by 18
"It just feels like it's always us" : young people, safety and community
Goldsmith, C. (2011) · University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) · Cited by 18
More Than “Crumbs”: Emotional Entanglements and Situated Ethical Strategies in Qualitative Research
Pitti, I. (2022) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642221145021 · Cited by 21
Vasquez, J. M. (2017) · Symbolic Interaction · doi:10.1002/symb.305 · Cited by 23
Ho, R. S. T., Ho, F. F., Adams, J., Cramer, H., Leung, B. M. Y., Ward, L., Zhang, Y., & Chung, V. C. (2021) · Integrative Medicine Research · doi:10.1016/j.imr.2021.100771 · Cited by 17
Research ethics with vulnerable groups: ethics in practice and procedure
Ratnam, C., & Drozdzewski, D. (2021) · Gender Place & Culture · doi:10.1080/0966369x.2021.1994932 · Cited by 17
“Ethics Ready”? Governing Research Through Informed Consent Procedures
Caeymaex, F., Wenger, C., de Heusch, F., & Lafleur, J. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069231165718 · Cited by 17
The shame–blame complex of parents with cognitively disabled children in Italy
Scavarda, A. (2024) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13742 · Cited by 17
Uncertainty, risks and ethics in unsuccessful in vitro fertilisation treatment cycles
Silva, S., & Machado, H. (2010) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698575.2010.515734 · Cited by 17
MOTION CAPTURE AS A MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR ANALYSING ERGOMETER ROWING
Skublewska‐Paszkowska, M., Montusiewicz, J., Łukasik, E., Pszczoła-Pasierbiewicz, I., Baran, K., Smółka, J., & Pueo, B. (2016) · Advances in Science and Technology – Research Journal · doi:10.12913/22998624/61941 · Cited by 17
Spatial Bricolage: The Art of Poetically Making Do
Roberts, L. (2018) · Humanities · doi:10.3390/h7020043 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Guillemin, M., & Gillam, L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Venue
- Qualitative Inquiry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 261-280
- ISSN
- 1077-8004 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7565
- OpenAlex
- W2103099631
- Cited by
- 2,671
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 226 · 2025: 216 · 2024: 200 · 2023: 235 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 191 · 2020: 212 · 2019: 219 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 134 · 2015: 102 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 48.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Qualitative Inquiry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Data Analysis and Archiving
- Keywords
- research ethics, reflexivity, qualitative research ethics, procedural ethics, ethics in practice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review