The DOI matches its Crossref record; 223 of the 225 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 200 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Fixing Our Focus: Training Attention to Regulate Emotion
Open accessAbstract
Empirical studies have frequently linked negative attentional biases with attentional dysfunction and negative moods; however, far less research has focused on how attentional deployment can be an adaptive strategy that regulates emotional experience. The authors argue that attention may be an invaluable tool for promoting emotion regulation. Accordingly, they present evidence that selective attention to positive information reflects emotion regulation and that regulating attention is a critical component of the emotion regulatory process. Furthermore, attentional regulation can be successfully trained through repeated practice. The authors ultimately propose a model of attention training methodologies integrating attention-dependent emotion regulation strategies with attention networks. Although additional interdisciplinary research is needed to bolster these nascent findings, meditative practices appear to be among the most effective training methodologies in enhancing emotional well-being. Further exploration of the positive and therapeutic qualities of attention warrants the empirical attention of social and personality psychologists.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that selective attention to positive information is an emotion-regulation process and that attentional deployment can be trained to improve emotion regulation. It proposes a model mapping attention-training methods onto Posner and Petersen’s alerting, orienting, and executive control networks, concluding that meditation is especially promising but that the evidence remains preliminary.
Key findings
- Attentional deployment is an antecedent-focused emotion-regulation strategy; selective attention to positive information can reflect and influence emotion regulation. For example, older adults in a negative mood showed mood-incongruent gaze away from angry and sad faces and toward happy faces, and train-positive participants viewed negative images significantly less after dot-probe training.
- Attention is plastic and trainable. In one visual search training study, train-acceptance participants completed 5 days of training with 112 trials per session and reported less stress, higher self-esteem, lower cortisol, and higher objective performance evaluations than controls; in another study, the goal condition showed almost three times lower state frustration after training, and better attention to happy faces predicted longer persistence.
- Clinical auditory attention training reduced symptoms in panic disorder, social phobia, major depression, and hypochondriasis after 2–10 weeks of practice, with non-clinical levels maintained at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up in several studies.
- Meditative training showed positive emotion-regulation outcomes: MBSR participants had reductions in depression, anxiety, anger, and anger-related rumination and increases in positive affect; medical students in a 10-week MBSR seminar scored 18% lower than baseline on total mood disturbance while matched controls scored 38% higher; novice meditators improved attentional orienting after MBSR, and experienced retreat meditators improved alerting. The paper also cites evidence that a positivity ratio of 2.9 or more positive to negative emotional interactions is optimal, while 11.6 or higher may be aversive.
Methods
- Narrative/integrative review and theoretical model, not a primary empirical study. It draws on cognitive, experimental, clinical, and meditative literature on attention and emotion regulation.
- Proposes a model integrating attention-training methods—dot-probe/visual search gaze training, clinical auditory attention training, and concentration, insight, and loving-kindness meditation—with Posner and Petersen’s alerting, orienting, and executive control networks and Gross’s distraction, concentration, and rumination strategies.
- Tables 1 and 2 summarize empirical attention-training studies and hypothesized links; studies were selected if they included an intervention or experimental manipulation and assessed emotion regulation processes or outcomes.
Limitations
- Stated: across reviewed attention-training interventions, only small effects have been observed in small sample sizes over brief time intervals; clinical attention-training samples were small (up to 4 per group, except 31 in the Siegle et al. study); not all intervention studies assessed both regulatory processes and outcomes simultaneously; evidence is preliminary and longitudinal training interventions are needed.
- Stated: challenges include quantifying effective training durations, developing positive attention-training stimuli because positive images are lower in average arousal than negative images, and keeping interventions salient and interesting.
- Evident from the text: the model’s mappings of training methods to attentional networks and emotion-regulation strategies are described as “educated, mostly a priori, conjectures” requiring empirical support, and causal links between attentional processes and regulation outcomes are not fully established.
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Claims the paper makes
144 Not checked yet · 94 Own interpretation · 2 Own method · 2 No basis given
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we present evidence that selective attention to positive information reflects emotion regulation”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“regulating attention is a critical component of the emotion regulatory process”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“attentional regulation can be successfully trained through repeated practice”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lutz, Slagter, Dunne, & Davidson, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Rueda, Rothbart, Saccomanno, & Posner, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“How successful individuals are at influencing their attentional processes can dictate their subsequent affective experience and behavioral trajectories.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, what we attend to can shape our experiences, good or bad.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“too much positivity (a positivity ratio of 11.6 or higher) may have aversive emotional effects”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Losada, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“maintaining a high ratio of positive affect relative to negative affect (2.9 or more positive to negative emotional interactions) constitutes optimal emotional functioning of individuals, married partners, and business teams”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gottman, 1994
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Losada, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Schwartz et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“certain forms of negative emotion may promote emotional growth and flourishing”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Losada, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“positive emotions facilitate psychological and physiological recovery from negative emotional experiences”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, Mancuso, Branigan, & Tugade, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“particular negative states may have immediate instrumental value”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tamir, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Attentional deployment may be, in some contexts, a more automatic regulatory strategy (Jackson et al., 2003; Mauss et al., 2007a; Mauss, Cook, & Gross, 2007b) requiring less cognitive effort to enact (and therefore being more cognitively efficient) than other regulatory strategies.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jackson et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Mauss et al., 2007a
- Not checked yetcites Mauss, Cook, & Gross, 2007b
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“rumination may not always necessarily lead to negative affect”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Attentional Deployment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kross, Ayduk, & Mischel, 2005
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ruminating on positive emotional experiences, defined as savoring, may prolong the affective benefits of those positive emotions”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Attentional Deployment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bryant, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ruminating on negative emotions for long periods of time can lead to clinical conditions such as depression or anxiety disorders”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Attentional Deployment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as an early antecedent-focused regulatory process, attentional deployment may hold great promise as a strategy that curtails the unfolding of subsequent negative emotional experiences.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the context of positive emotion, rumination may be beneficial.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Attentional Deployment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“attentional regulation can also be enacted in some form at any stage of the emotion generative process”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Koole, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“then they may have to enlist an additional strategy (e.g. suppression) to attempt to regulate their emotional experience.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distraction may impair memory processes.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“attentional deployment may be both a regulatory strategy itself as well as a component of other regulatory strategies such as reappraisal, suppression, and certain cognitive change and response-focused strategies.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“when distraction is employed late in the emotion generative process (after an emotional response has manifested) it can still be effective in helping individuals effectively regulate their emotions”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sheppes & Meiran, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Sheppes & Meiran, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attentional deployment may nonetheless sometimes be a maladaptive regulatory strategy.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in order to reappraise a negative situation, attention must disengage from the negative information or interpretation and reorient towards finding or creating evidence for an alternative interpretation.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attentional deployment may in fact serve as a precursory “gateway” strategy for other emotion regulatory processes.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“using distraction as a regulatory strategy has some cognitive costs”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sheppes & Meiran, 2008
