Social Justice as a Public Health Imperative for Kānaka Maoli

May combine two claims.

Even African-Americans with a higher SES experience similar social stressors (e.g., racism) as those in a lower SES and, when compared to Whites with an 'equivalent' SES, they still have higher morbidity and mortality rates.

“As studies with African-Americans show, even those with a higher SES experience similar social stressors (for example, racism) as those in a lower SES and, when compared to Whites with an 'equivalent' SES, they still have higher morbidity and mortality rates (Williams, 1999).”

• cites Williams, 1999 sourcePartly supported

  In “RACE, SES, AND HEALTH” (page unavailable), Williams reports lower life expectancy for African Americans than for similarly situated whites at every income level and says the pattern extends to multiple health outcomes. “RACISM AND HEALTH: DIRECT EFFECTS” describes discrimination as a health-related stressor. The copy does not establish that higher- and lower-SES African Americans experience similar levels of those stressors. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent in Kānaka Maoli (27%).

“Also highly prevalent in Känaka Maoli are health-compromising behaviours associated with obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, such as depression (13%) (Cho et al., 2006), cigarette smoking (27%) and other substance use (26%) (Balabis et al., 2007).”

• cites Balabis et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Kānaka Maoli are disproportionately represented in the lower SES and are underrepresented in higher education.

“As reviewed in the previous section, Känaka Maoli are disproportionately represented in the lower SES and are underrepresented in higher education, both of which are social factors that could be associated with their higher mortality and morbidity rates.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The people around us and the environment in which we live influence our quality of life and well-being.

“The people around us and the environment in which we live, whether close in proximity or distal, influence us in many ways, and one such way is in our quality of life and well-being.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Depression is highly prevalent in Kānaka Maoli (13%).

“Also highly prevalent in Känaka Maoli are health-compromising behaviours associated with obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, such as depression (13%) (Cho et al., 2006), cigarette smoking (27%) and other substance use (26%) (Balabis et al., 2007).”

• cites Cho et al., 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The prevalence of diabetes is 6% in the general Hawai'i population.

“To put this in perspective, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes is 17% and 6%, respectively, in the general Hawai'i population; 11% and 5%, respectively, in Japanese-Americans; and 18% and 5%, respectively, in Whites (Balabis et al., 2007).”

• cites Balabis et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Social capital, such as a person's social networks, decreases with lower SES, resulting in a subsequent increase in psychological stressors and decrease in social support.

“Social capital, such as a person's social networks, also decreases, resulting in a subsequent increase in psychological stressors (for example, depression) and decrease in social support (Lorant et al., 2003).”

• cites Lorant et al., 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Indigenous peoples have been pushed to the fringes of society and assigned negative stereotypes and images.

“In fact, they have been pushed to the fringes of society and assigned negative stereotypes and images (for example, lazy Hawaiian, drunken Indian and violent Mäori) and have thus been forced into a subordinate social ranking by the colonizer in their own homelands.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Kānaka Maoli have experienced drastic changes to their way of life and to the demography of their ancestral homeland over two centuries of US occupation.

“Känaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) have experienced drastic changes to their way of life and to the demography of their ancestral homeland over two centuries of US occupation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The prevalence of diabetes is 5% in Whites.

“To put this in perspective, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes is 17% and 6%, respectively, in the general Hawai'i population; 11% and 5%, respectively, in Japanese-Americans; and 18% and 5%, respectively, in Whites (Balabis et al., 2007).”

• cites Balabis et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Social subordination usually involves exposure to high rates of physical and psychological stressors, a tendency toward chronic activation of the stress response, and increased risk for stress-related diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and psychiatric disorders.

“Although social subordination is not always associated with physiological indices of stress, it usually involves exposure to high rates of physical and psychological stressors, a tendency toward chronic activation of the stress response, and increased risk for stress-related diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and psychiatric disorders (Sapolsky, 2004).”

• cites Sapolsky, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The prevalence of obesity is 18% in Whites.

“To put this in perspective, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes is 17% and 6%, respectively, in the general Hawai'i population; 11% and 5%, respectively, in Japanese-Americans; and 18% and 5%, respectively, in Whites (Balabis et al., 2007).”

• cites Balabis et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The prevalence of obesity is 17% in the general Hawai'i population.

“To put this in perspective, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes is 17% and 6%, respectively, in the general Hawai'i population; 11% and 5%, respectively, in Japanese-Americans; and 18% and 5%, respectively, in Whites (Balabis et al., 2007).”

