Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism: Regulatory and Functional Aspects

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An Interaction between Kynurenine and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Can Generate Regulatory T Cells

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Tryptophan and the immune response

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Tryptophan Catabolism in Cancer: Beyond IDO and Tryptophan Depletion

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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor negatively regulates dendritic cell immunogenicity via a kynurenine-dependent mechanism

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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: Its roles in physiology

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The Kynurenine Pathway—New Linkage between Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Autoimmune Endocrinopathies

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Quinolinate as a Marker for Kynurenine Metabolite Formation and the Unresolved Question of NAD(+) Synthesis During Inflammation and Infection

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Emerging effects of tryptophan pathway metabolites and intestinal microbiota on metabolism and intestinal function

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Indole metabolites and colorectal cancer: Gut microbial tryptophan metabolism, host gut microbiome biomarkers, and potential intervention mechanisms

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Potential benefits of patchouli alcohol in prevention of human diseases: A mechanistic review

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Comprehensive assessment of multiple tryptophan metabolites as potential biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

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Recent advances in clinical trials targeting the kynurenine pathway

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Lysosomal cystine governs ferroptosis sensitivity in cancer via cysteine stress response

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Tryptophan Metabolism, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Neurovascular Disease

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Neuroimmunology of depression

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Amino Acid Homeostasis in Mammalian Cells with a Focus on Amino Acid Transport

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Detrimental activation of AhR pathway in cancer: an overview of therapeutic strategies

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Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Malignant Tumor

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Global Concerns with B Vitamin Statuses: Biofortification, Fortification, Hidden Hunger, Interactions, and Toxicity

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Multistability in Macrophage Activation Pathways and Metabolic Implications

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A multimodal atlas of tumour metabolism reveals the architecture of gene–metabolite covariation

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Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cells by Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

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Tryptophan metabolism and disposition in cancer biology and immunotherapy

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Kynurenine Pathway in Chronic Kidney Disease: What’s Old, What’s New, and What’s Next?

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The Detrimental Effects of Kynurenine, a Tryptophan Metabolite, on Human Bone Metabolism

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Tryptophan Metabolism: A Versatile Area Providing Multiple Targets for Pharmacological Intervention

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Diverse therapeutic efficacies and more diverse mechanisms of nicotinamide

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Tryptophan: From Diet to Cardiovascular Diseases

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Inhibition of Tryptophan-Dioxygenase Activity Increases the Antitumor Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

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AhR and IDO1 in pathogenesis of Covid-19 and the “Systemic AhR Activation Syndrome:” a translational review and therapeutic perspectives

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Insights into teleost interferon-gamma biology: An update

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The tryptophan–kynurenine pathway in immunomodulation and cancer metastasis

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NAD deficiency due to environmental factors or gene–environment interactions causes congenital malformations and miscarriage in mice

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Dietary Vitamin B6 Deficiency Impairs Gut Microbiota and Host and Microbial Metabolites in Rats

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Systematic Review on the Involvement of the Kynurenine Pathway in Stroke: Pre-clinical and Clinical Evidence

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Kynurenine pathway and human systems

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Metabolic Profiling of Human Plasma and Urine, Targeting Tryptophan, Tyrosine and Branched Chain Amino Acid Pathways

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IDO1/TDO dual inhibitor RY103 targets Kyn-AhR pathway and exhibits preclinical efficacy on pancreatic cancer

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The Role of Tryptophan Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease

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DNA-Encoded Library Technology-Based Discovery, Lead Optimization, and Prodrug Strategy toward Structurally Unique Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) Inhibitors

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Dual inhibition of IDO1/TDO2 enhances anti-tumor immunity in platinum-resistant non-small cell lung cancer

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Major Depressive Disorder and Gut Microbiota: Role of Physical Exercise

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Plasma kynurenines and prognosis in patients with heart failure

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1‐L‐MT, an IDO inhibitor, prevented colitis‐associated cancer by inducing CDC20 inhibition‐mediated mitotic death of colon cancer cells

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Hypothesis kynurenic and quinolinic acids: The main players of the kynurenine pathway and opponents in inflammatory disease

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Evidence that a deviation in the kynurenine pathway aggravates atherosclerotic disease in humans

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The Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporosis

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Tryptophan Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease with the Involvement of Microglia and Astrocyte Crosstalk and Gut-Brain Axis

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Circadian Rhythms and Melatonin Metabolism in Patients With Disorders of Gut-Brain Interactions

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Preventive and Therapeutic Potential of Physical Exercise in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Microbiota-Derived Tryptophan Metabolite Indole-3-Propionic Acid-Emerging Role in Neuroprotection

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Kynurenine Is a Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker for Bacterial and Viral Central Nervous System Infections

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Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression Identified in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells and in Intratumoral Pericytes of Most Cancers

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Quinolinic Acid, a Tryptophan Metabolite of the Skin Microbiota, Negatively Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome through AhR in Psoriasis

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Emerging role for kynurenines in metabolic pathologies

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Synthetic Essentiality of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 in APC -Mutated Colorectal Cancer