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“how successful individuals are using other regulatory strategies may be influenced by how successful they are at deploying their attention.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“attentional deployment, itself, can be an emotion regulatory process that potentially leads to positive emotion regulation outcomes.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“individuals motivated to attain and preserve positive moods would direct their attention to mood-facilitating stimuli”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“what individuals pay attention to affects their emotions and goals.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If distraction requires processing extraneous information (e.g. to reduce the encoding of negative information), working memory capacity may be depleted.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attention toward positive information may work in the service of maintaining individuals’ positive moods.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over time, this attentional preference toward positive information may become habitual.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Because our attentional resources are limited, it is likely that the salient stimuli that capture our attention will also direct our future choices and behaviors”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pashler, Johnston, & Ruthruff, 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“preliminary evidence suggests that attending to attention holds much promise for facilitating emotion regulation.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Which stimuli individuals find to be salient is not merely random or accidental but is related to person-level variables such as motivation”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fiske, 1995
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So while costly, distraction may be less costly than other possible strategies.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“even in the absence of positive affect, attentional processes can still impact how individuals regulate their emotions.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals with better attentional flexibility may also be able to use other emotion regulation strategies like reappraisal more quickly and effectively.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“attention itself, even in the absence of positive emotions, may act to direct emotion regulation”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Compton, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Ellenbogen, Schwartzman, Stewart, & Walker, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Rueda, Posner, & Rothbart, 2004
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“individuals who experienced higher daily positive mood states showed heightened selective attention towards positive, rewarding words in a dot probe task”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tamir & Robinson, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“mood maintenance has become an automated response due to over-learning”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Handley, Lassiter, Nickell, & Herchenroeder, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadened attention towards positive information may facilitate emotion regulation by helping individuals to see opportunities for reward in their environment.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater attentional flexibility may promote emotion regulation through easier disengagement from irrelevant negative information and more frequent shifts of attention towards positive information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“depressed individuals were slower than control participants to disengage their attention from all types of stimuli while engaged in a stress task”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellenbogen et al., 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“individuals who were slow to disengage their attention in an orienting task showed increased negative affect in response to a subsequent distressing film clip”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Compton, 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“individuals may engage certain early, automatic attentional processes in an effort to regulate their emotion.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“individuals who were currently or formerly depressed selectively attended to sad faces, rather than neutral or happy faces, in a dot-probe task”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joormann, & Gotlib, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an inability to shift attention effectively may contribute towards experiencing prolonged negative affect.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Attentional dysfunction has been shown to lead to persistent negative mood states, indicative of unsuccessful emotion regulation”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Compton, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Ellenbogen et al., 2006
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“when participants were instructed to down-regulate their emotional response to pleasant, highly-arousing images (e.g., view the pleasant image from a detached perspective or imagine it gets worse), they showed an attenuation of late positive potential (LPP) magnitudes”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Krompinger, Moser, & Simons, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This neural response, representative of attentional processing, was modulated within 325ms of stimulus delivery.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Krompinger, Moser, & Simons, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Participants instructed to decrease their negative emotion while viewing negative images (as opposed to the increase negative emotion or naturally attend to the images conditions) looked less at the entirety of the negative images, despite the researchers’ insistence not to look away from the images”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Reekum et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the older adults, in an effort to decrease their negative emotions while viewing the images, were scanning around the image more, looking particularly at the extremities and least relevant parts of the picture.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the older adults were using multiple attention strategies (e.g. looking away from negative components of images, looking around the images more) while reappraising the images.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, individuals were using attentional processes to regulate their emotions.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“older adults selectively activate positive gaze preferences when they are in a bad mood, looking towards positive faces and away from negative ones”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, Toner, Goren, & Wilson, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“under certain conditions, attentional deployment may be an active component of cognitive reappraisal.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in an experiment where gaze was held constant, Urry (2010) found that cognitive reappraisal nonetheless uniquely affected individuals’ ratings of their emotional experience.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Urry, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual difference variables, such as the overall efficiency of the attentional system, may influence how they use attention to regulate their emotion.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Compared to younger adults, older adults appear to show improved emotion regulation abilities”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carstensen et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Gross, Carstensen, Pasupathi, Tsai, Götestam Skorpen, & Hsu, 1997
