Social Play and Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Perspective on Theory, Implications and Educational Approaches
Abstract
The article considers the nature of the presumed social play deficit in autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). The nature of play and its typical development is outlined and discussed in relation to play development in ASDs. It is suggested that social play is a confluence of two strands of development that are affected in autism: social and emotional development, and the cognitive development of play. It is shown that social play develops in a transactional way and in ASDs initial social difficulties prevent the development of social interaction, with its role in eliciting and enriching spontaneous play. At the same time, cognitive and affective difficulties prevent the play of children with autism developing to the extent of attracting other children and being of a complexity from which social play might develop. This cycle of impoverished play opportunities for children with ASDs may be broken through direct teaching and there are encouraging models of teaching social play with some success.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Social play deficits are observed in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), early-onset schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
“Social play deficits are observed in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), early-onset schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Alessandri, 1992; Moller and Husby, 2000; Jordan, 2003).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play behavior by vasopressin and oxytocin depends on social context (2014) · cites this paper as Jordan, 2003
Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show deficits in social play.
“Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show deficits in social play (Mundy, 1995;Jordan, 2003) which are likely due to disrupted reward-seeking tendencies, especially in social contexts (Chevallier et al., 2012;Kohls et al., 2012Kohls et al., , 2013)).”
From Vasopressin regulates social play behavior in sex-specific ways through glutamate modulation in the lateral septum (2025) · cites this paper as Jordan, 2003
Deficits in social play have been associated with ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia.
“Notably, deficits in social play have been associated with ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia (Alessandri, 1992; Jones et al., 1994; Jordan, 2003).”
From Sexually dimorphic role for vasopressin in the development of social play (2014) · cites this paper as Jordan, 2003
Social play deficits are observed in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, early-onset schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
“Conversely, social play deficits are observed in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), early-onset schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Alessandri, 1992; Moller & Husby, 2000; Jordan, 2003).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play by vasopressin (2013) · cites this paper as Jordan, 2003
Deficits in social play are a prominent feature of ASD that can be measured in preclinical animal models by measuring the frequency and duration of species-typical play behaviors.
“Deficits in social play are a prominent feature of ASD [72,73] that can be measured in preclinical animal models by measuring the frequency and duration of species-typical play behaviors.”
From Behavioral Phenotyping of Juvenile Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley Rats: Implications for Preclinical Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
Impaired social play in ASD is thought to intensify the disorder.
“and impaired social play in ASD is thought to intensify the disorder (Jordan 2003).”
From Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia (2025) · cites this paper as Jordan 2003
Impaired social interactions or social withdrawal during youth is thought to worsen the symptoms of ASD and SCZ.
“Indeed, impaired social interactions or social withdrawal during youth is thought to worsen the symptoms of ASD and SCZ (Helgeland and Torgersen 2005; Jones et al. 1994; Jordan 2003)”
From Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia (2025) · cites this paper as Jordan 2003
Cites
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 53,488 · see citing works
Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Social Context
Rogoff, B. (1990) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195059731.001.0001 · Cited by 4,709 · see citing works
Play and Its Role in the Mental Development of the Child
Vygotsky, L. S. (1967) · Soviet Psychology · doi:10.2753/rpo1061-040505036 · Cited by 2,476 · see citing works
Understanding other minds: perspectives from autism
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-3492 · Cited by 1,651 · see citing works
Defining the social deficits of autism: the contribution of non-verbal communication measures
Mundy, P., Sigman, M., Ungerer, J., & Sherman, T. (1986) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00190.x · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Sigman (1999) · doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00002 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
A theoretical approach to the deficits in infantile autism
Rogers, S. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1991) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000043 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Pretend Play in Childhood: An Integrative Review
Fein, G. G. (1981) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129497 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Wing, L., Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Gould, J., & Larcombe, M. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00023 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Peer relationships in child development.
Berndt, T. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1989) · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Interventions That Facilitate Socialization in Children with Autism
Rogers, S. J. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005543321840 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Kasari, C. L., Sigman, M., Mundy, P. C., & Yirmiya, N. (1990) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02206859 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Practitioner Review: Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in 2‐ and 3‐year‐old children
Charman, T., & Baird, G. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00022 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Pierce, K., & Schreibman, L. (1995) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1995.28-285 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
The cradle of thought: exploring the origins of thinking
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-3106 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Teaching symbolic play skills to children with autism using pivotal response training
Stahmer, A. C. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02178500 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Targets and cues: Gaze-following in children with autism
Leekam, S. R., Hunnisett, E., & Moore, C. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00398 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Dawson, G., Munson, J., Estes, A., Osterling, J., McPartland, J., Toth, K., Carver, L., & Abbott, R. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00411 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Parker, J. G., & Gottman, J. M. (1989) · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Spontaneous, instructed and elicited play in relatively able autistic children
LEWIS, V. A., & Boucher, J. (1988) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1988.tb01105.x · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Pierce, K., & Schreibman, L. (1997) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1997.30-157 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Can we teach children with autism to understand emotions, belief, or pretence?