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Metabolic and Inflammatory Response in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Systematic Review on Peripheral Neuroimmune Biomarkers

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On the benefits of the tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse aging

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The weight of nutrients: kynurenine metabolites in obesity and exercise

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Targeting the Kynurenine Pathway for the Treatment of Cisplatin-Resistant Lung Cancer

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Regulation of Gastrointestinal Immunity by Metabolites

Gu, B., Kim, M., & Yun, C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010167 · Cited by 57

The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases

Ala, M., & Eftekhar, S. P. (2022) · International Journal of Tryptophan Research · doi:10.1177/11786469221096643 · Cited by 63

Cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid is strongly associated with delirium and mortality in hip-fracture patients

Watne, L. O., Pollmann, C. T., Neerland, B. E., Quist‐Paulsen, E., Halaas, N. B., Idland, A., Hassel, B., Henjum, K., Knapskog, A., Frihagen, F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci163472 · Cited by 59

The Involvement of Intestinal Tryptophan Metabolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Identified by a Meta-Analysis of the Transcriptome and a Systematic Review of the Metabolome

Wang, S., van Schooten, F., Jin, H., Jonkers, D. M. A. E., & Godschalk, R. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132886 · Cited by 58

IDO activation, inflammation and musculoskeletal disease

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Tryptophan Metabolism in Atherosclerosis and Diabetes

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Age-Dependent Decline of NAD+—Universal Truth or Confounded Consensus?

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Homeostatic regulation of NAD(H) and NADP(H) in cells

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Diverse Physiological Roles of Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites: Updated Implications for Health and Disease

Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Dong, X., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15030210 · Cited by 59

Tryptophan Catabolism as Immune Mechanism of Primary Resistance to Anti-PD-1

Botticelli, A., Mezi, S., Pomati, G., Cerbelli, B., Cerbelli, E., Roberto, M., Giusti, R., Cortellini, A., Lionetto, L., Scagnoli, S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01243 · Cited by 54

An Emerging Cross-Species Marker for Organismal Health: Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway

Jamshed, L., Debnath, A., Jamshed, S., Wish, J. V., Raine, J. C., Tomy, G. T., Thomas, P. J., & Holloway, A. C. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23116300 · Cited by 59

The immunosuppressive role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in glioblastoma: mechanism of action and immunotherapeutic strategies

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An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication

Stone, T. W., Clanchy, F. I. L., Huang, Y., Chiang, N., Darlington, L. G., & Williams, R. O. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004 · Cited by 57

The Function of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Placenta: A Novel Pharmacotherapeutic Target?

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Advances in the mechanisms of polysaccharides in alleviating depression and its complications

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Inflammatory biomarkers and perinatal depression: A systematic review

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Gut Microbiome, Diet and Depression: Literature Review of Microbiological, Nutritional and Neuroscientific Aspects

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Discovery and Validation of Banana Intake Biomarkers Using Untargeted Metabolomics in Human Intervention and Cross-sectional Studies

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Increased serum QUIN/KYNA is a reliable biomarker of post-stroke cognitive decline

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Kynurenine Metabolism and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Potential Targets and Approaches

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Effects of postbiotics on chronic diarrhea in young adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial assessing clinical symptoms, gut microbiota, and metabolite profiles

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Glucocorticoid-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets

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Investigation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the intrinsic tumoral component of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in primary brain tumors

Guastella, A. R., Michelhaugh, S. K., Klinger, N. V., Fadel, H. A., Kiousis, S., Ali‐Fehmi, R., Kupsky, W. J., Juhász, C., & Mittal, S. (2018) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-018-2869-6 · Cited by 54

Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites as Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Tan, V. X., & Guillemin, G. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01013 · Cited by 54

Addiction and the kynurenine pathway: A new dancing couple?

Morales‐Puerto, N., Giménez‐Gómez, P., Pérez‐Hernández, M., Abuin-Martínez, C., de Biedma‐Elduayen, L. G., Vidal, R., Gutiérrez‐López, M. D., O’Shea, E., & Colado, M. I. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107807 · Cited by 54

Compilation of antiviral treatments and strategies to fight fish viruses

Pereiro, P., Figueras, A. J., & Novoa, B. (2020) · Reviews in Aquaculture · doi:10.1111/raq.12521 · Cited by 51

Sex Differences in Tryptophan Metabolism: A Systematic Review Focused on Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Pais, M., Martins, J., Castelo-Branco, M. S., & Gonçalves, J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24066010 · Cited by 57

Tryptophan metabolism in digestive system tumors: unraveling the pathways and implications

Liang, Y., Lu, J., & Du, W. (2024) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-024-01552-7 · Cited by 53

The microbiota drives diurnal rhythms in tryptophan metabolism in the stressed gut

Gheorghe, C. E., Leigh, S., Tofani, G. S. S., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Lyte, J. M., Gardellin, E., Govindan, A., Strain, C., Martínez-Herrero, S., Goodson, M. S., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114079 · Cited by 53

Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Migraine and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Fila, M., Chojnacki, J., Pawlowska, E., Szczepanska, J., Chojnacki, C., & Blasiak, J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms221810134 · Cited by 50

Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate-Dependent Enzymes at the Crossroads of Host–Microbe Tryptophan Metabolism

Cellini, B., Zelante, T., Dindo, M., Bellet, M. M., Renga, G., Romani, L. R., & Costantini, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21165823 · Cited by 54

Higher concentrations of kynurenic acid in CSF are associated with the slower clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease

Knapskog, A., Aksnes, M., Edwin, T. H., Ueland, P. M., Ulvik, A., Fang, E. F., Eldholm, R. S., Halaas, N. B., Saltvedt, I. T., Giil, L. M., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13162 · Cited by 50

Diabetes Mellitus, Energy Metabolism, and COVID-19

Conte, C., Cipponeri, E., & Roden, M. (2023) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnad032 · Cited by 51

Kynurenic Acid/AhR Signaling at the Junction of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Diseases

Grishanova, A. Y., & Perepechaeva, M. L. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25136933 · Cited by 53

Diaryl hydroxylamines as pan or dual inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 and tryptophan dioxygenase

Winters, M., DuHadaway, J. B., Pham, K., Lewis-Ballester, A., Badir, S., Wai, J., Sheikh, E., Yeh, S., Prendergast, G. C., Muller, A. J., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.010 · Cited by 51

Hericium Erinaceus Prevents DEHP-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis in PC12 Cells

Amara, I., Scuto, M. C., Zappalà, A., Ontario, M. L., Petralia, A., Abid‐Essefi, S., Maiolino, L., Signorile, A., Salinaro, A. T., & Calabrese, V. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21062138 · Cited by 50

The Kynurenine Pathway as a Potential Target for Neuropathic Pain Therapy Design: From Basic Research to Clinical Perspectives

Ciapała, K., Mika, J., & Rojewska, E. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222011055 · Cited by 51

Tryptophan fuels MYC-dependent liver tumorigenesis through indole 3-pyruvate synthesis

Venkateswaran, N., Garcia, R., Lafita‐Navarro, M. C., Hao, Y.-H., Perez‐Castro, L., Nogueira, P. A. S., Solmonson, A., Mender, I., Kilgore, J. A., Fang, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47868-3 · Cited by 49

Prenatal Dynamics of Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism in Mice: Focus on Kynurenic Acid

Goeden, N., Notarangelo, F. M., Pocivavsek, A., Beggiato, S., Bonnin, A., & Schwarcz, R. M. (2017) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000481168 · Cited by 50

Reprogramming of Metabolism in Kidney Cancer

Wettersten, H. I. (2020) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.12.002 · Cited by 49

Construction and Analysis of the Tumor-Specific mRNA–miRNA–lncRNA Network in Gastric Cancer

Zheng, X., Wang, X., Li, Z., Zhao, H., Li, W., Wang, B., Xue, L., Tian, Y., & Xie, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.01112 · Cited by 47

The Effects of Stress and Diet on the “Brain–Gut” and “Gut–Brain” Pathways in Animal Models of Stress and Depression

Herselman, M. F., Bailey, S., & Bobrovskaya, L. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23042013 · Cited by 51

Deletion of enzymes for de novo NAD + biosynthesis accelerated ovarian aging

Yang, Q., Li, H., Wang, H., Chen, W., Zeng, X., Luo, X., Xu, J., & Sun, Y. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13904 · Cited by 50

α-Amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde Decarboxylase (ACMSD) Inhibitors as Novel Modulators of De Novo Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Biosynthesis

Pellicciari, R., Liscio, P., Giacchè, N., Franco, F., Carotti, A., Robertson, J., Cialabrini, L., Katsyuba, E., Raffaelli, N., & Auwerx, J. H. (2018) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01254 · Cited by 48

Overview of the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism

Michelhaugh, S. K., Guastella, A. R., & Mittal, S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11870-3_1 · Cited by 10

Tryptophan Metabolism and the Hepatic Kynurenine Pathway in Health and Disease

Badawy, A. A. ‐. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11870-3_2 · Cited by 3

Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 make separate, tissue-specific contributions to basal and inflammation-induced kynurenine pathway metabolism in mice

Larkin, P. B., Sathyasaikumar, K. V., Notarangelo, F. M., Funakoshi, H., Nakamura, T., Schwarcz, R. M., & Muchowski, P. J. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.002 · Cited by 82

Simultaneous Measurement of Kynurenine and Tryptophan in Human Plasma and Supernatants of Cultured Human Cells by HPLC with Coulometric Detection

Manéglier, B., Rogez‐Kreuz, C., Cordonnier, P., Thérond, P., Advenier, C., Dormont, D., Clayette, P., & Spreux‐Varoquaux, O. (2004) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.037465 · Cited by 45

Tryptophan and indole metabolism in immune regulation

Fiore, A., & Murray, P. J. (2021) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2020.12.001 · Cited by 269