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“individuals can adapt their attentional abilities to fit with environmental circumstances”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Newman, Keller, & Just, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Sarter, Mumaw & Wickens, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Slagter et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“individual differences in readiness to acquire a bias towards threat cues experimentally predicted naturalistic bias and heightened anxiety in a later stress task”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke, MacLeod, & Shirazee, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several studies suggest that the answer to this question is affirmative and that attentional processes can become more efficient with practice.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“individual differences in attentional abilities (e.g. attentional control) exist starting as early as infancy”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fox & Calkins, 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Task repetition can automate specific behaviors that can be generalized to other behaviors”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bargh & Chartrand, 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“how easily a behavior becomes automatic is largely dependent on whether the external event is synchronized with specific internal feelings”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shiffrin & Dumais, 1981
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study demonstrated that older adults can compensate for age-related declines in executive control areas (bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate) by spontaneously recruiting other brain areas, such as middle and medial frontal regions”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gutchess et al., 2007
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With age, individuals shift from prioritizing, and thus paying more attention to, informational goals to prioritizing emotion regulation goals thereby reallocating their attentional resources to regulate their emotions and optimize their positive affect.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Only older adults who have adequate cognitive resources (e.g. sufficient levels of cognitive control) may be able to enlist positive biases in memory or attention that could facilitate emotion regulation”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kryla-Lighthall & Mather, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Mather & Knight, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals have different baselines in their ability to regulate voluntary attentional control”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Derryberry & Reed, 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the behavioral learning/plasticity (change in gaze) was associated with increased activation in the right occipito-temporal cortex.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Monk and colleagues (2004)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Monk and his colleagues found that the healthy participants in the masked condition did exhibit gaze biases away from the threatening information over time.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Monk and colleagues (2004)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that there were increased neurophysiologic responses when healthy adults adapted, via attention-oriented processes, to threatening cues.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Bherer, Kramer, and Peterson (2005) recently found that older adults could be trained through attentional regulation processes to show equivalent performance to young adults on dual-tasks which required similar motor responses.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bherer, Kramer, and Peterson (2005)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Davidson, Jackson, and Kalin (2000) have found experience-induced changes suggestive of neuroplasticity in regards to the effects of stress on neural circuitry.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davidson, Jackson, and Kalin (2000)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“healthy participants, in a non-masked condition, demonstrated aversion to angry faces (Fox, Russo, Bowles, & Dutton, 2001).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fox, Russo, Bowles, & Dutton, 2001
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a range of settings (e.g., occupational, lab attention tasks) attentional abilities have therefore been found to be malleable and trainable to some extent.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Not only do attentional training paradigms improve individuals’ attentional regulatory processes, but below we will review evidence that different training paradigms improve individuals’ abilities to regulate their emotions.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although interrelated, the alerting, orienting, and executive control networks act mostly independently (Fan, McCandliss, Fossella, Flombaum, & Posner, 2005; Fan, McCandliss, Sommer, Raz, & Posner, 2002) although some specific exceptions have been found (cf. Callejas, et al., 2005; Fuentes & Campoy, 2008).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fan, McCandliss, Fossella, Flombaum, & Posner, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Fan, McCandliss, Sommer, Raz, & Posner, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Callejas, et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have demonstrated that executive attention skills can be trained in children, younger adults, older adults, and individuals with attentional disorders (Bherer, Kramer, Peterson, Colcombe, Erickson, & Becic, 2006; Kerns, Esso, & Thompson, 1999; Posner, Sheese, Odludas, & Tang, 2006; Rueda et al. 2004).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bherer, Kramer, Peterson, Colcombe, Erickson, & Becic, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Kerns, Esso, & Thompson, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Posner, Sheese, Odludas, & Tang, 2006
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Isaacowitz et al. (2009) found that positive gaze preferences helped older adults avoid mood declines if they had high-functioning executive control networks.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz et al. (2009)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may indicate that individuals with more low-functioning executive control networks may benefit most from gaze-based training (i.e. dot probe) training techniques because these adults may not already exhibit positivity biases in their gaze.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“All these populations demonstrate adequate attentional plasticity to learn new attentional regulation skills (Bherer et al., 2005; Bherer et al. 2006).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bherer et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Bherer et al. 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They found that this increase in performance could then later generalize to new tasks involving attentional control (Bherer et al., 2005).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bherer et al., 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Strategies that require high levels of concentration will require the highest amounts of cognitive effort (Erber & Tesser, 1992)”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Erber & Tesser, 1992
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Rumination most likely predominantly involves the orienting network (Posner & Petersen, 1990).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Posner & Petersen, 1990
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, dot-probe training is likely to influence the orienting network (Bradley, Mogg, & Millar, 2000; Posner & Petersen, 1990).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bradley, Mogg, & Millar, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Posner & Petersen, 1990
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical auditory attention training (ATT) incorporates aspects of distraction and concentration.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dot probe training and visual search training (i.e. find-the-smile training) are best categorized within the strategy of attentional distraction.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, another type of training method, loving-kindness meditation (LKM), seems to most closely fit the strategy of rumination (albeit positive rumination), although it incorporates aspects of concentration as well.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Therefore it is not necessarily accurate to think of the three networks as stages in a process model of attention, but rather as concurrent processes that inform one another (Barrett & Bar, 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barrett & Bar, 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Distraction involves recruitment predominantly of the orienting network, to direct selective attention, and the executive control network, to reconcile conflicting information (Posner & Petersen, 1990; Raz & Buhle, 2006).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Posner & Petersen, 1990
- Not checked yetcites Raz & Buhle, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals in the attend-negative condition showed attentional vigilance for negative information at the end of the training task, a similar attention pattern as expected from highly anxious individuals.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, individuals trained to attend towards neutral stimuli do not demonstrate this susceptibility towards negative stimuli (Amir, Beard, Burns, & Bomyea, 2009; Amir, Weber, Beard, Bomyea, & Taylor, 2008; MacLeod et al., 2002; Schmidt, Richey, Buckner, & Timpano, 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir, Beard, Burns, & Bomyea, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Amir, Weber, Beard, Bomyea, & Taylor, 2008
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod et al., 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Full attentional resources must be devoted to meditative practices so an individual cannot concentrate on other or multiple tasks (Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Even distraction may have some cognitive costs in impairing memory functions (Sheppes & Meiran, 2008).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sheppes & Meiran, 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gaze away from unpleasant, stressful images served as an indicator of successful emotion regulation (e.g., Isaacowitz, 2005; Isaacowitz et al., 2006b; Xing & Isaacowitz, 2006).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz et al., 2006b
