‘It’s Twitter, a bear pit, not a debating society’: A qualitative analysis of contrasting attitudes towards social media blocklists
Open accessAbstract
This study of tweets ( n = 2247) explores discussions about a pro-choice blocklist (@Repeal_Shield) used during the 2018 Irish abortion referendum campaign, capturing conflicting interpretations of engagement and political participation. Although qualitative Twitter studies bring methodological challenges, deep readings were needed to analyse arguments in favour and against the blocklist, and to consider what we can learn about users’ expectations of Twitter. Through deductive and inductive coding, opposing perspectives emerge on whether such lists are useful, democratic or regressive, but both sides share normative aspirations for Twitter to serve as a space for healthy debate, even if there is clear tension in how that is best achieved. Blocklists are traditionally cited as a harassment solution, facilitating participation from otherwise-excluded counterpublics. However, @Repeal_Shield demonstrates how this affordance has evolved towards omitting broad spectrums of undesired content, while using blocklists – and being listed – can be a bold political statement in itself.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The formerly open API on Twitter supported a network of third-party blocklists designed to help users manage harassment or curate their exposure to political speech.
“The formerly open API on the platform formerly known as Twitter used to support a network of third-party blocklists designed to, for example, help users manage harassment (Geiger, 2016) or curate their exposure to political speech (Wheatley & Vatnoey, 2020).”
From Stuck in the middleware with you: the challenges of capitalizing a market-oriented approach to platform governance (2025) · cites this paper as Wheatley & Vatnoey, 2020
Previous research on Twitter blocklists found that some users who had been added to blocklists did not understand why they were there, were not able to change their status, and suffered reputational harms.
“previous research on Twitter blocklists found that some users who had been added to blocklists didn't understand why they were there, were not able to change their status, and suffered reputational harms (Jhaver et al., 2018;Wheatley & Vatnoey, 2020)”
From Stuck in the middleware with you: the challenges of capitalizing a market-oriented approach to platform governance (2025) · cites this paper as Wheatley & Vatnoey, 2020
Cites
The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture
Castells, M. (1999) · Cited by 6,045 · see citing works
boyd, D., & Crawford, K. (2012) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2012.678878 · Cited by 5,479 · see citing works
Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy
Fraser, N. W. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315822174-11 · Cited by 5,471 · see citing works
Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy
Fraser, N. (1990) · Social Text · doi:10.2307/466240 · Cited by 5,147 · see citing works
Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa1160 · Cited by 3,245 · see citing works
The Logic of Connective Action
Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139198752 · Cited by 1,862 · see citing works
Rainie, L., & Wellman, B. (2012) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/8358.001.0001 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
The Logic of Connective Action: Digital Media and the Personalization of Contentious Politics
Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2016) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9970.003.0006 · Cited by 1,219 · see citing works
#Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media
Sunstein, C. R. (2017) · doi:10.1515/9781400884711 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
The echo chamber is overstated: the moderating effect of political interest and diverse media
Dubois, E., & Blank, G. (2018) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2018.1428656 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
The Network Society: Social Aspects of New Media
van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2005) · University of Twente Research Information · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Networked: The New Social Operating System
Rainie, L., & Wellman, B. (2012) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 851 · see citing works
The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods
Sloan, L., & Quan‐Haase, A. (2016) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781473983847 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
d., B. (2010) · In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites · doi:10.4324/9780203876527 · Cited by 673 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Some argue that ‘networked individualism’ is empowering users (Rainie and Wellman, 2012), enforcing new forms of self-identity (Papacharissi, 2010) and changing how people relate to political causes (Bennett and Segerberg, 2013).”
Background(2018) · Cited by 631 · see citing works
A conceptual map of political participation
van Deth, J. W. (2014) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/ap.2014.6 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
(2017) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 529 · see citing works
TWITTER AS A REPORTING TOOL FOR BREAKING NEWS
Vis, F. (2012) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2012.741316 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Audiences’ acts of authentication in the age of fake news: A conceptual framework
Tandoc, E. C., Ling, R., Westlund, O., Duffy, A., Goh, D., & Wei, L.-Z. (2018) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444817731756 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Gendertrolling: Misogyny Adapts to New Media
Mantilla, K. (2013) · Feminist Studies · doi:10.1353/fem.2013.0039 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Online Harassment and Content Moderation: The Case of Blocklists
Jhaver, S., Ghoshal, S., Bruckman, A., & Gilbert, E. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3185593 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Safe Space: Towards a Reconceptualization
Collective, T. R. (2014) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12089 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Encoding and decoding affordances: Stuart Hall and interactive media technologies
Shaw, A. (2017) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0163443717692741 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The myth of ‘us’: digital networks, political change and the production of collectivity
Couldry, N. (2014) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2014.979216 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
A Large Labeled Corpus for Online Harassment Research
Golbeck, J., Ashktorab, Z., Banjo, R. O., Berlinger, A., Bhagwan, S., Buntain, C., Cheakalos, P., Geller, A. A., Gergory, Q., Gnanasekaran, R. K., et al. (2017) · ACM Web Science Conference (WebSci) · doi:10.1145/3091478.3091509 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Without You, I'm Nothing: Performances of the Self on Twitter
Papacharissi, Z. (2012) · International journal of communication · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Filtering out the other side? Cross-cutting and like-minded discussions on social networking sites
Heatherly, K. A., Lu, Y., & Lee, J. K. (2016) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444816634677 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Building a digital Girl Army: The cultivation of feminist safe spaces online
Clark, R. (2017) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444817731919 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Geiger, R. S. (2016) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2016.1153700 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Gendertrolling: Misogyny Adapts to New Media
Karla, M. (2013) · Feminist Studies · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Is it Time to Update the Definition of Political Participation?
Fox, S. (2013) · Parliamentary Affairs · doi:10.1093/pa/gss094 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Rethinking ‘safe spaces’ in children’s geographies
Djohari, N., Pyndiah, G., & Arnone, A. (2018) · Children s Geographies · doi:10.1080/14733285.2018.1487032 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bisexual Safe Space(s) on the Internet: Analysis of an Online Forum for Bisexuals
Maliepaard, E. (2017) · Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie · doi:10.1111/tesg.12248 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of Criminal Justice Ethics
Clink, K. (2015) · Reference Reviews · doi:10.1108/rr-02-2015-0029 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The annals of the faculty of law in Belgrade
der Elst, C. V. (2012) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gosse, C. E., & O’Meara, V. (2018) · Stream Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication · doi:10.21810/strm.v10i1.254 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Barnes, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70235-3_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
LEGALISTIC DEFINITION OF CRIME AND AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW
Milovanovic, D. R. (2005) · Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hallinan, B., Rothenstein, O., & John, N. A. (2025) · Communication and Change · doi:10.1007/s44382-025-00018-9
“…found that some users who had been added to blocklists didn’t understand why they were there, were not able to change their status, and suffered reputational harms (Jhaver et al., 2018; Wheatley & Vatnoey, 2020), and replies to an official Bluesky post about blocklists show similar concerns.”
- Authors
- Wheatley, D., & Vatnoey, E.
- Affiliations
- Dublin City University (IE)
- University of Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding author
- Wheatley, Dawn
- ORCID
- Wheatley, Dawn
- Venue
- New Media & Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-07-05
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-25
- ISSN
- 1461-4448 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7315
- OpenAlex
- W2954760563
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doras.dcu.ie
- Licence
- Locations
- New Media & Society (publishedVersion)
- Dublin City University Open Access Institutional Repository (Dublin City University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- Twitter, abortion referendum, pro-choice movement, political participation, online harassment, counterpublics, democratic participation, political debate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review