The DOI matches its Crossref record; 223 of the 225 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 200 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Fixing Our Focus: Training Attention to Regulate Emotion
Open accessAbstract
Empirical studies have frequently linked negative attentional biases with attentional dysfunction and negative moods; however, far less research has focused on how attentional deployment can be an adaptive strategy that regulates emotional experience. The authors argue that attention may be an invaluable tool for promoting emotion regulation. Accordingly, they present evidence that selective attention to positive information reflects emotion regulation and that regulating attention is a critical component of the emotion regulatory process. Furthermore, attentional regulation can be successfully trained through repeated practice. The authors ultimately propose a model of attention training methodologies integrating attention-dependent emotion regulation strategies with attention networks. Although additional interdisciplinary research is needed to bolster these nascent findings, meditative practices appear to be among the most effective training methodologies in enhancing emotional well-being. Further exploration of the positive and therapeutic qualities of attention warrants the empirical attention of social and personality psychologists.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that selective attention to positive information is an emotion-regulation process and that attentional deployment can be trained to improve emotion regulation. It proposes a model mapping attention-training methods onto Posner and Petersen’s alerting, orienting, and executive control networks, concluding that meditation is especially promising but that the evidence remains preliminary.
Key findings
- Attentional deployment is an antecedent-focused emotion-regulation strategy; selective attention to positive information can reflect and influence emotion regulation. For example, older adults in a negative mood showed mood-incongruent gaze away from angry and sad faces and toward happy faces, and train-positive participants viewed negative images significantly less after dot-probe training.
- Attention is plastic and trainable. In one visual search training study, train-acceptance participants completed 5 days of training with 112 trials per session and reported less stress, higher self-esteem, lower cortisol, and higher objective performance evaluations than controls; in another study, the goal condition showed almost three times lower state frustration after training, and better attention to happy faces predicted longer persistence.
- Clinical auditory attention training reduced symptoms in panic disorder, social phobia, major depression, and hypochondriasis after 2–10 weeks of practice, with non-clinical levels maintained at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up in several studies.
- Meditative training showed positive emotion-regulation outcomes: MBSR participants had reductions in depression, anxiety, anger, and anger-related rumination and increases in positive affect; medical students in a 10-week MBSR seminar scored 18% lower than baseline on total mood disturbance while matched controls scored 38% higher; novice meditators improved attentional orienting after MBSR, and experienced retreat meditators improved alerting. The paper also cites evidence that a positivity ratio of 2.9 or more positive to negative emotional interactions is optimal, while 11.6 or higher may be aversive.
Methods
- Narrative/integrative review and theoretical model, not a primary empirical study. It draws on cognitive, experimental, clinical, and meditative literature on attention and emotion regulation.
- Proposes a model integrating attention-training methods—dot-probe/visual search gaze training, clinical auditory attention training, and concentration, insight, and loving-kindness meditation—with Posner and Petersen’s alerting, orienting, and executive control networks and Gross’s distraction, concentration, and rumination strategies.
- Tables 1 and 2 summarize empirical attention-training studies and hypothesized links; studies were selected if they included an intervention or experimental manipulation and assessed emotion regulation processes or outcomes.
Limitations
- Stated: across reviewed attention-training interventions, only small effects have been observed in small sample sizes over brief time intervals; clinical attention-training samples were small (up to 4 per group, except 31 in the Siegle et al. study); not all intervention studies assessed both regulatory processes and outcomes simultaneously; evidence is preliminary and longitudinal training interventions are needed.
- Stated: challenges include quantifying effective training durations, developing positive attention-training stimuli because positive images are lower in average arousal than negative images, and keeping interventions salient and interesting.