- Not checked yetcites Xing & Isaacowitz, 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This research demonstrated that training attention to positive information helped individuals regulate their emotions in daily tasks”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, they reported being in significantly worse negative moods, than the attend-neutral group, in their post-test stress task as compared to their pre-test stress scores.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, SAD participants in the attend-neutral condition showed reductions in trait anxiety after training as compared to the attention control condition (Schmidt et al., 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schmidt et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A third study has found that training goal-directed attention towards positive stimuli facilitates effective emotion regulation (Johnson, 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individuals in the train-positive condition shift their attention away from the negative components of the images, demonstrating gaze patterns indicative of successful emotion regulation (Isaacowitz, 2006; Isaacowitz et al., 2006a, 2006b).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz et al., 2006a
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz et al., 2006b
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, the average looking times of the train-neutral participants suggested that they viewed the negative pictures more after the training.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2008
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the trend for train-neutral participants to look more at negative post-test images compared to their baseline looking behavior suggests that negative stimuli in general remain salient and attention-catching even during the second stressor task.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Participants in the goal condition, who deployed attention toward positive faces and away from angry faces, showed almost three times significantly lower state frustration scores from before to after the second anagram stress task (after the training) as compared to those in the no goal condition.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because individuals experiencing negative emotions tend to bias their attentional patterns towards negative stimuli (Beevers & Carver, 2003; Bradley, Mogg, & Lee, 1997; Caseras, Garner, Bradley, & Mogg, 2007; Eizenman et al., 2003; MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986; Mathews, Ridgeway, & Williamson, 1996; Mogg, Mathews, & Eysenck, 1992; Mogg, Millar, & Bradley, 2002)”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beevers & Carver, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Bradley, Mogg, & Lee, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Caseras, Garner, Bradley, & Mogg, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, individual differences in participants’ ability to attend to the positive faces predicted how long they persisted in attempting to complete the anagram stress task.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Repeated exposure to sizeable amounts of positive stimuli may effectively redirect attentional guidance mechanisms towards positive representations, making negative representations less accessible.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Participants better at attending to the happy faces persevered longer on the stress task.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“learning to avoid them instead may prove adaptive by preemptively evading the negative emotion they may elicit.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The positive repetition priming generated by this type of training may facilitate later encoding of positive information in naturalistic circumstances (surfing the web, reading the paper, watching television) for certain positive affective information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In relation to Gross’s (1998) three types of attentional regulatory processes, these training methods likely best fall under the category of attentional distraction.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many emotional disorders feature dysfunctional information processing such as attentional patterns towards maladaptive information, automatic activation of negative self-beliefs and appraisals, intrusive thoughts, and high self-focused attention (MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986; Mogg et al., 2002; Papageorgiou & Wells, 1998; Watson & Purdon, 2008; Wells & Mathews, 1996).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986
- Not checked yetcites Mogg et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Papageorgiou & Wells, 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Regulation strategies involving distraction have been shown to be effective even when engaged late in the regulatory process (e.g. Sheppes & Meiran, 2008)”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sheppes & Meiran, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Positive priming may also make other positive emotional goals and emotion regulatory strategies (e.g. positive reappraisal) more accessible (Johnston, 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnston, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals with emotional disorders often lack the knowledge that they can focus and shift their attention to control their emotions (Mohlman, 2004).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mohlman, 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the regulatory strategy of alternating their attention between auditory sounds, individuals trained in ATT engage the executive control network.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of the orienting network, participants trained in ATT enact the regulatory strategy of selectively attending to particular auditory sounds.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore the varying task instructions in ATT training may modify each of the three attentional networks in unique ways.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This auditory ATT paradigm has been successful in reducing clinical symptoms of several DSM-diagnosed disorders, including panic disorder (Wells, 1990), social phobia (Wells, White, & Carter, 1997), major depression (Papageorgiou & Wells, 2000; Siegle, Ghinassi, & Thase, 2007), and hypochondriasis (Papageorgiou & Wells, 1998).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wells, 1990
- Not checked yetcites Wells, White, & Carter, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Papageorgiou & Wells, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, if individuals can be effectively trained to reorient their maladaptive attentional patterns towards more neutral content, they may be able to more effectively control their emotional states.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evidence that MBSR meditative training helps individuals regulate their emotional state comes from studies of many different populations: healthy adults, individuals experiencing high levels of stress, physically ill patients, and college students (Anderson, Lau, Segal, & Bishop, 2007; Carlson, Speca, Faris, & Patel, 2007; Carlson, Speca, Patel, & Goodey, 2004; Carmody & Baer, 2008; Chang et al.,”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anderson, Lau, Segal, & Bishop, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Carlson, Speca, Faris, & Patel, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Carlson, Speca, Patel, & Goodey, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These important limitations notwithstanding, clinical training methodologies appear successful in facilitating emotion regulation with clinical populations by improving regulation outcomes.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentration meditation is likely to influence the orienting network to a greater degree in that it requires selectively attending to the object of meditation.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
In the paper
“According to our model, concentration meditation (e.g., a type of focused attention training such as Shamatha) and insight meditation (e.g., a type of open monitoring training such as Vipassana) both initially require more cognitive effort to enlist as compared to other attentional regulatory processes (although these techniques may require less effort with substantial practice, Tang & Posner, 200”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tang & Posner, 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both meditative practices require continual disengagement with distracters, enlisting the executive control network.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
In the paper
“Participants who had received MBSR training showed significant increases in left-sided activation in the anterior cortical area when compared with the activation levels in these same regions of the control participants.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davidson et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Upon completion of the seminar, the experimental group’s TMD scores were significantly lower than those of the control group.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rosenzweig et al., 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results indicate students receiving the MBSR training were better able to regulate their emotions during a stressful time as indicated with the significant difference in the TMD, an emotion regulatory outcome measure.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Improvements in self-reported emotion regulation outcome measures (e.g., TMD, positive affect) reflect actual emotion regulation.
