Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire

Antonakis, John; Avolio, Bruce J; Sivasubramaniam, Nagaraj

doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(03)00030-4

Cited by 1,533Psychometric Methodologies and TestingLeadership and Management in OrganizationsJob Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior

Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire

Antonakis, John, Avolio, Bruce J, Sivasubramaniam, Nagaraj·2003·The Leadership Quarterly

DOI 10.1016/s1048-9843(03)00030-4

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The MLQ and its subscales have previously demonstrated strong psychometric properties.
“The MLQ and its subscales have previously demonstrated strong psychometric properties [72, 73].”
From Leading the charge in the education sector: development and validation of the School Implementation Leadership Scale (SILS) (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
The dimensions of FRL are sensitive to context (Antonakis et al., 2003) so not surprising PSI-LC has conceptual similarities to aspects of FRL.
“The dimensions of the FRL are sensitive to context (Antonakis, Avolio, & Sivasubramaniam, 2003) so it is not surprising that the PSI-LC has some conceptual similarities to aspects of the FRL model.”
From The Roles of System and Organizational Leadership in System-Wide Evidence-Based Intervention Sustainment: A Mixed-Method Study (2016) · cites this paper as Antonakis, Avolio, & Sivasubramaniam, 2003

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Female Leadership Advantage and Disadvantage: Resolving the Contradictions
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Understanding and Measuring Entrepreneurial Leadership Style
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Destructive Leadership: A Theoretical Review, Integration, and Future Research Agenda
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Could lean production job design be intrinsically motivating? Contextual, configurational, and levels‐of‐analysis issues
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Strategic leadership and executive innovation influence: an international multi‐cluster comparative study
Elenkov, D. S., Judge, W. Q., & Wright, P. (2005) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.469 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Leadership: Why gender and culture matter.
Ayman, R., & Korabik, K. (2010) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0018806 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Same difference? Exploring the differential mechanisms linking servant leadership and transformational leadership to follower outcomes
van Dierendonck, D., Stam, D., Boersma, P., de Windt, N., & Alkema, J. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.014 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Contextual leadership: A systematic review of how contextual factors shape leadership and its outcomes
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Leadership in applied psychology: Three waves of theory and research
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Turning their pain to gain: charismatic leader influence on follower stress appraisal and job performance
LePine, M. A., Zhang, Y., Crawford, E. R., & Rich, B. L. (2016) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0778 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Transformational leadership in context: Face-to-face and virtual teams
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Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformational–transactional leadership theory
Antonakis, J., & House, R. J. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.04.005 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
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The intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship: Mutual lessons to be learned
Cogliser, C. C., & Brigham, K. H. (2004) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.004 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Occupying the Principal Position: Examining Relationships Between Transformational Leadership, Social Network Position, and Schools’ Innovative Climate
Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., & Sleegers, P. J. C. (2010) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x10378689 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Charisma: An ill-defined and ill-measured gift
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Top Management Leadership and Influence on Innovation: The Role of Sociocultural Context
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Factors associated with the impact of quality improvement collaboratives in mental healthcare: An exploratory study
Versteeg, M. H., Laurant, M. G., Franx, G. C., Jacobs, A. J., & Wensing, M. J. (2012) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-1 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
An exploration of stereotypical beliefs about leadership styles: Is transformational leadership a route to women's promotion?
Vinkenburg, C. J., Engen, M. L. V., Eagly, A. H., & Johannesen‐Schmidt, M. C. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.003 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
CEO Positive Psychological Traits, Transformational Leadership, and Firm Performance in High-Technology Start-up and Established Firms
Peterson, S. J., Walumbwa, F. O., Byron, K. L., & Myrowitz, J. (2008) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307312512 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
The Emotional Intelligence of Transformational Leaders: A Field Study of Elected Officials
Barbuto, J. E., & Burbach, M. E. (2006) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.146.1.51-64 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
How top management team behavioral integration and behavioral complexity enable organizational ambidexterity: The moderating role of contextual ambidexterity
Carmeli, A., & Halevi, M. Y. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.01.011 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Can Charisma Be Taught? Tests of Two Interventions
Antonakis, J., Fenley, M., & Liechti, S. (2011) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0012 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
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Corporate greening through prosocial extrarole behaviours – a conceptual framework for employee motivation
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Scholarly leadership of the study of leadership: A review of The Leadership Quarterly's second decade, 2000–2009
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Leadership: Past, Present, and Future
Antonakis, J., & Day, D. V. (2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781506395029.n1 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
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Effects of leader intelligence, personality and emotional intelligence on transformational leadership and managerial performance
Cavazotte, F., Moreno, V. D. A., Jr., & Hickmann, M. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.10.003 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Conceptualizing and Measuring Transformational and Transactional Leadership
