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He is a Stud, She is a Slut! A Meta-Analysis on the Continued Existence of Sexual Double Standards
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(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. This meta-analysis ( k = 99; N = 123,343) tested predictions of evolutionary and biosocial theories regarding the existence of SDS in social cognitions. Databases were searched for studies examining attitudes or stereotypes regarding the sexual behaviors of men versus women. Studies assessing differences in evaluations, or expectations, of men’s and women’s sexual behavior yielded evidence for traditional SDS ( d = 0.25). For men, frequent sexual activity was more expected, and evaluated more positively, than for women. Studies using Likert-type-scale questionnaires did not yield evidence of SDS (combined M = −0.09). Effects were moderated by level of gender equality in the country in which the study was conducted, SDS-operationalization (attitudes vs. stereotypes), questionnaire type, and sexual behavior type. Results are consistent with a hybrid model incorporating both evolutionary and sociocultural factors contributing to SDS.
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“Known as sexual double standards, boys and men have historically been rewarded and praised for sexual promiscuity, whereas girls and women have been traditionally punished (Endendijk, van Baar, and Deković 2020).”
From Technology-facilitated sexual violence perpetration as a tool for gender policing in secondary schools (2026) · cites this paper as Endendijk, van Baar, and Deković 2020
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Metadata
- Authors
- Endendijk, J. J., van Baar, A. L., & Deković, M.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Endendijk, Joyce J.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-12-27
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 163-190
- ISSN
- 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7957
- PMC
- PMC7153231
- OpenAlex
- W2996777343
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 2.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Keywords
- sexual double standard, gender stereotypes, evolutionary psychology, biosocial theory, gender equality, sexual expectations, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Gender Role, Female, Humans, Male, Stereotyping, Sexism
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