In the paper
“Adults who received the training, compared to a matched control group, showed increases over time in daily experiences of positive emotions (Fredrickson et al., 2008).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, one study found that social connection towards strangers could be created in a laboratory setting through a brief loving-kindness meditation exercise (Hutcherson, Seppala, & Gross, 2008).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hutcherson, Seppala, & Gross, 2008
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals assigned to this meditative practice showed increased feelings of positivity (positive social emotions) and social connectedness just after a few minutes of practice, compared with a closely matched control group.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hutcherson et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While MBSR meditative programs may be more effective in training individuals to manage negative emotions, interventions focused on loving-kindness practices may be more likely to facilitate the generation of positive affect (Fredrickson et al., 2008).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson et al., 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, the relationship between practice time and negative affect was mediated by WMC.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Aside from generating more frequent positive emotions, meditative practices may also increase levels of attentional control as demonstrated in the alerting, orienting, and conflict monitoring networks (Jha, Krompinger, & Baime, 2007).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha, Krompinger, & Baime, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While all types of AT methods initially require some degree of effort to acquire, it is likely that with repeated practice these attentional processes can become more automated over time, requiring substantially less effort to execute (Davidson & Lutz, 2008; Lutz et al., 2008; Lutz, Brefczynski-Lewis, et al., 2008; Wegner & Bargh, 1998).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davidson & Lutz, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Lutz et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Wegner & Bargh, 1998
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meditative methods may yield more pronounced improvements in emotion regulation through modifying individuals’ regulation processes concurrently with their emotional outcomes.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Meditative attention training methods have been shown to directly lead to positive emotion regulation outcomes such as increases in positive affect (Anderson et al., 2007), daily positive emotions (Fredrickson et al., 2008), and positive social emotions (Hutcherson et al., 2008).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anderson et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Hutcherson et al., 2008
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mindfulness is a trait which impedes hedonic adaptation, a major barrier that minimizes the effectiveness of many interventions (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005; Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, & Freedman, 2006).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, & Freedman, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Meditative practice also improves individuals’ levels of mindfulness (Shapiro et al., 2008).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shapiro et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, the frequency of positive relative to negative emotional experience predicts overall happiness (Diener et al., 1991; Fredrickson & Losada, 2005) and individuals trained to seek out the positive may build natural tendencies to approach environmental rewards.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diener et al., 1991
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Losada, 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experiencing increased positive emotions may in turn enhance attentional resources, such as increasing attentional broadening, flexibility, and control.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals who are able to better regulate their emotions from attentional training may experience more positive emotions.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because low-to-moderate-arousal positive stimuli do not elicit the same sense of increased urgency of attention as negative stimuli, individuals experiencing depressive or anxiety disorders may have difficulty in orienting their attention towards this type of positive information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Limitations and Challenges to AT Methodologies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Therefore, training attention might commence a series of codependent attentional and emotional processes that result in an upward spiral of positivity (Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Overall, positive images are inherently of lower average arousal than negative images (Grühn & Scheibe, 2008).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Limitations and Challenges to AT Methodologies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grühn & Scheibe, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 39
- It may state two separate claims as one. 66
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“people could learn to selectively attend to specific types of information in the service of optimizing their emotional experience.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The goal of emotion regulation need not only be to decrease negative emotion and increase positive emotion; depending on the situation, one may wish to increase or initiate negative emotion and stop or decrease positive emotion”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gross, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Tamir, Chiu, & Gross, 2007
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“meditative practices appear to be among the most effective training methodologies in enhancing emotional well-being”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If attention can be trained, then it may be used to actively guide individuals’ emotion regulation processes and downstream behavior, ultimately enhancing subjective well-being.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“emotions are viewed as adaptive, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies enhancing individuals’ physical and social fitness”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keltner & Gross, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Barrett, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These response tendencies are malleable, transient, and may be modulated by individuals; in others words, they can be regulated”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gross, 1998
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Salient sensory, emotional, and mental information is filtered, processed, and analyzed through various attentional processes, which can be automatically or consciously regulated”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Calvo & Nummenmaa, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Antecedent-focused regulatory strategies may be more adaptive than response-focused strategies and may require less resources, time, and energy to initiate because they occur early in the emotion generative process”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Defining Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mauss, Bunge, & Gross, 2007a
- Not checked yetcites Schutte, Manes, & Malouff, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross (1998) has identified three primary strategies of attentional deployment: distraction, concentration, and rumination.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Attentional Deployment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gross, 1998
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different attentional processes may have more or less influence on generating, maintaining, or modifying different emotional responses.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Attentional Deployment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“excessive rumination on the positive may also be maladaptive if attentional resources are not appropriately allocated and environmental dangers are overlooked.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Attentional Deployment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“during reappraisal portions of the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC), implicated in selective attention, are activated, as well as portions of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which seem involved in monitoring control processes”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ochsner & Gross, 2008
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Immediately after the training the self-distancing and distraction strategies were most effective at reducing negative affect; however, at one and seven days after the manipulation, the self-distancing manipulation group was the most buffered (experiencing less negative affect and fewer recurring thoughts).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kross & Ayduk, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“then these strategies may augment each others’ efficiency, thereby reinforcing the likelihood of being enacted as a future strategy-combination.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using distraction as a regulatory strategy may have immediate short-term benefits, but also may have aversive long-term consequences.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“individuals seek out visual stimuli congruent with their goals and avoid incongruent stimuli”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both individuals’ motivations and their emotional state can influence their attentional patterns”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tamir & Robinson, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“optimists and older adults: these groups display distinctive gaze patterns away from negative and favoring positive stimuli”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, Wadlinger, Goren, & Wilson, 2006a, 2006b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Selective attention has evolved as one mechanism through which individuals can filter the plethora of sensory stimuli in their environments at any given moment”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parkhurst, Law, & Niebur, 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“relative to cognitive reappraisal, using distraction as a regulatory strategy preserves self-control resources (Sheppes & Meiran, 2008) and elicits less sympathetic physiological activation and consequences (Sheppes, Catran, & Meiran, 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > The Role of Attention in Emotion Regulation > Why Attend to Attention? Attentional Deployment versus Other Regulatory Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sheppes & Meiran, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Sheppes, Catran, & Meiran, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“links between affect and attention are ultimately bidirectional: while affect clearly impacts attention, regulating attention also influences affect.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“positive emotions make individuals more sensitive towards rewarding stimuli in their environments and that the repetition of this preference creates stronger memory-encoding pathways for similar positive stimuli in the future”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goetz, Goetz, and Robinson, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Clark & Isen, 1982