- Evident from the text: the model’s mappings of training methods to attentional networks and emotion-regulation strategies are described as “educated, mostly a priori, conjectures” requiring empirical support, and causal links between attentional processes and regulation outcomes are not fully established.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
144 Not checked yet · 94 Own interpretation · 2 Own method · 2 No basis given
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we present evidence that selective attention to positive information reflects emotion regulation”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“regulating attention is a critical component of the emotion regulatory process”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“attentional regulation can be successfully trained through repeated practice”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lutz, Slagter, Dunne, & Davidson, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Rueda, Rothbart, Saccomanno, & Posner, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“How successful individuals are at influencing their attentional processes can dictate their subsequent affective experience and behavioral trajectories.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, what we attend to can shape our experiences, good or bad.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“too much positivity (a positivity ratio of 11.6 or higher) may have aversive emotional effects”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Losada, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“maintaining a high ratio of positive affect relative to negative affect (2.9 or more positive to negative emotional interactions) constitutes optimal emotional functioning of individuals, married partners, and business teams”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gottman, 1994
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Losada, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Schwartz et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“certain forms of negative emotion may promote emotional growth and flourishing”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Losada, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“positive emotions facilitate psychological and physiological recovery from negative emotional experiences”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, Mancuso, Branigan, & Tugade, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“particular negative states may have immediate instrumental value”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tamir, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 39
- It may state two separate claims as one. 66
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“people could learn to selectively attend to specific types of information in the service of optimizing their emotional experience.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The goal of emotion regulation need not only be to decrease negative emotion and increase positive emotion; depending on the situation, one may wish to increase or initiate negative emotion and stop or decrease positive emotion”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gross, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Tamir, Chiu, & Gross, 2007
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“meditative practices appear to be among the most effective training methodologies in enhancing emotional well-being”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If attention can be trained, then it may be used to actively guide individuals’ emotion regulation processes and downstream behavior, ultimately enhancing subjective well-being.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“emotions are viewed as adaptive, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies enhancing individuals’ physical and social fitness”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keltner & Gross, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Barrett, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These response tendencies are malleable, transient, and may be modulated by individuals; in others words, they can be regulated”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gross, 1998
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Salient sensory, emotional, and mental information is filtered, processed, and analyzed through various attentional processes, which can be automatically or consciously regulated”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Calvo & Nummenmaa, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Antecedent-focused regulatory strategies may be more adaptive than response-focused strategies and may require less resources, time, and energy to initiate because they occur early in the emotion generative process”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mauss, Bunge, & Gross, 2007a
- Not checked yetcites Schutte, Manes, & Malouff, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross (1998) has identified three primary strategies of attentional deployment: distraction, concentration, and rumination.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Attentional Deployment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gross, 1998
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different attentional processes may have more or less influence on generating, maintaining, or modifying different emotional responses.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Attentional Deployment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“excessive rumination on the positive may also be maladaptive if attentional resources are not appropriately allocated and environmental dangers are overlooked.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Attentional Deployment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“during reappraisal portions of the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC), implicated in selective attention, are activated, as well as portions of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which seem involved in monitoring control processes”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ochsner & Gross, 2008