• cites Balabis et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In an experiment, women in the subordinate condition perceived themselves as having a lower status while women in the dominant condition perceived themselves as having a higher social status.

“It was found that women in the subordinate condition perceived themselves as having a lower status while women in the dominant condition perceived themselves as having a higher social status.”

• cites Mendelson et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Having a subordinate social position is associated with immunosuppression and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

“Consequently, having a subordinate social position is associated with immunosuppression (that is, a body's decreased ability to ward off infections) and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.”

• cites Sapolsky, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Blaisdell (1993) asserts that Kānaka Maoli were healthy and robust individuals flourishing under a sophisticated socio-religious system of government.

“Commenting about that time, Blaisdell (1993) asserts that Känaka Maoli were healthy and robust individuals flourishing under a sophisticated socio-religious system of government.”

• cites Blaisdell, 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kānaka Maoli are among the highest ranking groups in terms of cardiovascular disease (4.6%).

“They are among the highest ranking groups in terms of obesity (44%), diabetes (13%) and cardiovascular disease (4.6%) (Balabis et al., 2007).”

• cites Balabis et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The prevalence of diabetes is 5% in Japanese-Americans.

“To put this in perspective, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes is 17% and 6%, respectively, in the general Hawai'i population; 11% and 5%, respectively, in Japanese-Americans; and 18% and 5%, respectively, in Whites (Balabis et al., 2007).”

• cites Balabis et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A low social status, and related psychological factors, can lead to chronic elevations in basal glucocorticoid levels, slowed stress response, and delayed and extended post-stress recovery.

“Briefly, a low social status, and related psychological factors (for example, perceived discrimination or anticipation of a stressor), can lead to chronic elevations in basal glucocorticoid levels (that is, a hormonal stress response), slowed stress response, and delayed and extended post-stress recovery (Steptoe et al., 2002).”

• cites Steptoe et al., 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The effects of these changes on the health and well-being of Kānaka Maoli have been immense.

“The effects of these changes on the health and wellbeing of Känaka Maoli have been immense.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The US occupation of Hawai'i and compulsory acculturation toward the American way of life, and the migration of other ethnic groups to Hawai'i, have adversely impacted the social status of Kānaka Maoli in their own homeland.

“The United States (US) occupation of Hawai'i and the compulsory acculturation toward the American way of life, and the migration of other ethnic groups to Hawai'i, have adversely impacted the social status of Känaka Maoli in their own homeland.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

For indigenous peoples suffering the ramifications of colonization, their environment and way of life are no longer under their direct control.

“For indigenous peoples suffering the ramifications of colonization, their environment and way of life are no longer under their direct control.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The prevalence of obesity is 11% in Japanese-Americans.

“To put this in perspective, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes is 17% and 6%, respectively, in the general Hawai'i population; 11% and 5%, respectively, in Japanese-Americans; and 18% and 5%, respectively, in Whites (Balabis et al., 2007).”

• cites Balabis et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Stannard (1989) estimates that 800,000 to 1,000,000 Kānaka Maoli lived in what is now called the Hawaiian archipelago when Cook arrived in 1778.

“Stannard (1989) estimates that 800,000 to 1,000,000 Känaka Maoli lived in what is now called the Hawaiian archipelago when Cook arrived in 1778.”

• cites Stannard, 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other substance use is highly prevalent in Kānaka Maoli (26%).

“Also highly prevalent in Känaka Maoli are health-compromising behaviours associated with obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, such as depression (13%) (Cho et al., 2006), cigarette smoking (27%) and other substance use (26%) (Balabis et al., 2007).”

• cites Balabis et al., 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many contemporary Kānaka Maoli embrace the values and aspirations of the American society and consciously choose to integrate, if not assimilate, toward it.

“Indeed, many contemporary Känaka Maoli embrace the values and aspirations of the American society and consciously choose to integrate, if not assimilate, toward it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kānaka Maoli intermarried readily with immigrant groups, making Kānaka Maoli the most racially diverse people in the world.

“Känaka Maoli intermarried readily with these groups, as they did with the previous immigrant groups to Hawai'i in the 1800s, making Känaka Maoli the most racially diverse people in the world (Olson, 2002).”

• cites Olson, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The social world of Kānaka Maoli continues to change, and this change continues to be imposed by non-natives using the US Constitution to legitimize their ethno-centric aspirations.

“Thus, the social world of Känaka Maoli continues to change, and this change continues to be imposed by non-natives using the US Constitution to legitimize their ethno-centric aspirations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Berry theorizes that an individual from an acculturating group eventually adopts one of four acculturation strategies: integrated, separated, assimilated or marginalised.

