International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions

Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria

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Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica

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Comparison of MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis

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Disability and T2 MRI lesions: a 20-year follow-up of patients with relapse onset of multiple sclerosis

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Consensus definitions proposed for pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders

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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

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Increased Relapse Rate in Pediatric-Onset Compared With Adult-Onset Multiple Sclerosis

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Early onset multiple sclerosis

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Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Childhood: Epidemiologic, Clinical and Laboratory Features

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Course and prognosis in early-onset MS

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Central Vein Sign in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease

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Pediatric-onset Multiple Sclerosis treatment: a multicentre observational study comparing natalizumab with fingolimod

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Hospital admission rates for pediatric multiple sclerosis in the United States using the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS)

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Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis in paediatric population in Slovenia: A descriptive nation-wide study

Bizjak, N., Osredkar, D., Benedik, M. P., & Jazbec, S. Š. (2017) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2017.09.017 · Cited by 13

Interleukin-6, S-Nitrosothiols, and Neurodegeneration in Different Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders: Is There a Relationship?

Fominykh, V., Vorobyeva, A. A., Onufriev, M. V., Brylev, L., Zakharova, M. N., & Gulyaeva, N. V. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2018.14.3.327 · Cited by 13

Clinical characteristics and use of disease modifying therapy in the nationwide Danish cohort of paediatric onset multiple sclerosis

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Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis in Poland: A registry-based retrospective cohort study

Brola, W., Steinborn, B., Niewada, M., Mazurkiewicz‐Bełdzińska, M., Jóźwiak, S., Sobolewski, P. K., Žák, M., Wilski, M., Bilska, M., Siedlarska, M., et al. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103344 · Cited by 13

Clinical analysis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated demyelination in children: A single-center cohort study in China

Wang, X., Zhao, R., Yang, H., Liu, C., Wang, W., Liu, T., Cui, L., & Chen, D. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103526 · Cited by 13

The Prevalence, Demographics, Clinical Features, Neuroimaging, and Inter-ethnic Differences of MOGAD in Malaysia with Global Perspectives

Ong, Z., Arip, M., Ching, Y., Kumar, L., Terumalay, S., Sim, S., Adenan, S., & Viswanathan, S. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104168 · Cited by 14

Clinical and radiological features of recurrent demyelination following acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Kariyawasam, S., Singh, R. R., Gadian, J., Lumsden, D. E., Lin, J., Siddiqui, A. U., Hacohen, Y., Absoud, M., & Lim, M. J. (2015) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2015.06.013 · Cited by 13

Factors Related to Long Term Motor, Behavioral, and Scholastic Outcome in Children with Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

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Cognitive functions in pediatric multiple sclerosis: 2-years follow-up

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Understanding Pediatric Neuroimmune Disorder Conflicts: A Neuroradiologic Approach in the Molecular Era

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Other noninfectious inflammatory disorders

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Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in childhood: Clinical features, treatment approaches, and long-term neurological outcomes

Çelik, H., Aksoy, E., Öztoprak, Ü., Ceylan, N., Aksoy, A., Yazıcı, M. U., Azapağası, E., Ekşioğlu, A. S., Yücel, H., Şenel, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106764 · Cited by 12

The Role of MRI in Differentiating Demyelinating and Inflammatory (not Infectious) Myelopathies

Tamanini, J. V. G., Sabino, J. V., Cordeiro, R. A., Mizubuti, V., Villarinho, L. D. L., Duarte, J. Á., Pereira, F. V., Appenzeller, S., Damasceno, A., & Reis, F. (2023) · Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI · doi:10.1053/j.sult.2023.03.017 · Cited by 14

Transverse myelitis in children and adults

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Etiological profile of noncompressive myelopathies in a tertiary care hospital of Northeast India

Bhowmick, S. S., Kayal, A., Goswami, M., Das, M., Basumatary, L., & Synmon, B. (2017) · Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · doi:10.4103/0972-2327.199904 · Cited by 12