Jensen, U. T., Andersen, L. B., Bro, L. L., Bøllingtoft, A., Eriksen, T. L. M., Holten, A., Jacobsen, C. B., Ladenburg, J., Nielsen, P. A., Salomonsen, H. H., et al. (2016) · Administration & Society · doi:10.1177/0095399716667157 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Sustainability Leadership in Higher Education Institutions: An Overview of Challenges
Filho, W. L., Eustachio, J. H. P. P., Caldana, A. C. F., Will, M., Salvia, A. L., Rampasso, I. S., Anholon, R., Platje, J., & Kovaleva, M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12093761 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Considering context in psychological leadership research
Liden, R. C., & Antonakis, J. (2009) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726709346374 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
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Leadership Styles: A Comprehensive Assessment and Way Forward
Fischer, T., & Sitkin, S. B. (2023) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2020.0340 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
The typical leadership study: Assumptions, implications, and potential remedies
Hunter, S. T., Bedell‐Avers, K. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2007) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.07.001 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
The influence of leadership styles on employees' job satisfaction in public sector organizations in Malaysia
Voon, M. L., Lo, M., Ngui, K. S., & Ayob, N. B. (2011) · Unimas Institutional Repository (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak) · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Measurement of Transformational Leadership and its Relationship with Team Cohesion and Performance Level
Callow, N., Smith, M. J., Hardy, L., Arthur, C., & Hardy, J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200903204754 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
A (Blurry) Vision of the Future: How Leader Rhetoric about Ultimate Goals Influences Performance
Carton, A. M., Murphy, C., & Clark, J. R. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2012.0101 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Women and Leadership
Gipson, A. N., Pfaff, D. L., Mendelsohn, D. B., Catenacci, L., & Burke, W. W. (2017) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886316687247 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Follower transformation as the linchpin of transformational leadership theory: A systematic review and future research agenda
Siangchokyoo, N. M., Klinger, R. L., & Campion, E. D. (2019) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101341 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
The Roles of System and Organizational Leadership in System-Wide Evidence-Based Intervention Sustainment: A Mixed-Method Study
Aarons, G. A., Green, A. E., Trott, E., Willging, C. E., Torres, E. M., Ehrhart, M. G., & Roesch, S. C. (2016) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-016-0751-4 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Transformational and charismatic leadership: Assessing the convergent, divergent and criterion validity of the MLQ and the CKS
Rowold, J., & Heinitz, K. (2007) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.01.003 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Construct redundancy in leader behaviors: A review and agenda for the future
Banks, G. C., Gooty, J., Ross, R. L., Williams, C. E., & Harrington, N. T. (2018) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.005 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Transformational leadership and employee psychological well-being: The mediating role of employee trust in leadership
Kelloway, E. K., Turner, N., Barling, J., & Loughlin, C. (2012) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.660774 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Communication and trust are key: Unlocking the relationship between leadership and team performance and creativity
Boies, K., Fiset, J. E., & Gill, H. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.07.007 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Does valuing androgyny and femininity lead to a female advantage? The relationship between gender-role, transformational leadership and identification
Kark, R., Waismel‐Manor, R., & Shamir, B. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.12.012 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
An examination of "nonleadership": From laissez-faire leadership to leader reward omission and punishment omission.
Hinkin, T. R., & Schriesheim, C. A. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012875 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Implicit theories in organizational settings: A systematic review and research agenda of implicit leadership and followership theories
Junker, N. M., & van Dick, R. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.09.002 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Leadership behaviors, organizational culture and knowledge management practices
Nguyen, H. N., & Mohamed, S. (2011) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621711111105786 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Transformational Leadership and Digital Skills in Higher Education Institutes: During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Antonopoulou, H., Halkiopoulos, C., Barlou, O., & Beligiannis, G. N. (2021) · Emerging Science Journal · doi:10.28991/esj-2021-01252 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Validierung einer deutschen Version des “Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire“ (MLQ Form 5 x Short) von
Felfe, J. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026/0932-4089.50.2.61 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Is Leadership in the Eye of the Beholder? A Study of Intended and Perceived Leadership Practices and Organizational Performance
Jacobsen, C. B., & Andersen, L. B. (2015) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12380 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Leadership style and organizational learning: the mediate effect of school vision
Kurland, H., Peretz, H., & Hertz‐Lazarowitz, R. (2010) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/09578231011015395 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The Impact of Autocratic and Democratic Leadership Style on Job Satisfaction
Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G. M., Shaikh, N. A., Hashmi, M. A., & Shaikh, F. M. (2012) · International Business Research · doi:10.5539/ibr.v5n2p192 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Tax authorities' interaction with taxpayers: A conception of compliance in social dilemmas by power and trust
Gangl, K., Hofmann, E. B., & Kirchler, E. M. (2015) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2014.12.001 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Examining transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust in Turkish hospitals: public servants versus private sector employees
Top, M., Akdere, M., & Tarcan, M. (2014) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2014.939987 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
The role of transformational leadership in enhancing team reflexivity
Schippers, M. C., Den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., & van Knippenberg, D. (2008) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708096639 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Leadership, Commitment, and Culture
