Autism symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a familial trait which correlates with conduct, oppositional defiant, language and motor disorders
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It is hypothesised that autism symptoms are present in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), are familial and index subtypes of ADHD. Autism symptoms were compared in 821 ADHD probands, 1050 siblings and 149 controls. Shared familiality of autism symptoms and ADHD was calculated using DeFries-Fulker analysis. Autism symptoms were higher in probands than siblings or controls, and higher in male siblings than male controls. Autism symptoms were familial, partly shared with familiality of ADHD in males. Latent class analysis using SCQ-score yielded five classes; Class 1(31%) had few autism symptoms and low comorbidity; Classes 2-4 were intermediate; Class 5(7%) had high autism symptoms and comorbidity. Thus autism symptoms in ADHD represent a familial trait associated with increased neurodevelopmental and oppositional/conduct disorders.
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Poor social skills, language delay, sensory overresponsivity, attention problems, oppositional defiant behavior, and emotion regulation problems are frequently present in both ASD and ADHD.
“Features such as poor social skills, language delay, sensory overresponsivity, attention problems, oppositional defiant behavior, and emotion regulation problems are frequently disclosed in both ASD and ADHD.[5][6][7]”
The study's data are in line with previous studies where LCA revealed that the most severe ADHD classes also had the most severe ASD symptoms.
“These data are also in line with previous studies addressing ASD symptoms in children with ADHD, in which LCA revealed that the most severe ADHD classes were also the classes with the most severe ASD symptoms”
About two-thirds of individuals with ADHD have ASD features.
“some estimates suggest that features of ASD are present in approximately two-thirds of individuals with ADHD [8].”
From Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
Relatives of people with ADHD or ASD often show traits of the other condition.
“Multiple family studies have shown that family members of individuals with either ADHD or ASD frequently display symptoms of the other disorder [8,12].”
From Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
Multiple studies have found ASD traits in individuals diagnosed with ADHD, including deficits in social communication, social skills, and repetitive behaviors.
“Multiple studies have found ASD traits in individuals diagnosed with ADHD, including deficits in social communication, social skills, and repetitive behaviors [8,18].”
From Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
Among children with ADHD, higher levels of ODD and conduct disorder were associated with more ASD symptoms.
“Among children with ADHD, higher levels of ODD and conduct disorder were associated with more ASD symptoms (Mulligan et al. [8]).”
From Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
A substantial number of children show symptoms of both ADHD and ASD.
“Clinical anecdotes, case reports, and empirical studies demonstrate that many children display both ADHD and ASD symptoms (Hattori et al., 2006; Holtmann, Bolte, & Poustka, 2007; Mulligan et al., 2009; Nijmeijer et al., 2008; Reiersen & Todd, 2008; Nijmeijer et al., 2009; Rommelse et al., 2009; Rommelse, Franke, Geurts, Hartman, & Buitelaar, 2010).”
From Examining autistic traits in children with ADHD: does the autism spectrum extend to ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Mulligan et al., 2009
In the Mulligan et al. study of 821 children, higher Social Communication Questionnaire ratings in ADHD were significantly associated with greater prevalence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder.
“In that study, elevated ratings on the Social Communication Questionnaire in ADHD were significantly related to increased prevalence of comorbid ODD and Conduct Disorder (Mulligan et al., 2009).”
From Examining autistic traits in children with ADHD: does the autism spectrum extend to ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Mulligan et al., 2009
A relationship between oppositional defiant disorder and autistic traits in children with ADHD was found in the authors' data and in a large study of 821 children.
“Less appreciated is the relationship between ODD and ASD traits in children with ADHD, which emerged from our data and from a recent large study of 821 children (Mulligan et al., 2009).”
From Examining autistic traits in children with ADHD: does the autism spectrum extend to ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Mulligan et al., 2009
Prior studies have found that the relationship between autistic traits and ADHD symptoms is familial.