Comparison of Cerebrospinal Fluid Opening Pressure in Children With Demyelinating Disease to Children With Primary Intracranial Hypertension

Morgan-Followell, B., & Aylward, S. C. (2016) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073816681936 · Cited by 12

TNFRSF1A and MEFV mutations in childhood onset multiple sclerosis

Blaschek, A., von Kries, R., Lohse, P., Huß, K., Vill, K., Belohradsky, B. H., Heinen, F., Müller‐Felber, W., & Kümpfel, T. (2017) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.08.007 · Cited by 12

Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis in Tunisia: A Retrospective Study over 11 Years

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Puberty onset and pediatric multiple sclerosis activity in boys

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Temporal profile of lymphocyte counts and relationship with infections with fingolimod therapy in paediatric patients with multiple sclerosis: Results from the PARADIG MS study

Chitnis, T., Banwell, B., Krupp, L., Arnold, D. L., Bar‐Or, A., Brück, W., Giovannoni, G., Greenberg, B. M., Ghezzi, A., Waubant, E. L., et al. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458520936934 · Cited by 12

Prognostic factors for relapse and outcome in pediatric acute transverse myelitis

Helfferich, J., Bruijstens, A. L., Wong, Y. Y. M., van Pelt, E. D., Boon, M., Neuteboom, R. F., Bakker, D. P., Braun, K. P. J., van Dijk, K. G. J., Eikelenboom, M. J., et al. (2021) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2020.12.019 · Cited by 12

Akute disseminierte Enzephalomyelitis

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Treatment of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica in children and adolescents

Tenembaum, S. N. (2013) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.016 · Cited by 12

Multiple Sclerosis in the Very Young: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Sivaraman, I., & Moodley, M. (2016) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt.15.70 · Cited by 12

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Persistency in a Steroid-Dependent ADEM Case

Polat, İ., Yiş, U., Karaoğlu, P., Ayanoğlu, M., Öztürk, T., Güleryüz, H., & Kurul, S. H. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1958 · Cited by 12

The Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite and Symbol Digit Modalities Test as outcome measures in pediatric multiple sclerosis

Brenton, J. N., Koshiya, H. G., Woolbright, E., & Goldman, M. D. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/2055217319846141 · Cited by 12

HLA-DRB1 allele impact on pediatric multiple sclerosis in a Hellenic cohort

Gontika, M. P., Skarlis, C., Artemiadis, A., Pons, R. M., Mastroyianni, S. D., Vartzelis, G., Theodorou, V., Kilindireas, K., Stefanis, L., Dalakas, M. C., et al. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/2055217320908046 · Cited by 12

Pediatric demyelinating disease and anti‐MOG antibody

Tenembaum, S. N. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1111/cen3.12627 · Cited by 12

Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of MOG autoimmunity in children with acquired demyelinating syndromes

Ferilli, M. A. N., Valeriani, M., Papi, C., Papetti, L., Ruscitto, C., Talamanca, L. F., Ursitti, F., Moavero, R., Vigevano, F., & Iorio, R. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102837 · Cited by 12

New Perspectives in Pediatric Neurology—Multiple Sclerosis

Narula, S. (2015) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.11.002 · Cited by 12

Autoimmune neurologic disorders in children

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mi RNA contributions to pediatric‐onset multiple sclerosis inferred from GWAS

Rhead, B., Shao, X., Graves, J., Chitnis, T., Waldman, A. T., Lotze, T. E., Schreiner, T., Belman, A. L., Krupp, L., Greenberg, B. M., et al. (2019) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.786 · Cited by 13

Early neuroaxonal injury is seen in the acute phase of pediatric optic neuritis

Wilbur, C., Reginald, Y. A., Longoni, G., Grover, S. A., WONG, A. M. F., Mabbott, D., Arnold, D. L., Marrie, R. A., Bar‐Or, A., Banwell, B., et al. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.101387 · Cited by 12

Current and Emerging Treatment Options in Pediatric Onset Multiple Sclerosis

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Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes in pediatric-onset MS patients on fingolimod and ocrelizumab