Hadwin, J. A., Baron‐Cohen, S., Howlin, P., & Hill, K. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007136 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Peer-mediated approaches to promoting children’s social interaction: A review.
Odom, S. L., & Strain, P. S. (1984) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1984.tb01525.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Effects of sociodramatic play training on children with autism
Thorp, D. M., Stahmer, A. C., & Schreibman, L. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02179288 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Taking a Closer Look at Functional Play in Children with Autism
Williams, E., Reddy, V., & Costall, A. P. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005665714197 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Increasing the Social Behavior of Young Children with Autism Using Their Obsessive Behaviors
Baker, M. J., Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (1998) · Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities · doi:10.2511/rpsd.23.4.300 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Spontaneous Play in Children with Autism: A Reappraisal
Libby, S. J., Powell, S. D., Messer, D. J., & Jordan, R. R. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026095910558 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationGenerativity deficits in pretend play in autism
Jarrold, C., Boucher, J., & Smith, P. K. (1996) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1996.tb00706.x · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Play and Imagination in Children with Autism
Wolfberg, P. J. (2010) · Teachers College Press eBooks · doi:10.65528/9780807771129 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Brief Report: Prompted Pretend Play in Autism
Charman, T., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (1997) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025806616149 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Autism and Learning: A guide to good practice
Powell, S. D., & Jordan, R. R. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationDawson, G., & Galpert, L. (1990) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000675 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The evolving nature of imitation as a format for communication.
Nadel, J., Guérini, C., Pezé, A., & Rivet, C. (1999) · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Play Interactions of Family Members Towards Children with Autism
El-Ghoroury, N. H., & Romanczyk, R. G. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1023036223397 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Teaching Social Interaction Skills in the Integrated Preschool
Köhler, F., Anthony, L., Steighner, S. A., et al. (2001) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/027112140102100203 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Nadel, J., & Butterworth, G. E. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Oke, N. J., & Schreibman, L. (1990) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02216054 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
ABA and the Development of Meaningful Social Relations for Young Children with Autism
Strain, P. S., & Schwartz, I. S. (2001) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/108835760101600208 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Jordan, R. R. (2013) · David Fulton Publishers eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203827352 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE DEVELOPMENT OF PEER RELATIONS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Lord, C. (1984) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-041201-3.50010-8 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Increasing Joint Attention, Play and Language through Peer Supported Play
Zercher, C., Hunt, P., Schuler, A. L., & Webster, J. (2001) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361301005004004 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Jahr, E., Eldevik, S., & Eikeseth, S. (2000) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/s0891-4222(00)00031-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Following the Child's Lead: Mothers' Interactions with Children with Autism
Watson, L. R. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026063003289 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
(1986) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2242-7_4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Play and Preschool Children With Autism
Restall, G. J., & Magill‐Evans, J. (1994) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.48.2.113 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
An Overview of Social Behavior in Autism
Howlin, P. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2242-7_6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Understanding others: Evidence from naturalistic studies of children.
Dunn, J. (1991) · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kok, A. J., Kong, T. Y., & Bernard-Opitz, V. (2002) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361302006002005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Developing Play and Drama in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Sherratt, D., & Peter, M. (2012) · David Fulton Publishers eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203461792 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Brief Report: Affective Expression in Children with Autism or Down Syndrome
Bieberich, A. A., & Morgan, S. B. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026016804357 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sigman, M., & Ruskin, E. (1999) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Stahmer, A. C. (1999) · Child Language Teaching and Therapy · doi:10.1177/026565909901500104 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Imitation, Theory of Mind and Related Activities in Autism
Brown, J. D., & Whiten, A. (2000) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361300004002006 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Beyer, J., & Gammeltoft, L. (1999) · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Developing Pretend Play in Children with Autism
Sherratt, D. (2002) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361302006002004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Stahmer, A. C. (1999) · Child Language Teaching and Therapy · doi:10.1191/026565999672332808 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Editorial: interventions with children with autism - methods based on play
Boucher, J. (1999) · Child Language Teaching and Therapy · doi:10.1177/026565909901500101 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Developing a Diagnostic and Intervention Package for 2 to 3-Year-Olds with Autism
Chandler, S., Christie, P., Newson, E., & Prevezer, W. (2002) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361302006001005 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Play in assessment and intervention in the childhood psychoses
Atlas, J. A. (1990) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/bf00706120 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Enhancing Peer Interactions Within the Context of Play
Arthur, M., Bochner, S., & Butterfield, N. (1999) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/103491299100551 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Morrison, F. J., Lord, C., & Keating, D. P. (1984) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-041201-3.50006-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Scottish Centre for Autism Preschool Treatment Programme
Salt, J., Sellars, V., Shemilt, J., et al. (2001) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361301005004003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hellendoorn, J., van der Kooij, R., & Sutton‐Smith, B. (1994) · State University of New York Press eBooks · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Successful Integration of Children and Youth with Autism in Mainstreamed Settings
Simpson, R. L., & Myles, B. S. (1993) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/108835769300700601 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Language and Symbolic Play: Some Findings from a Study of Autistic Children
Whyte, J., & Owens, A. C. (1989) · The Irish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/03033910.1989.10557750 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Roeyers, H., & Berckelaer-Onnes, I. V. (1994) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Roux, S., Adrien, J., Bruneau, N., Malvy, J., & Barthélémy, C. (1998) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361398024003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Play Behaviors of Young Children with Autism
Rettig, M. A. (1994) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/108835769400900501 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Let's play: Children with autism and their play partners together
Choi, H., Jobling, & Carroll, A. (2001) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The pleasures of play: pharmacological insights into social reward mechanisms
Trezza, V., Baarendse, P. J. J., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2010) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2010.06.008 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
The neurobiology of social play and its rewarding value in rats
Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., Achterberg, E. J. M., & Trezza, V. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.025 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play by vasopressin
Veenema, A. H., Bredewold, R., & De Vries, G. J. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“Conversely, social play deficits are observed in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), early-onset schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Alessandri, 1992; Moller & Husby, 2000; Jordan, 2003).”