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Immediately after the training the self-distancing and distraction strategies were most effective at reducing negative affect; however, at one and seven days after the manipulation, the self-distancing manipulation group was the most buffered (experiencing less negative affect and fewer recurring thoughts).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kross & Ayduk, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“then these strategies may augment each others’ efficiency, thereby reinforcing the likelihood of being enacted as a future strategy-combination.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using distraction as a regulatory strategy may have immediate short-term benefits, but also may have aversive long-term consequences.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“individuals seek out visual stimuli congruent with their goals and avoid incongruent stimuli”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both individuals’ motivations and their emotional state can influence their attentional patterns”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tamir & Robinson, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“optimists and older adults: these groups display distinctive gaze patterns away from negative and favoring positive stimuli”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, Wadlinger, Goren, & Wilson, 2006a, 2006b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Selective attention has evolved as one mechanism through which individuals can filter the plethora of sensory stimuli in their environments at any given moment”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parkhurst, Law, & Niebur, 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“relative to cognitive reappraisal, using distraction as a regulatory strategy preserves self-control resources (Sheppes & Meiran, 2008) and elicits less sympathetic physiological activation and consequences (Sheppes, Catran, & Meiran, 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sheppes & Meiran, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Sheppes, Catran, & Meiran, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“links between affect and attention are ultimately bidirectional: while affect clearly impacts attention, regulating attention also influences affect.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“positive emotions make individuals more sensitive towards rewarding stimuli in their environments and that the repetition of this preference creates stronger memory-encoding pathways for similar positive stimuli in the future”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goetz, Goetz, and Robinson, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Clark & Isen, 1982
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Positive emotions may also enlarge individual’s breadth of attention (e.g. taking in more of the world around them as well as broadening attentional allocation to internal conceptual space – expanding the “spotlight”: Fenske & Eastwood, 2003; Fredrickson, 1998; Rowe, Hirsh, & Anderson, 2008; Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2006, cf. Gable & Harmon-Jones, 2008) and increase their attentional flexibility (A”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fenske & Eastwood, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Ashby, Isen, & Turken, 1999
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experience of positive affect itself may increase individuals’ selective attention preferences for positive information and these positive attentional preferences may improve individuals’ mood.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“experiencing positive affect initiates an approach tendency, which may in turn lead individuals to be more likely to attend to subsequent positive information”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carver, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Tamir & Robinson, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Watson, Wiese, Viadya, & Tellegen, 1999
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“maladaptive attentional biases may exist beyond the period of the actual depressive episode and may heighten vulnerability for future depressive episodes.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals motivated to regulate their emotions attended less to negative images than positive images, and looked less at all stimulus types (negative, positive, neutral) than the other conditions, suggesting that gaze serves as a mechanism through which individuals can regulate their emotions”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Xing & Isaacowitz, 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the young adults may have been using distraction as a regulatory strategy”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gross, 1998
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results may reflect a general disengagement of attentional processing from the arousing components of highly relevant, positive stimuli.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“older adults may be especially likely to use distraction as a regulative strategy.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The older women also looked less at the most relevant objects in the images and made more frequent saccades around the negative images, with larger distances between saccades than in the other two conditions.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Reekum et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“older adults’ gaze did not reflect their mood state but rather that they used gaze as an active strategy to regulate their mood”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“older adults use gaze as a regulatory tool to a greater extent than younger adults because it requires less cognitive effort than a number of other regulatory processes”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Knight, Seymour, Gaunt, Baker, Nesmith, & Mather, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Mauss et al., 2007b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“older adults are said to exhibit an age-related “positivity effect”, because they attend more to, and have better memory for, positive relative to neutral or negative information than their younger counterparts”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carstensen & Mikels, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Kennedy, Mather, & Carstensen, 2004