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Evidence of blood–brain barrier dysfunction and CSF immunoglobulin synthesis in Down Syndrome Regression Disorder

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Longitudinally extensive myelopathy in children

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Mobile Attention Bias Modification Training Is a Digital Health Solution for Managing Distress in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study in Pediatric Onset

Charvet, L. E., George, A., Cho, H., Krupp, L., & Dennis‐Tiwary, T. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.719090 · Cited by 11

Clinical characteristics and clinical course of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-seropositive pediatric optic neuritis

Moon, Y., Lim, B. C., Chae, J., & Jung, J. H. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103709 · Cited by 11

Non‐ADEM encephalitis in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a systematic review

Vega, E., Arrambide, G., Olivé, G. I., Castillo, M., Felipe‐Rucián, A., Tintoré, M., Montalbán, X., Espejo, C., Sepúlveda, M., Armangué, T., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15684 · Cited by 11

Pediatric multiple sclerosis: The 2022 ECTRIMS lecture

Banwell, B. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585231171047 · Cited by 11

Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Changing the Trajectory of Progression

Villagrán, D. C., & Yeh, E. A. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01300-3 · Cited by 12

Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis in Egypt: a multi-center registry of 186 patients

Hamdy, S. A., Naseer, M. M. A., Shalaby, N., Elmazny, A. N., Girgis, M. Y. F., Nada, M., Hassan, A., Mourad, H. S., Hegazy, M. I., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s160060 · Cited by 11

Postinfectious Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Associated With Antimyelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody

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Magnetic resonance imaging criteria at onset to differentiate pediatric multiple sclerosis from acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: A nationwide cohort study

Boesen, M. S., Blinkenberg, M., Thygesen, L. C., Ilginiene, J., & Langkilde, A. R. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103738 · Cited by 12

Brief Computer‐Based Information Processing Measures are Linked to White Matter Integrity in Pediatric‐Onset Multiple Sclerosis

Bartlett, E. A., Shaw, M., Schwarz, C., Feinberg, C., DeLorenzo, C., Krupp, L., & Charvet, L. E. (2018) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.12566 · Cited by 11

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders: clinical spectrum, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options

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Clinical predictors of NEDA-3 one year after diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis: an exploratory single-center study

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Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of alemtuzumab in pediatric patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: The LemKids study

Chitnis, T., Arnold, D. L., Quartier, P., Chirieac, M., Hu, W., Jurgensen, S., & Havrdová, E. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585241295554 · Cited by 10

Ocrelizumab dose selection for treatment of pediatric relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: results of the OPERETTA I study

Mar, S., Valeriani, M., Steinborn, B., Schreiner, T., Waubant, E. L., Filippi, M., Kotulska, K., Mazurkiewicz‐Bełdzińska, M., Azzouzi, B. E., Lin, C.-J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12879-z · Cited by 11

How should we diagnose acute disseminated encephalomyelitis?

Hardy, T. A. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13940 · Cited by 10

A combination of Q-TOF LC/MS and LC-MS/MS based metabolomics in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis demonstrates potential biomarkers for unclassified patients

Solmaz, İ., Kaplan, O., Çelebi̇er, M., Lay, İ., & ANLAR, F. B. (2022) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.55730/1300-0144.5436 · Cited by 10

Pediatric Emergency MRI

Longo, M. G. F., Jaimes, C. E., Machado, F., Delgado, J. A., & Gee, M. S. (2022) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mric.2022.05.004 · Cited by 10

Impaired Brain Growth in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

Bartels, F., Baumgartner, B., Aigner, A., Cooper, G. A., Blaschek, A., Wendel, E. M., Bertolini, A., Karenfort, M., Baumann, M., Cleaveland, R., et al. (2023) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200066 · Cited by 10

Clinical characteristics of patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies

Maillart, É., Deiva, K., & Marignier, R. (2024) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001265 · Cited by 10

Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in the early disease phase of paediatric multiple sclerosis