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Positive emotions may also enlarge individual’s breadth of attention (e.g. taking in more of the world around them as well as broadening attentional allocation to internal conceptual space – expanding the “spotlight”: Fenske & Eastwood, 2003; Fredrickson, 1998; Rowe, Hirsh, & Anderson, 2008; Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2006, cf. Gable & Harmon-Jones, 2008) and increase their attentional flexibility (A”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fenske & Eastwood, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Ashby, Isen, & Turken, 1999
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experience of positive affect itself may increase individuals’ selective attention preferences for positive information and these positive attentional preferences may improve individuals’ mood.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“experiencing positive affect initiates an approach tendency, which may in turn lead individuals to be more likely to attend to subsequent positive information”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carver, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Tamir & Robinson, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Watson, Wiese, Viadya, & Tellegen, 1999
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“maladaptive attentional biases may exist beyond the period of the actual depressive episode and may heighten vulnerability for future depressive episodes.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals motivated to regulate their emotions attended less to negative images than positive images, and looked less at all stimulus types (negative, positive, neutral) than the other conditions, suggesting that gaze serves as a mechanism through which individuals can regulate their emotions”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Xing & Isaacowitz, 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the young adults may have been using distraction as a regulatory strategy”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gross, 1998
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results may reflect a general disengagement of attentional processing from the arousing components of highly relevant, positive stimuli.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“older adults may be especially likely to use distraction as a regulative strategy.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The older women also looked less at the most relevant objects in the images and made more frequent saccades around the negative images, with larger distances between saccades than in the other two conditions.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Reekum et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“older adults’ gaze did not reflect their mood state but rather that they used gaze as an active strategy to regulate their mood”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“older adults use gaze as a regulatory tool to a greater extent than younger adults because it requires less cognitive effort than a number of other regulatory processes”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Knight, Seymour, Gaunt, Baker, Nesmith, & Mather, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Mauss et al., 2007b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“older adults are said to exhibit an age-related “positivity effect”, because they attend more to, and have better memory for, positive relative to neutral or negative information than their younger counterparts”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carstensen & Mikels, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Kennedy, Mather, & Carstensen, 2004
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Feeling good and regulating mood are highly prioritized goals for older adults”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carstensen, Mikels, & Mather, 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When participants started in a negative mood, younger adults showed mood-congruent gaze patterns towards angry and afraid faces; however, older adults showed mood-incongruent gaze patterns away from angry and sad faces and towards happy faces.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Positive gaze preferences helped older adults avoid mood declines during the task, but only for those with high-functioning executive control networks.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isaacowitz, Toner, and Neupert, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If individuals can learn how to use their attention as a regulatory tool, then they may show increased efficacy in regulating their emotions, just as older adults and other individuals possessing positive affective profiles do.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Bidirectional Links between Selective Attention and Affect
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Canadian mail sorters’ attentional skills were easily transferable to sorting the US mail because the US zip codes consisted of familiar elements (i.e., numbers); whereas US mail sorters could not effectively sort Canadian mail as Canadian zip codes contained novel elements (i.e., letters).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Polk and Farah, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“individual differences in how malleable some individuals’ attentional regulation abilities are, even if training is generally effective.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Older adults have demonstrated more difficulty in attempting to perform dual tasks, which suggests the decline of attentional control skills (Hartley, 2001; McDowd & Shaw, 2000).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hartley, 2001
- Not checked yetcites McDowd & Shaw, 2000
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“attentional preferences to negative information can be trained and untrained (Derryberry & Reed, 2002; MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002; Mathews, Mogg, & Kentish, 1995).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Evidence of Attention as a Form of Emotion Regulation > Attentional Plasticity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Derryberry & Reed, 2002
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Mathews, Mogg, & Kentish, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The executive control network resolves conflict among different neural systems competing for control, facilitates the deconstruction of habitual responses, and directs planning, error detection, decision-making, and novel-response formation functions (Norman & Shallice, 1986; Posner et al., 2006).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Norman & Shallice, 1986
- Not checked yetcites Posner et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The alerting network heightens internal awareness and maintains sufficient neural activation enabling the attention system to make a fast response (Callejas, Lupiàñez, Funes, & Tudela, 2005).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Callejas, Lupiàñez, Funes, & Tudela, 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentration and insight meditative practices best correspond with the strategy of attentional concentration.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model predicts that training strategies focused on distraction, which use implicit learning tasks to automatically reorient attention, will require the least amount of cognitive effort.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Individuals can be trained to allocate their attention toward negative stimuli in their environment and this type of training results in increased emotional susceptibility to subsequent negative stimuli (MacLeod et al., 2002).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod et al., 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Successful changes in regulatory outcomes cannot necessarily be inferred from changes in regulation processes (or vice versa); therefore future research would need to test these links.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies using these tasks have shown that attention can be successfully trained towards certain affective information, suggesting that practice with tasks can reduce the influence of negative emotional information (or increase the influence of positive emotion information) on attention.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a successful manipulation an individual learns to automatically disengage from negative cues and reorient their attention consistently toward neutral ones (Mohlman, 2004).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mohlman, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“strategies that combine multiple categories, such as ATT (distraction, concentration) or LKM (rumination, concentration), likely require a moderate amount of cognitive effort.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Constructing a Model of Attention Training Methods: Integrating Emotion Regulation Strategies and Attentional Networks
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trained selective attention to negative information reduces individuals’ abilities to successfully regulate their emotions, resulting in heightened sensitivity to negative emotions.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As suggested above, looking away from irrelevant negative stimuli may be a distraction strategy that helps individuals effectively maintain a positive or neutral emotional state when presented with negative information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Prior to the attention training, there were no significant differences in the quantity of time participants in the two conditions viewed the negative images at baseline; however, a significant difference emerged in the amount of time they viewed the negative pictures after training.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After this period, train-acceptance participants reported feeling less stressed about an upcoming exam, and after completing the exam they felt less anxious and more competent in their academic abilities (Dandeneau et al., 2007).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau et al., 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GAD participants who received the attend-neutral training demonstrated an attenuated attentional bias to negative (i.e. threatening) words (as assessed by response time bias scores) and demonstrated less self-rated and clinician-rated anxiety symptoms as compared to the attention control condition (Amir et al., 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir et al., 2009