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Feeling good and regulating mood are highly prioritized goals for older adults”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carstensen, Mikels, & Mather, 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When participants started in a negative mood, younger adults showed mood-congruent gaze patterns towards angry and afraid faces; however, older adults showed mood-incongruent gaze patterns away from angry and sad faces and towards happy faces.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Positive gaze preferences helped older adults avoid mood declines during the task, but only for those with high-functioning executive control networks.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, Toner, and Neupert, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If individuals can learn how to use their attention as a regulatory tool, then they may show increased efficacy in regulating their emotions, just as older adults and other individuals possessing positive affective profiles do.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Canadian mail sorters’ attentional skills were easily transferable to sorting the US mail because the US zip codes consisted of familiar elements (i.e., numbers); whereas US mail sorters could not effectively sort Canadian mail as Canadian zip codes contained novel elements (i.e., letters).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Polk and Farah, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“individual differences in how malleable some individuals’ attentional regulation abilities are, even if training is generally effective.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Older adults have demonstrated more difficulty in attempting to perform dual tasks, which suggests the decline of attentional control skills (Hartley, 2001; McDowd & Shaw, 2000).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hartley, 2001
- Not checked yetcites McDowd & Shaw, 2000
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“attentional preferences to negative information can be trained and untrained (Derryberry & Reed, 2002; MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002; Mathews, Mogg, & Kentish, 1995).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Derryberry & Reed, 2002
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Mathews, Mogg, & Kentish, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The executive control network resolves conflict among different neural systems competing for control, facilitates the deconstruction of habitual responses, and directs planning, error detection, decision-making, and novel-response formation functions (Norman & Shallice, 1986; Posner et al., 2006).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Norman & Shallice, 1986
- Not checked yetcites Posner et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The alerting network heightens internal awareness and maintains sufficient neural activation enabling the attention system to make a fast response (Callejas, Lupiàñez, Funes, & Tudela, 2005).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Callejas, Lupiàñez, Funes, & Tudela, 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentration and insight meditative practices best correspond with the strategy of attentional concentration.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model predicts that training strategies focused on distraction, which use implicit learning tasks to automatically reorient attention, will require the least amount of cognitive effort.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Individuals can be trained to allocate their attention toward negative stimuli in their environment and this type of training results in increased emotional susceptibility to subsequent negative stimuli (MacLeod et al., 2002).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod et al., 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Successful changes in regulatory outcomes cannot necessarily be inferred from changes in regulation processes (or vice versa); therefore future research would need to test these links.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies using these tasks have shown that attention can be successfully trained towards certain affective information, suggesting that practice with tasks can reduce the influence of negative emotional information (or increase the influence of positive emotion information) on attention.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a successful manipulation an individual learns to automatically disengage from negative cues and reorient their attention consistently toward neutral ones (Mohlman, 2004).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mohlman, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“strategies that combine multiple categories, such as ATT (distraction, concentration) or LKM (rumination, concentration), likely require a moderate amount of cognitive effort.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trained selective attention to negative information reduces individuals’ abilities to successfully regulate their emotions, resulting in heightened sensitivity to negative emotions.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As suggested above, looking away from irrelevant negative stimuli may be a distraction strategy that helps individuals effectively maintain a positive or neutral emotional state when presented with negative information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Prior to the attention training, there were no significant differences in the quantity of time participants in the two conditions viewed the negative images at baseline; however, a significant difference emerged in the amount of time they viewed the negative pictures after training.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After this period, train-acceptance participants reported feeling less stressed about an upcoming exam, and after completing the exam they felt less anxious and more competent in their academic abilities (Dandeneau et al., 2007).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau et al., 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GAD participants who received the attend-neutral training demonstrated an attenuated attentional bias to negative (i.e. threatening) words (as assessed by response time bias scores) and demonstrated less self-rated and clinician-rated anxiety symptoms as compared to the attention control condition (Amir et al., 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir et al., 2009
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, they had lower levels of cortisol and received higher objective performance evaluations than their peers in the exposure and control conditions (Dandeneau et al., 2007).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Train-acceptance participants reported higher self-esteem, lower stress, and higher self-confidence after just five consecutive days of training.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants in the train-positive condition viewed the negative images in the second visual stress task significantly less than the baseline task, appearing to have learned a strategy of attentional avoidance toward negative stimuli.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that preferences toward positive information can be successfully trained and that these positive preferences can be effectively generalized to subsequent visual information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, this study demonstrated that individuals are able to pursue regulatory goals under stressful conditions and that selective attention is a successful regulatory strategy (Johnson, 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2009