Scheepe, J. R., Wong, Y. Y. M., van Pelt, E. D., Ketelslegers, I. A., Catsman‐Berrevoets, C. E., van den Hoek, J., Hintzen, R. Q., & Neuteboom, R. F. (2015) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458515618541 · Cited by 10

The role of puberty and adolescence in the pathobiology of pediatric multiple sclerosis

Salpietro, V., Polizzi, A., Recca, G., & Ruggieri, M. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40893-017-0032-4 · Cited by 10

Relapsing optic neuritis and meningoencephalitis in a child: case report of delayed diagnosis of MOG-IgG syndrome

Zhong, X., Chang, Y., Tan, S., Wang, J., Sun, X., Wu, A., Peng, L., Lau, A. Y. L., Kermode, A. G., & Qiu, W. (2019) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1324-4 · Cited by 10

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Pediatric Monophasic and Recurrent Idiopathic Optic Neuritis

Jonzzon, S., Suleiman, L., Yousef, A., Young, B., Hart, J., Peschl, P., Reindl, M., Schaller, K., Bennett, J. L., Waubant, E. L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073819877334 · Cited by 10

Fingolimod as a first- or second-line treatment in a mini-series of young Hellenic patients with adolescent-onset multiple sclerosis: focus on immunological data

Gontika, M. P., Skarlis, C., Markoglou, N., Evangelopoulos, M., Velonakis, G., Chrousos, G. P., Dalakas, M. C., Stefanis, L., & Anagnostouli, M. C. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05623-2 · Cited by 10

Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Levels and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies in Pediatric Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes

Simone, M., Palazzo, C., Mastrapasqua, M., Bollo, L., Pompamea, F., Gabellone, A., Marzulli, L., Giordano, P., GIACOMO, A. D., Frigeri, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.754518 · Cited by 10

Juvenile multiple sclerosis: addressing epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutic, and prognostic updates along with cognitive dysfunction and quality of life

Prajjwal, P., Marsool, M. D. M., Natarajan, B., Inban, P., Gadam, S., Sowndarya, D., John, J., Abbas, R., Vaja, H., Marsool, A. D. M., et al. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000000930 · Cited by 10

Use of Cyclophosphamide in a Child With Fulminant Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

Ayed, H., Chaudhary, M., Albaradie, R., & Mir, A. (2018) · Child Neurology Open · doi:10.1177/2329048x18754631 · Cited by 10

Mielopatías agudas no traumáticas en niños y adolescentes

Arroyo, H. A. (2013) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.57s01.2013306 · Cited by 10

The profile of patients followed at the Neuroimmunology Clinic at UNIFESP: 20 years analysis

Bichuetti, D. B., Falcão, A. B., Boulos, F. D. C., Morais, M. M. D., Lotti, C. B. D. C., Fragomeni, M. D. O., Campos, M. F., Souza, N. A. D., & Oliveira, E. M. L. (2015) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20150004 · Cited by 12

Clinical and imaging features of patients with late-onset myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease

Huang, Y., Luo, W., Cheng, X., Sun, X., Wang, Y., Shu, Y., Lu, Z., Hu, X., Qiu, W., Kermode, A. G., et al. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.105405 · Cited by 13

Cognitive and academic outcomes in children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease

Mittelman, A., Pique, J., Portes, V. D., Deiva, K., Poulat, A., & Marignier, R. (2024) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.16093 · Cited by 9

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a review with a focus on children and adolescents

Paolilo, R. B., da Paz, J. A., Apóstolos‐Pereira, S. L., Rimkus, C. D. M., Callegaro, D., & Sato, D. K. (2023) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1761432 · Cited by 9

Clinical, radiological, therapeutic and prognostic differences between MOG-seropositive and MOG-seronegative pediatric acute disseminated encephalomyelitis patients: a retrospective cohort study

Dong, X., Jiang, Y., Yuan, P., Fan, X., Ma, J., Wu, P., Jiang, L., & Li, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1128422 · Cited by 9

Global trends in research on MOG antibody-associated disease: bibliometrics and visualization analysis

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Anti-aquaporin 4 antibody-positive acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

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