“Briefly, Berry theorizes that an individual from an acculturating group, despite the reasons for entering into an acculturation process (for example, immigration or conquest), eventually adopts one of four acculturation strategies: integrated (or bi-cultural), separated (referred to here as traditional), assimilated or marginalised.”

• cites Berry, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Such lawsuits threaten the already limited rights and entitlements of Kānaka Maoli, which can only serve to further alienate them from the larger society.

“Such lawsuits threaten the already limited rights and entitlements of Känaka Maoli, which can only serve to further alienate them from the larger society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Kānaka Maoli wanting to assimilate toward the American culture may be met with challenges such as not being fully accepted by the American mainstream while being marginalized by the Kānaka Maoli community.

“For example, Känaka Maoli wanting to assimilate toward the American culture may be met with challenges such as not being fully accepted by the American mainstream while being marginalized by the Känaka Maoli community.”

May combine two claims.

Hawaiians were coerced into submitting to foreign institutions, laws, and cultures and forced to either give up or be punished for practicing their traditional culture.

“Hawaiians were coerced into submitting to foreign institutions, laws, and cultures and forced to either give up or be punished for practicing their traditional culture.”

• cites Rezentes, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In a KHRP study, 70% of Kānaka Maoli could be characterized as having an integrated acculturation strategy while 23% had a traditional acculturation strategy.

“It was found that 70% of Känaka Maoli could be characterized as having an integrated acculturation strategy while 23% had a traditional acculturation strategy.”

• cites Kaholokula, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These stereotypes have hindered many young Hawaiians from seeking high goals.

“As Young (1980: 21) points out, 'These stereotypes…have hindered many young Hawaiians from seeking high goals.'”

• cites Young, 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The overall prevalence of diabetes across all Kānaka Maoli is estimated to be 19%.

“To put this in perspective, the overall prevalence of diabetes across all Känaka Maoli is estimated to be 19% (Grandinetti et al., 2007).”

• cites Grandinetti et al., 2007Not checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The likely hypothesis is that traditional Kānaka Maoli are experiencing more acculturative stress in the same ways as described earlier.

“Again, the likely hypothesis is that traditional Känaka Maoli are experiencing more acculturative stress in the same ways as described earlier.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The laws and policies of a society reflect the cultural beliefs, practices, preferences (or biases) and aspirations of that society.

“The laws and policies of a society reflect the cultural beliefs, practices, preferences (or biases) and aspirations of that society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Social and psychological factors influence the effects these four acculturation strategies have on a person's health status.

“Social and psychological factors influence the effects these four acculturation strategies have on a person's health status.”

• cites Berry, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Some Hawaiians have internalized their oppressors' messages and become trapped in vicious cycles of poor health practices, abuse of 'ohana members, neglect or prostitution of traditional Hawaiian culture, and abandonment of their spirituality.

“Some Hawaiians have internalized their oppressors' messages. They have become trapped in vicious cycles of poor health practices, abuse of 'ohana [family] members, neglect or prostitution of traditional Hawaiian culture, and the abandonment of their spirituality.”

• cites Rezentes, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other researchers have found that acculturative stress is associated with depression in other US ethnic groups.

“Other researchers have found that acculturative stress is associated with depression in other US ethnic groups (Hovey, 2000), and that both acculturative stress and depression are lower in integrated individuals (Jang et al., 2007).”

• cites Hovey, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Both acculturative stress and depression are lower in integrated individuals.

“Other researchers have found that acculturative stress is associated with depression in other US ethnic groups (Hovey, 2000), and that both acculturative stress and depression are lower in integrated individuals (Jang et al., 2007).”

• cites Jang et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Those new psychological stresses, as well as new kinds of microbes, played important parts in the long dying of the Hawaiian race.

“Those new psychological stresses, as well as the new kinds of microbes [diseases], most certainly played important parts in the long dying of the Hawaiian race.”

• cites Bushnell, 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The psychological trauma experienced by Kānaka Maoli of this period was incredible, with adverse psychological effects that have been carried into the present.

“Certainly, the psychological trauma experienced by Känaka Maoli of this period was incredible, with adverse psychological effects that have been carried into the present.”

• cites Rezentes, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Since the 1893 overthrow, Kānaka Maoli have continuously experienced social and political changes that further erode their social status in their own homeland.