BackgroundBredewold, R., Smith, C. J. W., Dumais, K. M., & Veenema, A. H. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00216 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Kas, M. J., Glennon, J. C., Buitelaar, J., Ey, E., Biemans, B., Crawley, J., Ring, R. H., Lajonchere, C., Esclassan, F., Talpos, J., et al. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3268-5 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in the play fighting of rats.
Bell, H. C., McCaffrey, D. R., Forgie, M. L., Kolb, B., & Pellis, S. M. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0017617 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cellular activation in limbic brain systems during social play behaviour in rats
van Kerkhof, L. W. M., Trezza, V., Mulder, T., Gao, P., Voorn, P., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0558-y · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Modeling autism-relevant behavioral phenotypes in rats and mice: Do ‘autistic’ rodents exist?
Servadio, M., Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., & Trezza, V. (2015) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000163 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ku, K. M., Weir, R. K., Silverman, J. L., Berman, R. F., & Bauman, M. D. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158150 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Characterization of juvenile play in rats: importance of sex of self and sex of partner
Argue, K. J., & McCarthy, M. M. (2015) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-015-0034-x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The neurobiology of social play behaviour: Past, present and future
Achterberg, E. J. M., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105319 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Sexually dimorphic role for vasopressin in the development of social play
Paul, M. J., Terranova, J. I., Probst, C. K., Murray, E. K., Ismail, N. I., & de Vries, G. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00058 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Notably, deficits in social play have been associated with ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia (Alessandri, 1992; Jones et al., 1994; Jordan, 2003).”
BackgroundFaja, S., Dawson, G., Sullivan, K., Meltzoff, A. N., Estes, A., & Bernier, R. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1608 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Argue, K. J., VanRyzin, J. W., Falvo, D. J., Whitaker, A. R., Yu, S. J., & McCarthy, M. M. (2017) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0344-16.2017 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Raza, S., Himmler, B. T., Himmler, S. M., Harker, A., Kolb, B., Pellis, S. M., & Gibb, R. (2015) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000169 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mulder, P. A., van Balkom, I. D. C., Landlust, A. M., Priolo, M., Menke, L. A., Acero, I. H., Alkuraya, F. S., Arias, P., Bernardini, L., Bijlsma, E. K., et al. (2020) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12787 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bredewold, R., Nascimento, N. F., Ro, G. S., Cieslewski, S. E., Reppucci, C. J., & Veenema, A. H. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0100-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Marquardt, A. E., VanRyzin, J. W., Fuquen, R. W., & McCarthy, M. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1076765 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Indeed, deficits in play are core symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and early onset schizophrenia (Alessandri, 1992; Jones et al., 1994; Møller and Husby, 2000; Jordan, 2003; Helgeland and Torgersen, 2005), many of which also exhibit robus…”
BackgroundSocial behavior in prepubertal neurexin 1α deficient rats: A model of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Kight, K. E., Argue, K. J., Bumgardner, J. G., Bardhi, K., Waddell, J., & McCarthy, M. M. (2021) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000482 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bredewold, R., Washington, C., & Veenema, A. H. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-024-01987-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show de fi cits in social play [14, 15], which may contribute to their life-long de fi cits in social interaction [16 – 19].”
Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia
Achterberg, E. J. M., Biemans, B., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06559-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Furthermore, play has been shown to be impaired in children with ASD (Jarrold 2003; Manning and Wainwright 2010) and impaired social play in ASD is thought to intensify the disorder (Jordan 2003).”
Orsucci, I. C., Becker, K. D., Ham, J. R., Lee, J. D. A., Bowden, S. M., & Veenema, A. H. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115080 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jordan, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jordan, Rita
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 347-360
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- OpenAlex
- W2138766007
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Keywords
- social play, autism spectrum disorder, play development, social interaction, social-emotional development, cognitive development, spontaneous play, direct instruction
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Humans, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Peer Group, Play and Playthings, Psychological Theory, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review