The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Scale Construction: Developing Reliable and Valid Measurement Instruments
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe the process for developing reliable and valid measurement instruments that can be used in any hospitality industry field research setting. Many instances exist in which the researcher cannot find an adequate or appropriate existing scale to measure an important construct. In these situations it is necessary to create a new scale. Failure to carefully develop a measurement instrument can result in invalid and uninterpretable data. Hence, a systematic seven-step process is outlined here to assist researchers in devising usable scales. Examples from the authors' own research are used to illustrate some of the steps in the process.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Churchill, G. A. (1979) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377901600110 · Cited by 16,549
Reliability and Validity Assessment
Carmines, E., & Zeller, R. (1979) · doi:10.4135/9781412985642 · Cited by 5,884
A Review of Scale Development Practices in the Study of Organizations
Hinkin, T. R. (1995) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639502100509 · Cited by 3,193
Self-citationRelation of sample size to the stability of component patterns.
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.265 · Cited by 2,880
MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Fetter, R. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90037-t · Cited by 807
Cited by
Servant Leadership: A systematic review and call for future research
Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004 · Cited by 1,858
Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(03)00030-4 · Cited by 1,533
Priporas, C.-V., Stylos, N., Rahimi, R., & Vedanthachari, L. N. (2017) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-08-2016-0420 · Cited by 228
Health, Wellness, and Place Attachment During and Post Health Pandemics
Majeed, S., & Ramkissoon, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.573220 · Cited by 114
Development of a behavioural welfare assessment tool for routine use with captive elephants
Yon, L., Williams, E., Harvey, N. D., & Asher, L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210783 · Cited by 83
Construction of academic integrity scale
Ramdani, Z. (2018) · International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology · doi:10.5861/ijrsp.2018.3003 · Cited by 61
Assessing the Utility of the System Usability Scale for Evaluating Voice-based User Interfaces
Ghosh, D., Foong, P. S., Zhang, S., & Zhao, S. (2018) · Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium of Chinese CHI · doi:10.1145/3202667.3204844 · Cited by 36
EFL Students' Perceptions on the Integration of AI in Fostering Critical Thinking Skills
Hading, E. F., Rustan, D. R. H. P., & Ruing, F. H. (2024) · GLENS: Global English Insights Journal · doi:10.61220/glens.v2i1.466 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Hinkin, T. R., Tracey, J. B., & Enz, C. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-02
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 100-120
- ISSN
- 0741-5095 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-3480
- 1557-7554
- OpenAlex
- W2128582879
- Cited by
- 819
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