“Since the 1893 overthrow, Känaka Maoli have continuously experienced social and political changes that further erode their social status in their own homeland.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This drop might reflect a combination of factors: poor data collection, inconsistency in the definition of Kanaka Maoli, higher infant mortality rates among Kānaka Maoli and/or Kānaka Maoli not wanting to identify as such because of the social stigma associated with this ethnic identity during these decades.

“This drop might reflect a combination of factors: poor data collection, inconsistency in the definition of Kanaka Maoli, higher infant mortality rates among Känaka Maoli and/or Känaka Maoli not wanting to identify as such because of the social stigma associated with this ethnic identity during these decades.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Despite having a diverse ethnic ancestry, 81% of Kānaka Maoli choose their Kanaka Maoli heritage as their primary ethnic identification.

“Despite having a diverse ethnic ancestry, 81% of Känaka Maoli choose their Kanaka Maoli heritage as their primary ethnic identification (Kaholokula, 2007, 2009).”

• cites Kaholokula, 2007, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kānaka Maoli choosing to maintain a strong cultural affiliation are also met with challenges.

“Känaka Maoli choosing to maintain a strong cultural affiliation are also met with challenges, and examples of these challenges are described throughout this paper.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Little is known about the attitude of contemporary Kānaka Maoli in regard to that historical event and the current events discussed earlier.

“By all accounts, a significant number of Känaka Maoli of the time strongly objected, in fact protested against, the 1893 overthrow (Silva, 2004), but little is known about the attitude of contemporary Känaka Maoli in regard to that historical event and the current events we discussed earlier.”

May combine two claims.

Many Kānaka Maoli have internalized these negative messages, which in turn has led to increased maladaptive behaviours and further social discord for contemporary Kānaka Maoli.

“His observation is consistent with Rezentes' (1996) comment that many Känaka Maoli have internalized these negative messages, which in turn has led to increased maladaptive behaviours (for example, domestic violence) and further social discord for contemporary Känaka Maoli.”

• cites Rezentes, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many of the traditional practices and beliefs of Kānaka Maoli were condemned by the American missionaries, including hula and traditional healing practices.

“Many of the traditional practices and beliefs of Känaka Maoli were condemned by the American missionaries, including hula (traditional Hawaiian dance) and traditional healing practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Inequalities beget other inequalities, and existing inequalities compound, sustain, and reproduce a multitude of deprivations.

“Inequalities beget other inequalities, and existing inequalities compound, sustain, and reproduce a multitude of deprivations.”

• cites Gostin & Powers, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

These findings suggest that how Kānaka Maoli perceive themselves in the larger social context, and whether they believe they can deal with life's challenges, can influence their health-related behaviours.

“Interestingly, these findings suggest that how Känaka Maoli perceive themselves in the larger social context, and whether they believe they can deal with life's challenges, can influence their health-related behaviours.”

May combine two claims.

Glanz et al. found that in all of the adolescents in the study a lower sense of coherence was associated with both smoking initiation and having smoked in the last month.

“Glanz et al. found that in all of the adolescents in the study a lower sense of coherence was associated with both smoking initiation and having smoked in the last month.”

• cites Glanz et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

One reason research in this area might be lacking is the political nature of examining social status in relationship to health outcomes.

“One reason research in this area might be lacking is the political nature of examining social status in relationship to health outcomes.”

May combine two claims.

A person's low social ranking is associated with certain psychological conditions (e.g., depression and acculturative stress) and physical conditions (e.g., diabetes), and these conditions serve to maintain or worsen the person's social ranking.

“A person's low social ranking is associated with certain psychological (for example, depression and acculturative stress) and physical (for example, diabetes) conditions and these conditions serve to maintain or worsen a person's social ranking.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This worldview is based on a reciprocal, interdependent relationship where an imbalance in one dimension can affect the others.

“Moreover, this worldview is based on a reciprocal, interdependent relationship where an imbalance in one dimension can affect the others.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Ancient Kānaka Maoli believed that health and well-being are maintained by a positive balance between the spiritual, physical and social or environmental dimensions of one's self and the world.

“Ancient Känaka Maoli believed that health and well-being are maintained by a positive balance between the spiritual, physical and social or environmental dimensions of one's self and the world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Renewed pride and determination can only have positive effects on the social, psychological, spiritual and physical health and well-being of Kānaka Maoli by creating an environment that supports and reinforces these aspirations.

“Indeed, this renewed pride and determination can only have positive effects on the social, psychological, spiritual and physical health and well-being of Känaka Maoli by once again creating an environment that supports and reinforces these aspirations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Cultural Loss/Stress Hypothesis explains that larger socio-political events (macro system) influence the degree of cultural loss (exo system) and the maintenance of cultural beliefs, practices, and institutions (meso system).

