The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender violence as a water, sanitation, and hygiene risk: Uncovering violence against women and girls as it pertains to poor WaSH access.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to better understand the gender violence risks that exist in communities where poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) access is a known problem. Focus groups and key informant interviews were used to capture the lived experiences of community and health care practitioners from Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. This article provides lived narratives of the various cultural and environmental conditions leading to assaults directly attributable to inadequate WaSH. The results shed light on the complex intersections between water access and violence and have significant implications for achieving gender equity and universal access to WaSH.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In Uganda, outside of refugee contexts, water insecurity has been associated with increased risk of emotional distress (Mushavi et al. 2020), sexual violence (Pommells et al. 2018), and missed educational opportunities (Cooper-Vince et al. 2017).”
From Water insecurity and sexual and gender-based violence among refugee youth: qualitative insights from a humanitarian setting in Uganda (2022) · cites this paper as Pommells et al. 2018
In the citing paper
“Inadequate water provision and collection behaviors were reported to influence intimate partner violence [26,75,101,108,111,153,165,179,198,231,260,264,266].Women reported violence from husbands if they did not provide water for bathing needs (Kenya, [198] Ethiopia, [108] Vietnam, [111] Cameroon [231]), did not have water in the home (East Africa [179]), went to cleaner water sources considered”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [179]
In the citing paper
“Related to water, walking long distances and collecting from certain sources reportedly exposed women and girls to sexual violence, [76,153,179,231,258,259] particularly as men studied women's patterns [179].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [179]
In the citing paper
“Fears or experiences of harm from domestic and wild animals and insects were reported for both water collection and sanitation activities [62, 135, 143, 170, 172-174, 177-179, 184, 187, 189-191, 198, 201, 214, 226, 229, 257, 258, 296].Women and girls reported fear and actual experiences of injury at and when accessing sanitation locations, regardless of sanitation type [135, 168, 172, 174, 184, 18”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [179]
In the citing paper
“Providing sufficient water for the household was described as important to being a good wife; failure to do so has resulted in shame and violence [153,179,273].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [179]
In the citing paper
“Providing sufficient water for the household was described as important to being a good wife; failure to do so has resulted in shame and violence [153,179,273].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [179]
In the citing paper
“Water collection sites could be places of tension and danger, including sexual exploitation, for women and girls in Zimbabwe [123] and Uganda [165,179].”
From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [179]
Citations
Cites
Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Desa, U. (2018) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826190123.ap02 · Cited by 19,478
United Nations Millennium Declaration
Müller, J. (2001) · Brill | Nijhoff eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004482012_014 · Cited by 906
Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health
Bartram, J., & Cairncross, S. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367 · Cited by 817
Safe access to safe water in low income countries: water fetching in current times
Sorenson, S. B., Morssink, C., & Campos, P. A. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.010 · Cited by 370
Water needs and women’s health in the Kumasi metropolitan area, Ghana.