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Training positive attentional preferences may modify the alerting network, creating attentional vigilance for positive information, as well as the orienting network, directing selective attentional preferences towards positive information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attentional training to positive information may facilitate heightened preference for positive material; thereby, this process may promote avoidance of ensuing negative information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“therefore, using gaze strategies like “looking happy” may be both cost-effective and adaptive (Allard, Wadlinger, & Isaacowitz, 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allard, Wadlinger, & Isaacowitz, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective inattention to negative information could be the result of an effortful process such as disengagement of goal-irrelevant cues (e.g., negative images that might create a bad mood) or thought suppression.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“By repeatedly attending to positive information individuals may be better able to regulate their mood, with positive mood acting as a moderator for its own self-preservation (Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another mechanism of avoiding negative information may be through mood maintenance (Wegener & Petty, 1994).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wegener & Petty, 1994
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One final potential mechanism may be that individuals learn to adaptively take in just the minimal amount of information needed from a negative image to decode its meaning, rather than visually ruminating on its negative details.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical ATT training may lead individuals to demonstrate an attentional vigilance for particular auditory sounds within the alerting network.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These reductions in symptoms emerged after 2–10 weeks of practice and in several studies the non-clinical levels were maintained at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evidence also has demonstrated that participation in a Vipassana meditation retreat (i.e. insight meditation) show a reduction in the reflective dimension of the ruminative responses scale, although reduction in the brooding dimension was not significant (Chambers, Chuen Yee Lo, & Allen, 2008).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chambers, Chuen Yee Lo, & Allen, 2008
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The executive control network is required to facilitate the individual’s disengagement with distracters and reengagement with attending to and generating a positive emotional state.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the studies outlined below suggest that both of these practices may improve individuals’ emotion regulation outcomes, such as increasing their actual levels of well-being.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participation in these studies was limited to clinical samples and the sample sizes for these studies were small (only up to – 4 per group; with the exception of 31 in the Siegle et al. study).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LKM requires the use of the alerting network to create sustained attention to positive emotion and the orienting network to selectively attend towards this positivity.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MBSR likely modifies a number of mechanisms influencing emotion regulation.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent study has suggested that a reduction of negative rumination may partially mediate a causal link between higher levels of mindfulness and the reduction of individuals’ levels of anger, verbal aggression and hostility (Borders, Earleywine, & Jajodia, 2010).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Borders, Earleywine, & Jajodia, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Immediately after the training, participants in the MBSR course showed significant reductions in emotion regulation outcome measures such as depression and anxiety symptoms, anger, and anger-related rumination, as well as increases in positive affect, compared to pre-training levels.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anderson et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The authors conclude that MBSR training can lead to brain changes that promote better handling of the negative emotion when experiencing stress and that these changes are durable, lasting even after the intervention has taken place (Davidson et al., 2003).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davidson et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Soldiers that had high levels of practice over time also reported higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect than soldiers with low levels of practice.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Soldiers enrolled in the 8-week training program that had high levels of practice over time demonstrated increases in working memory capacity (WMC) relative to those that had low levels or practice over time; the latter showed decreases over time in WMC.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha, Stanley, Kiyonaga, Wong, & Gelfand, 2010
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the end of the study, there was a difference between pre-and-post intervention scores such that individuals exhibited a reduction in stress level and improved overall quality of life as assessed by the outcome of a total mood disturbance score.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carlson et al., 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The experienced meditators in the retreat group demonstrated greater efficiency in conflict monitoring before the retreat than the novice group, and the novice meditators showed significant improvement, relative to the control group, in attentional orienting after their MBSR training.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2007