Jackson, T. A., Meyer, J. P., & Wang, X.-H. F. (2012) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051812466919 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Transformational leadership sub-dimensions and their link to leaders' personality and performance
Deinert, A., Homan, A. C., Boer, D., Voelpel, S. C., & Gutermann, D. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.08.001 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Transformational leadership and followers' attitudes: the mediating role of psychological empowerment
Castro, C. B., Periñán, M. D. M. V., & Bueno, J. C. C. (2008) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190802324601 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The impact of transformational leadership on employee creativity: the role of learning orientation
Jyoti, J., & Dev, M. (2015) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/jabs-03-2014-0022 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Effects of Customer Incivility on Frontline Employees and the Moderating Role of Supervisor Leadership Style
Boukis, A., Koritos, C., Daunt, K. L., & Papastathopoulos, A. (2019) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2019.103997 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Elaborating the construct of transformational leadership: The role of affect
Brown, D. J., & Keeping, L. M. (2005) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.01.003 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Transformational leadership and creativity: A meta‐analytic review and identification of an integrated model
Koh, D., Lee, K., & Joshi, K. (2019) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2355 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Leadership effects on innovation propensity: A two-factor full range leadership model
Ryan, J. C., & Tipu, S. A. A. (2013) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.038 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Transformational leadership, employee turnover intention, and actual voluntary turnover in public organizations
Sun, R., & Wang, W. (2016) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2016.1257063 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Transferring HR practices within multinational corporations
Björkman, I., & Lervik, J. E. (2007) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2007.00048.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Leadership, Individual Differences, and Work‐related Attitudes: A Cross‐Culture Investigation
Walumbwa, F. O., LAWLER, J. J., & Avolio, B. J. (2007) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00241.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citation
Authentic Leadership and Follower Development
Woolley, L., Caza, A., & Levy, L. S. (2010) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051810382013 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The challenge of transactional and transformational leadership in projects
Tyssen, A. K., Wald, A. E., & Spieth, P. (2013) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.05.010 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Transformationale und charismatische Führung - Stand der Forschung und aktuelle Entwicklungen
Felfe, J. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie · doi:10.1026/1617-6391.5.4.163 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
A theoretical and empirical examination of the transactional and non-leadership dimensions of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)
Hinkin, T. R., & Schriesheim, C. A. (2008) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.07.001 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Associations between Traditional and Digital Leadership in Academic Environment: During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Antonopoulou, H., Halkiopoulos, C., Barlou, O., & Beligiannis, G. N. (2021) · Emerging Science Journal · doi:10.28991/esj-2021-01286 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Contextualizing leadership: a typology of global leadership roles
Reiche, B. S., Bird, A. W., Mendenhall, M. E., & Osland, J. S. (2016) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-016-0030-3 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Leadership styles, goal clarity, and project success: Evidence from project-based organizations in Pakistan
Raziq, M. M., Borini, F., Malik, O., Ahmad, M., & Shabaz, M. (2018) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-07-2017-0212 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Transformational Leadership Moderates the Relationship Between Emotional Exhaustion and Turnover Intention Among Community Mental Health Providers
Green, A. E., Miller, E. A., & Aarons, G. A. (2011) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-011-9463-0 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Finding gender advantage and disadvantage: Systematic research integration is the solution
Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2003) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.003 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The relationship between transformational leadership behaviors, psychological, and training outcomes in elite military recruits
Hardy, L., Arthur, C. A., Jones, G., Shariff, A., Munnoch, K., Isaacs, I., & Allsopp, A. J. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.10.002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Contextual leadership, transformational leadership and the performance of international innovation seeking alliances
Osborn, R. N., & Marion, R. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.01.010 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of mentor and protégé outcomes in formal mentoring relationships
Chun, J. U., Sosik, J. J., & Yun, N. Y. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1781 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Transactional and transformational leadership impacts on organizational learning
Zagoršek, H., Dimovski, V., & Škerlavaj, M. (2009) · Journal of East European Management Studies · doi:10.5771/0949-6181-2009-2-144 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Transformational and Transactional Leadership in Martial Arts
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Authors: Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
Duquesne University (US)
Corresponding author: Antonakis, John
ORCID: Antonakis, John
Avolio, Bruce J
Venue: The Leadership Quarterly
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-06
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Pages: 261-295
ISSN: 1048-9843 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s1048-9843(03)00030-4
OpenAlex: W2027972351
Cited by: 1,533
References: 144
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 99
FWCI: 28.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Leadership Quarterly (publishedVersion)
IRIS (submittedVersion)
SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Keywords: Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, measurement invariance, environmental risk, leadership context, factor structure

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Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire

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