“Recent studies have found that the relation between autistic traits and ADHD symptoms is familial (Mulligan et al., 2009; Nijmeijer et al., 2009)”
From Examining autistic traits in children with ADHD: does the autism spectrum extend to ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Mulligan et al., 2009
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Stergiakouli, E., Davey Smith, G., Martin, J., Skuse, D. H., Viechtbauer, W., Ring, S. M., Ronald, A., Evans, D. E., Fisher, S. E., Thapar, A., et al. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0131-2 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
PDD symptoms in ADHD, an independent familial trait?
Nijmeijer, J. S., Hoekstra, P. J., Minderaa, R. B., Buitelaar, J. K., Altink, M. E., Buschgens, C. J. M., Fliers, E. A., Rommelse, N. N. J., Sergeant, J. A., & Hartman, C. A. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9282-0 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationLinks between co-occurring social-communication and hyperactive-inattentive trait trajectories
St. Pourcain, B., Mandy, W. P., Heron, J., Golding, J., Davey Smith, G., & Skuse, D. H. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.05.015 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Bühler, E., Bachmann, C., Goyert, H., Heinzel-Gutenbrunner, M., & Kamp-Becker, I. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1205-1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Kernbach, J. M., Satterthwaite, T. D., Bassett, D. S., Smallwood, J., Margulies, D., Krall, S., Shaw, P., Varoquaux, G., Thirion, B., Konrad, K., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0179-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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Self-citationKiser, D. P., Rivero, O., & Lesch, K. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12392 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Nijmeijer, J. S., Hartman, C. A., Rommelse, N. N. J., Altink, M. E., Buschgens, C. J. M., Fliers, E. A., Franke, B., Minderaa, R. B., Ormel, J., Sergeant, J. A., et al. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02277.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationKamp-Becker, I., Ghahreman, M., Heinzel-Gutenbrunner, M., Peters, M., Remschmidt, H., & Becker, K. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311408932 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Mulligan, A., Anney, R. J. L., O’Regan, M., Chen, W., Butler, L., Fitzgerald, M., Buitelaar, J., Steinhausen, H.-C., Rothenberger, A., Minderaa, R., Nijmeijer, J., Hoekstra, P. J., Oades, R. D., Roeyers, H., Buschgens, C., Christiansen, H., Franke, B., Gabriels, I., Hartman, C., Kuntsi, J., Marco, R., Meidad, S., Mueller, U., Psychogiou, L., Rommelse, N., Thompson, M., Uebel, H., Banaschewski, T., Ebstein, R., Eisenberg, J., Manor, I., Miranda, A., Mulas, F., Sergeant, J., Sonuga-Barke, E., Asherson, P., Faraone, S. V., & Gill, M.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Geha Mental Health Center (IL)
- Herzog Hospital (IL)
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe (ES)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Mulligan, Aisling
- ORCID
- Mulligan, Aisling
- Anney, Richard J. L.
- Chen, Wai
- Fitzgerald, Michael
- Buitelaar, Jan
- Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph
- Rothenberger, Aribert
- Hoekstra, Pieter J.
- Roeyers, Herbert
- Christiansen, Hanna
- Franke, Barbara
- Hartman, Catharina
- Kuntsi, Jonna
- Psychogiou, Lamprini
- Rommelse, Nanda
- Thompson, Margaret
- Banaschewski, Tobias
- Ebstein, Richard
- Manor, Iris
- Miranda, Ana
- Sergeant, Joseph
- Sonuga-Barke, Edmund
- Faraone, Stephen V.
- Gill, Michael
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2008-07-19
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-209
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2167495648
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 9.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (submittedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Syracuse University
- State University of New York
- University of Southampton
- University College Dublin
- Trinity College Dublin
- Radboud Universiteit
- Universitat de València
- Universiteit Gent
- Radboud Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Universität Zürich
- National Institutes of Health
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University
- Medical Research Council
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH062873)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism symptoms, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, familial aggregation, comorbidities, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, language disorders, motor disorders, siblings
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Fear, Female, Humans, Language Development Disorders, Male, Motor Activity, Phenotype, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity, Sex Distribution, Conduct Disorder, Siblings
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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