Buor, D. (2004) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/s1353-8292(03)00050-9 · Cited by 61
Water, climate change, and maternal and newborn health
Watt, S., & Chamberlain, J. (2011) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2011.10.008 · Cited by 31
Self-citationWaSH as a maternal health issue: three perspectives from rural Uganda
Schuster‐Wallace, C. J., Watt, S., Mulawa, Z., & Pommells, M. (2018) · Development in Practice · doi:10.1080/09614524.2018.1533527 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Deen T. (2012, August). Women spend 40 billion hours collecting water. Inter Press Service. Retrieved from http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/08/women-spend-40-billion-hours-collecting-water/
- Schuster-Wallace C. J., 2016, The Solutions Journal, 7, 15
- Schuster-Wallace C. J., 2015, WaSH: Integrated social empowerment toolkit for community WaSH and wellbeing—W:ISE toolkit handbook
- Schuster-Wallace C. J., 2015, Women’s health in the majority world, 131
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–121 of 121
Stringham, B. J., Mattson, C. A., Jenkins, P., Dahlin, E. C., & Okware, I. I. (2023) · Journal of Mechanical Design · doi:10.1115/1.4062944
Sugahara, C. R., Guedes, W. P., & Ferreira, D. H. L. (2023) · Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS · doi:10.23925/2179-3565.2023v14i2p76-88
Health and Sanitation Condition of Pregnant Women: A Case of Arghakhanchi District
Acharya, M., & Bastola, M. (2023) · ILAM इलम · doi:10.3126/ilam.v19i1.58596
Local Water Security—Threats and Pathways
Schuster‐Wallace, C. J., & Dickson‐Anderson, S. E. (2024) · Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-67608-6_7
Self-citationRurality, Poverty, Community, and Intimate Partner Violence
Sudderth, L. K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75356-5_2
Water is the vessel through which we ride the waves of changing climates
Zimmermann, K., Sancho, C., Kumaran, V., & Kalam, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Water · doi:10.3389/frwa.2024.1501483
Sultana, U. B. F., & Rahman, M. M. (2025) · Social Science Review · doi:10.3329/ssr.v41i2.80871 · Cited by 1
Phuti, M. S., Rudgard, W. E., Toska, E., Cluver, L. D., & Trisos, C. H. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5391639
Oláh, E. E. (2025) · International Scientific Conference "Legal Days – Prof. Slavko Carić" · doi:10.5937/pdsc25276e
Hagos, Z. (2025) · Sri Ramachandra Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.25259/srjhs_19_2025
Roaf, V., Evans, B., Goodwin, G., & Hutchings, P. (2026) · PLOS Water · doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000506
WASH and Women's Empowerment in Haiti
Brundage, B., Bernasek, A., Bhattarai, N., Thongngam, A., & Nugroho, W. S. (2026) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.70838
A nők jogai és a vízhez való jog metszéspontjai a globális vízválságban
Oláh, E. E. (2026) · Iustum Aequum Salutare · doi:10.69695/ias.2026.1.05
Puwurayire, P., & Rosen, C. (2026) · International Development Planning Review · doi:10.3828/idpr.2025.38
Water Insecurity and Women’s Health: Unveiling the Hidden Burden in Rural Households
Goswami, S., Srivastava, S. S., & Naz, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10887-6_8
Fang, B., Hossain, N., Kansara, P., Herdzik, K., Strumpf, A. M., Damgaard, C. F., Harris, V., Zaitchik, B. F., Lakshmi, V., Kosek, M. N., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9543036/v1
Gyan, S. E., Owuor, P. M., Naidoo, K., & Boateng, G. O. (2026) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-026-05152-z
Sulkin, I., & Cohen, Z. (2026) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2026.2680445
Infrastructural violence, water insecurity, and gender in northern Peru
Kothadia, A., Salmón-Mulanovich, G., Ingham, S., Rusyidi, B., Cole, S., & Tallman, P. S. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119452
Sexual corruption, informal networks and female entrepreneurship: evidence from Burkina Faso
Aja‐Eke, D., Gillanders, R., Lyons, R., Ouedraogo, I., Maïga, W. H. E., & Wanga, Z. (2026) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2026.2729616
Apatinga, G. A., Dickson‐Anderson, S. E., & Schuster‐Wallace, C. J. (2026) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2026.2742951
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Pommells, M., Schuster-Wallace, C., Watt, S., & Mulawa, Z.
- Affiliations
- Aga Khan Foundation (CA)
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health (CA)
- Uganda Christian University (UG)
- Corresponding author
- Pommells, Morgan
- Venue
- Violence Against Women
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-03-16
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1851-1862
- ISSN
- 1077-8012 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8448
- OpenAlex
- W2792621356
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 7.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Violence Against Women (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Security, and Conflict
- Keywords
- gender-based violence, violence against women and girls, water, sanitation and hygiene, WASH access, intimate partner violence, water access, lived experience, gender equity, healthcare workers
- MeSH terms
- Gender-Based Violence, Adult, Female, Humans, Hygiene, Kenya, Male, Rural Population, Rwanda, Sanitation, Tanzania, Uganda, Water Supply, Focus Groups, Vulnerable Populations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