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The authors also found that after the retreat the experienced meditators showed improved alerting abilities as opposed to the control and MBSR groups and that this ability was directly correlated with their prior level of meditative experience (Jha et al., 2007).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These positive emotions in turn facilitated increases in personal resources such as social support, decreased illnesses, increased mindfulness, and increased purpose in life.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, just as antecedent-based regulatory strategies may be more effective in modifying emotional experience than response-focused strategies that modify the emotion after it has fully transpired (Gross & John, 2003; Mauss et al., 2007a; Schutte et al., 2009), the current model would lead to the prediction that if attention can be modified or trained in the alerting or orienting networks, rel”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to emphasize that across all the attention training interventions reviewed, only small effects have been observed in small sample sizes over brief time intervals.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Limitations and Challenges to AT Methodologies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another possibility raised by the model is that, because each of the different training techniques influences distinct attention networks in unique ways, combining strategies may magnify their effect on improving emotion regulation.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
In the paper
“While meditation seems to have the potential for versatile effects, to what degree each network is modified is contingent upon the amount of time an individual has practiced (Jha et al., 2007).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although meditative practices take the most cognitive effort to initially enact, they may create the most lasting regulatory outcomes of all the training techniques.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Training attention may serve as one key to enhancing emotion regulation, which in turn influences not only affect but also downstream behavior.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has been suggested that an ideal amount of training time for individuals with clinical disorders is five weeks; however, nonclinical populations may see results in as little as one session of training (Dandeneau et al., 2007; Papageorgiou & Wells, 1998, 2000).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Limitations and Challenges to AT Methodologies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Papageorgiou & Wells, 1998, 2000
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although traditionally outside the realm of social-psychological research, the optimal attention-based training method available to improve emotion regulation may turn out to be meditative interventions.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These attentional interventions may most effectively target all three types of attentional networks, thus yielding potentially large downstream effects.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The duration of the training effects is most likely related to the length of the training.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Limitations and Challenges to AT Methodologies
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals can effectively regulate their emotion through their attentional deployment, and this process can be successfully trained.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a gap in research on how attentional deployment can be an adaptive strategy that regulates emotional experience.
“far less research has focused on how attentional deployment can be an adaptive strategy that regulates emotional experience”
The paper relies on this without support.
Attentional deployment is a relatively nascent field within emotion regulation that warrants further exploration.
“Attentional deployment was initially chosen as the focus of the current review because it is a relatively nascent field within emotion regulation that seemed to warrant further exploration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Habitual attention preferences influence individuals' subsequent emotions.
“These habitual attention preferences may influence individuals’ subsequent emotions.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
“According to our model, concentration meditation (e.g., a type of focused attention training such as Shamatha) and insight meditation (e.g., a type of open monitoring training such as Vipassana) both initially require more cognitive effort to enlist as compared to other attentional regulatory processes”
The paper relies on this without support.
Improvements in self-reported emotion regulation outcome measures (e.g., TMD, positive affect) reflect actual emotion regulation.
“These results indicate students receiving the MBSR training were better able to regulate their emotions during a stressful time as indicated with the significant difference in the TMD, an emotion regulatory outcome measure.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The reviewed studies' findings can be generalized to the paper's model of attention training and emotion regulation.
“The evidence presented in this paper suggests that attentional deployment may be a critical tool for regulating emotion; however it is important to note that this evidence remains preliminary.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A positivity bias appears to promote resilience (see Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2011), and initial evidence suggests that biases for positive stimuli can be induced through training and may have beneficial effects (Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2008).”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
“Participants included individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (Amir et al., 2009) and with season affective disorder (Schmidt et al., 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > References
“173. Schmidt NB Richey JA Buckner JD Timpano KR 2009 Attention training for generazlied social anxiety disorder Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118 5 14 19222309”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wadlinger, H. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Brandeis University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Isaacowitz, Derek M.
- ORCID
- Isaacowitz, Derek M.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-04-30
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-102
- ISSN
- 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7957
- PMC
- PMC2970710
- OpenAlex
- W2156244855
- Semantic Scholar
- ff200d76f6bdfd21acf0286610c193e548432208
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 225
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026323)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attentional bias, emotion regulation, attentional deployment, attention training, attentional networks, meditation, emotional well-being, attentional dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attention, Avoidance Learning, Awareness, Defense Mechanisms, Emotions, Humans, Individuality, Models, Psychological, Personality Inventory, Practice, Psychological, Psychometrics, Reinforcement, Psychology, Social Control, Informal, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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