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, they had lower levels of cortisol and received higher objective performance evaluations than their peers in the exposure and control conditions (Dandeneau et al., 2007).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Train-acceptance participants reported higher self-esteem, lower stress, and higher self-confidence after just five consecutive days of training.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants in the train-positive condition viewed the negative images in the second visual stress task significantly less than the baseline task, appearing to have learned a strategy of attentional avoidance toward negative stimuli.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that preferences toward positive information can be successfully trained and that these positive preferences can be effectively generalized to subsequent visual information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, this study demonstrated that individuals are able to pursue regulatory goals under stressful conditions and that selective attention is a successful regulatory strategy (Johnson, 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2009
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Training positive attentional preferences may modify the alerting network, creating attentional vigilance for positive information, as well as the orienting network, directing selective attentional preferences towards positive information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attentional training to positive information may facilitate heightened preference for positive material; thereby, this process may promote avoidance of ensuing negative information.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“therefore, using gaze strategies like “looking happy” may be both cost-effective and adaptive (Allard, Wadlinger, & Isaacowitz, 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allard, Wadlinger, & Isaacowitz, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selective inattention to negative information could be the result of an effortful process such as disengagement of goal-irrelevant cues (e.g., negative images that might create a bad mood) or thought suppression.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“By repeatedly attending to positive information individuals may be better able to regulate their mood, with positive mood acting as a moderator for its own self-preservation (Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another mechanism of avoiding negative information may be through mood maintenance (Wegener & Petty, 1994).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wegener & Petty, 1994
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One final potential mechanism may be that individuals learn to adaptively take in just the minimal amount of information needed from a negative image to decode its meaning, rather than visually ruminating on its negative details.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical ATT training may lead individuals to demonstrate an attentional vigilance for particular auditory sounds within the alerting network.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These reductions in symptoms emerged after 2–10 weeks of practice and in several studies the non-clinical levels were maintained at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evidence also has demonstrated that participation in a Vipassana meditation retreat (i.e. insight meditation) show a reduction in the reflective dimension of the ruminative responses scale, although reduction in the brooding dimension was not significant (Chambers, Chuen Yee Lo, & Allen, 2008).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chambers, Chuen Yee Lo, & Allen, 2008
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The executive control network is required to facilitate the individual’s disengagement with distracters and reengagement with attending to and generating a positive emotional state.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the studies outlined below suggest that both of these practices may improve individuals’ emotion regulation outcomes, such as increasing their actual levels of well-being.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participation in these studies was limited to clinical samples and the sample sizes for these studies were small (only up to – 4 per group; with the exception of 31 in the Siegle et al. study).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Clinical Training Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LKM requires the use of the alerting network to create sustained attention to positive emotion and the orienting network to selectively attend towards this positivity.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MBSR likely modifies a number of mechanisms influencing emotion regulation.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent study has suggested that a reduction of negative rumination may partially mediate a causal link between higher levels of mindfulness and the reduction of individuals’ levels of anger, verbal aggression and hostility (Borders, Earleywine, & Jajodia, 2010).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Borders, Earleywine, & Jajodia, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Immediately after the training, participants in the MBSR course showed significant reductions in emotion regulation outcome measures such as depression and anxiety symptoms, anger, and anger-related rumination, as well as increases in positive affect, compared to pre-training levels.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anderson et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The authors conclude that MBSR training can lead to brain changes that promote better handling of the negative emotion when experiencing stress and that these changes are durable, lasting even after the intervention has taken place (Davidson et al., 2003).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davidson et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Soldiers that had high levels of practice over time also reported higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect than soldiers with low levels of practice.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Soldiers enrolled in the 8-week training program that had high levels of practice over time demonstrated increases in working memory capacity (WMC) relative to those that had low levels or practice over time; the latter showed decreases over time in WMC.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha, Stanley, Kiyonaga, Wong, & Gelfand, 2010
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the end of the study, there was a difference between pre-and-post intervention scores such that individuals exhibited a reduction in stress level and improved overall quality of life as assessed by the outcome of a total mood disturbance score.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carlson et al., 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The experienced meditators in the retreat group demonstrated greater efficiency in conflict monitoring before the retreat than the novice group, and the novice meditators showed significant improvement, relative to the control group, in attentional orienting after their MBSR training.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2007
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The authors also found that after the retreat the experienced meditators showed improved alerting abilities as opposed to the control and MBSR groups and that this ability was directly correlated with their prior level of meditative experience (Jha et al., 2007).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These positive emotions in turn facilitated increases in personal resources such as social support, decreased illnesses, increased mindfulness, and increased purpose in life.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Meditative Attention Training Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, just as antecedent-based regulatory strategies may be more effective in modifying emotional experience than response-focused strategies that modify the emotion after it has fully transpired (Gross & John, 2003; Mauss et al., 2007a; Schutte et al., 2009), the current model would lead to the prediction that if attention can be modified or trained in the alerting or orienting networks, rel”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to emphasize that across all the attention training interventions reviewed, only small effects have been observed in small sample sizes over brief time intervals.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Limitations and Challenges to AT Methodologies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another possibility raised by the model is that, because each of the different training techniques influences distinct attention networks in unique ways, combining strategies may magnify their effect on improving emotion regulation.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
In the paper
“While meditation seems to have the potential for versatile effects, to what degree each network is modified is contingent upon the amount of time an individual has practiced (Jha et al., 2007).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although meditative practices take the most cognitive effort to initially enact, they may create the most lasting regulatory outcomes of all the training techniques.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Fixing our Focus
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Training attention may serve as one key to enhancing emotion regulation, which in turn influences not only affect but also downstream behavior.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has been suggested that an ideal amount of training time for individuals with clinical disorders is five weeks; however, nonclinical populations may see results in as little as one session of training (Dandeneau et al., 2007; Papageorgiou & Wells, 1998, 2000).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Limitations and Challenges to AT Methodologies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Papageorgiou & Wells, 1998, 2000
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although traditionally outside the realm of social-psychological research, the optimal attention-based training method available to improve emotion regulation may turn out to be meditative interventions.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These attentional interventions may most effectively target all three types of attentional networks, thus yielding potentially large downstream effects.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The duration of the training effects is most likely related to the length of the training.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Limitations and Challenges to AT Methodologies
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals can effectively regulate their emotion through their attentional deployment, and this process can be successfully trained.”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a gap in research on how attentional deployment can be an adaptive strategy that regulates emotional experience.