“Briefly, based on a socio-ecological framework, the hypothesis explains that larger socio-political events (macro system) influence the degree of cultural loss (exo system) and the maintenance of cultural beliefs, practices, and institutions (meso system).”

• cites Native Hawaiian Educational Assessment Project (1983)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hammond (1988) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Crabbe (1999)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The current Kānaka Maoli population is less than half of the population just prior to Western intrusion and more than 10 times greater than it was in 1893.

“Although this is less than half of the Känaka Maoli population just prior to Western intrusion, it is more than 10 times greater than it was in 1893.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Gostin and Powers argue that public health in the USA has strayed away from its core value and mission because of political forces.

“Gostin and Powers (2006) argue, however, that public health in the USA has strayed away from its core value and mission because of political forces.”

• cites Gostin & Powers, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The ancient Kanaka Maoli socio-religious order of laws and regulations known as the kapu system was, in part, a public health programme in place prior to 1778.

“The ancient Kanaka Maoli socio-religious order of laws and regulations known as the kapu system was, in part, a public health programme that was in place prior to 1778.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Larger socio-political forces often influence social inequity, such as laws and policies that benefit one social group over another or the larger society's attitude toward a particular social group.

“Often, larger socio-political forces influence social inequity, such as laws and policies that benefit one social group over another or the larger society's attitude toward a particular social group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Increased attention has been given to medical and psychological interventions that focus on the individual and his or her behaviours, attitudes and beliefs, and biological state, but not to the social systems in which they develop and operate.

“Increased attention has been given to medical and psychological interventions that focus on the individual and his or her behaviours, attitudes and beliefs, and biological state, but not to the social systems in which they develop and operate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Public health traditionally places a heavy emphasis on the larger societal and political issues that impact a disadvantaged social group's health and well-being.

“Public health traditionally places a heavy emphasis on the larger societal and political issues that impact a disadvantaged social group's health and well-being.”

May combine two claims.

Kānaka Maoli adolescents had a lower sense of coherence compared to the other adolescents, and they also had the highest prevalence of smoking.

“Moreover, Känaka Maoli adolescents had a lower sense of coherence compared to the other adolescents, and they also had the highest prevalence of smoking.”

• cites Glanz et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

It was hypothesized that perhaps Kānaka Maoli with a stronger Kanaka Maoli identity are experiencing more cultural conflict and acculturative stress because they are culturally Kanaka Maoli living in a Western environment that may not entirely support their traditional values and practices.

“It was again hypothesized that perhaps Känaka Maoli with a stronger Kanaka Maoli identity are experiencing more cultural conflict and acculturative stress because they are culturally Kanaka Maoli living in a Western environment that may not entirely support their traditional values and practices.”

May combine two claims.

Yuen et al. also found that a stronger Kanaka Maoli cultural affiliation was predictive of suicide attempts as well as depression, substance abuse and main wage earner's educational achievement.

“Not only did they find higher rates of suicide attempts in Känaka Maoli adolescents (12.9%) compared to nonKänaka Maoli adolescents (9.6%), they also found that a stronger Kanaka Maoli cultural affiliation was predictive of suicide attempts as well as depression, substance abuse and main wage earner's educational achievement.”

• cites Yuen et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Kānaka Maoli population dwindled from about 800,000 in 1778 to barely 40,000 by 1893, but more than 410,000 Kānaka Maoli are alive today.

“the Känaka Maoli population dwindled from about 800,000 in 1778 to barely 40,000 by 1893, but more than 410,000 Känaka Maoli are alive today.”

May combine two claims.

Depression and type 2 diabetes are two conditions found to be most prevalent in Kānaka Maoli with a traditional strategy of acculturation.

“Several studies have found that people with depression are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes (Knol et al., 2006), two conditions found to be most prevalent in Känaka Maoli with a traditional strategy of acculturation.”

May combine two claims.

The six empirical studies reviewed support that larger societal factors could be influencing physical health and well-being of Kānaka Maoli and that these operate via psychological factors.

“The six empirical studies reviewed here lend support to the idea that larger societal factors could be influencing the physical health and well-being of Känaka Maoli and that these are operating via psychological factors.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Kapihe foresees a resurrection of old Hawai'i, not just as it was, but with a wondrous intensification of its powers for living successfully and communicating with forebears and gods.

“Kapihe foresees a resurrection of old Hawai'i, not just as it was, but with a wondrous intensification of its powers for living successfully and communicating with forebears and gods.”

• cites Charlot (2004)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.