“far less research has focused on how attentional deployment can be an adaptive strategy that regulates emotional experience”
The paper relies on this without support.
Attentional deployment is a relatively nascent field within emotion regulation that warrants further exploration.
“Attentional deployment was initially chosen as the focus of the current review because it is a relatively nascent field within emotion regulation that seemed to warrant further exploration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Habitual attention preferences influence individuals' subsequent emotions.
“These habitual attention preferences may influence individuals’ subsequent emotions.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are distinct and can be independently modified by different attention training techniques.
“According to our model, concentration meditation (e.g., a type of focused attention training such as Shamatha) and insight meditation (e.g., a type of open monitoring training such as Vipassana) both initially require more cognitive effort to enlist as compared to other attentional regulatory processes”
The paper relies on this without support.
Improvements in self-reported emotion regulation outcome measures (e.g., TMD, positive affect) reflect actual emotion regulation.
“These results indicate students receiving the MBSR training were better able to regulate their emotions during a stressful time as indicated with the significant difference in the TMD, an emotion regulatory outcome measure.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The reviewed studies' findings can be generalized to the paper's model of attention training and emotion regulation.
“The evidence presented in this paper suggests that attentional deployment may be a critical tool for regulating emotion; however it is important to note that this evidence remains preliminary.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A positivity bias appears to promote resilience (see Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2011), and initial evidence suggests that biases for positive stimuli can be induced through training and may have beneficial effects (Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2008).”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > Training Attention to Improve Emotion Regulation > Training Gaze Patterns
“Participants included individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (Amir et al., 2009) and with season affective disorder (Schmidt et al., 2009).”
§ Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion > References
“173. Schmidt NB Richey JA Buckner JD Timpano KR 2009 Attention training for generazlied social anxiety disorder Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118 5 14 19222309”
Citations
Cites
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An inventory for measuring depression
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A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
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Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,038
The satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Allard, E.S., Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
- Beck, A.T., 1996, Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II
- Clark, M.S. & Isen, A.M. ( 1982). Toward understanding the relationship between feeling states and social behavior. In A. Hastorf & A. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 73-108). New York: Elsevier.
- Derogatis, L., 1977, The SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual 1
- Derogatis, L., 1992, The brief symptom inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring and procedures manual-II
- Derogatis, L., 1994, SLC-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual for the revised version
- Easwaran, E., 1991, Meditation: A simple eight-point program for translating spiritual ideals into daily life. Tomales
- Fan, J., 2005, Neuro-Image, 26, 471
- Fiske, S.T. ( 1995). Social cognition. In A. Tesser (Ed.), Advanced social psychology (pp. 149-193). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Leckie, M.S., 1979, Symptoms of Stress Inventory
- McNair, D.M., 1992, Manual for the profile of mood states
- Mohlman, J., 2004, Behavior Therapist, 27, 37
- Novaco, R.W., 1975, Anger control: The development of an experimental treatment
- Shiffrin, R. M. & Dumais, S. T. (1981). The development of automatism . In J. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 111-140). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Street, L.L. & Barlow, D.H. ( 1994). Anxiety disorders. In L. W. Craighead, W. E. Craighead, A. E. Kazdin, & M. J. Mahoney (Eds.), Cognitive and behavioral interventions: An empirical approach to mental health problems (pp. 71-87). Boston : Allyn & Bacon.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis
Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004 · Cited by 1,049
Contemplating Mindfulness at Work: An Integrative Review
Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., Baer, R. A., Brewer, J. A., & Lazar, S. W. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206315617003 · Cited by 1,043
Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., R. Goldin, P., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1064294 · Cited by 810
Desbordes, G., Negi, L. T., Pace, T. W. W., Wallace, B. A., Raison, C. L., & Schwartz, E. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00292 · Cited by 458
Is Timing Everything? Temporal Considerations in Emotion Regulation
Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310395778 · Cited by 473
Metadata
- Authors
- Wadlinger, H. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Brandeis University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Isaacowitz, Derek M.
- ORCID
- Isaacowitz, Derek M.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-04-30
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-102
- ISSN
- 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7957
- PMC
- PMC2970710
- OpenAlex
- W2156244855
- Semantic Scholar
- ff200d76f6bdfd21acf0286610c193e548432208
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 225
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026323)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attentional bias, emotion regulation, attentional deployment, attention training, attentional networks, meditation, emotional well-being, attentional dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attention, Avoidance Learning, Awareness, Defense Mechanisms, Emotions, Humans, Individuality, Models, Psychological, Personality Inventory, Practice, Psychological, Psychometrics, Reinforcement, Psychology, Social Control, Informal, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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