Archaeologies of gender, kinship, and mobility in Southeast Brazil: genealogies of Tupiniquim women and the itinerancy of ceramic practices

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The São Vicente area had free and captive people; the free were Tupiniquim and Europeans, predominantly Portuguese men; the captives were Guarani, Tupinambá, and other Indigenous populations captured and enslaved in wars brought to their territories by the Tupiniquim-Portuguese alliance.

“The São Vicente area had free and captive people.The free ones were Tupiniquim and Europeans, predominantly Portuguese men.The captives were Guarani, Tupinambá, and other Indigenous populations captured and enslaved in wars brought to their territories by the Tupiniquim-Portuguese alliance.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the 18th century, some women started to make ceramics for the emerging urban market, which was still an exchange economy without money.

“In the 18th century, some women started to make ceramics for the emerging urban market, which was still an exchange economy (without money).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The plantations of the 16th and 17th centuries essentially produced goods, like sugar, while depending on the agroforestry fishing and husbandry animal communities to feed free and captive people.

“The plantations of the 16th and 17th centuries essentially produced goods, like sugar, while depending on the agroforestry fishing and husbandry animal communities to feed free and captive people.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Their descendants integrated most of the key posts of the plantations and bureaucracy in São Vicente and Rio de Janeiro.

“Their descendants integrated most of the key posts of the plantations and bureaucracy in São Vicente and Rio de Janeiro.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

They set off to Camorim around 1594, a little over 30 years after hundreds of people from that area had made the same journey to actively participate in the invasion and conquest of Guanabara Bay in 1565-67.

“They set off to Camorim around 1594, a little over 30 years after hundreds of people from that area had made the same journey to actively participate in the invasion and conquest of Guanabara Bay in 1565-67.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In 1560 began a two-phase, seven-year war, ending with the invasion of Guanabara Bay, which was only possible because of the articulation of Tupiniquim and Portuguese interests.

“In 1560 began a two-phase, seven-year war (Mendonça, 1991), ending with the invasion of Guanabara Bay, which was only possible because of the articulation of Tupiniquim and Portuguese interests.”

• cites Mendonça, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Paulistaware was used by many social strata from the colonial period, and some shapes are produced to the present day in São Paulo.

“Paulistaware was used by many social strata from the colonial period, and some shapes are produced to the present day in São Paulo (Table 1).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

All Tupiniquim people were not subdued, and some became relatives and allies of the Europeans after 1502.

“All Tupiniquim people were not subdued, and some became relatives and allies of the Europeans after 1502.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Over the last 430 years, the plain's vegetation canopy has been impacted by environmental management strategies that gradually increased anthropogenic areas.

“Over the last 430 years, the plain's vegetation canopy has been impacted by environmental management strategies that gradually increased the anthropogenic areas: first, the plain was cleared to manage vegetal food and insert sugarcane plantations and livestock; two centuries later, the sloping hills were cleared for coffee plantations.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The first mobility was the invasion of Guanabara Bay in 1565-67 to expel the French, authorized by Tupinambá/Tamoio people to settle and trade, which initiated a war action followed by genocide, enslavement, and the escape of thousands of people.

“The first mobility was the invasion of Guanabara Bay in 1565-67 to expel the French, authorized by Tupinambá/Tamoio people to settle and trade, which initiated a war action followed by genocide, enslavement, and the escape of thousands of people.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Near the lowland mountains, in the Pedra Branca massif, 1170 coal kilns distributed over 120,000 square yards have been identified, as well as 104 residential sites.

“Near the lowland mountains, in the Pedra Branca massif, 1170 coal kilns distributed over 120,000 square yards have been identified, as well as 104 residential sites, with a long-term survey currently in progress (Oliveira and Fraga, 2020).”

• cites Oliveira and Fraga, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In Rio de Janeiro the captives were eventually Tupiniquim and Guarani and other Indigenous populations captured and enslaved in wars brought to their territories by the Tupinambá-French alliance.

“In Rio de Janeiro the captives were eventually Tupiniquim and Guarani and other Indigenous populations captured and enslaved in wars brought to their territories by the Tupinambá-French alliance.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

From 1502 onwards, these Indigenous people identified advantages in the relationship with the Portuguese, and this remained so until the 1540s, when some Tamoio were captured and handed over to the Tupiniquim of São Vicente.

“From 1502 onwards, these Indigenous people identified advantages in the relationship with the Portuguese, and this remained so until the 1540s, when some Tamoio were captured and handed over to the Tupiniquim of São Vicente (Staden, 1557: ch. 24).”

• cites Staden, 1557: ch. 24Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The highest frequency at both sites is the direct vertical edge, followed by the inverted rim (Camorim) and everted rim (Cara de Cão).

“The highest frequency at both sites is the direct vertical edge, followed by the inverted rim (Camorim) and everted rim (Cara de Cão).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Jorge Ferreira, followed by extended family and allies, settled in a fortified camp between the hills Cara de Cão and Pão de Açúcar between March 1565 and the second half of 1567, from where they would depart to attack Tamoio communities.

“Over two years (Salvador, 2010: 202), Jorge Ferreira, followed by extended family and allies, settled in a fortified camp between the hills Cara de Cão (Dog Face) and Pão de Açúcar (Sugar Loaf), from where they would depart to attack Tamoio communities.”

• cites Salvador, 2010: 202Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Genealogical research has been ongoing since 2020, but there is enough information to show that parts of the complex kinship network had relocated from São Vicente.

“This genealogical research has been ongoing since 2020 (Sallum and Noelli, 2021a), but there is enough information to show that parts of the complex kinship network had relocated from São Vicente.”

• cites Sallum and Noelli, 2021aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Not only did women take part in the invasion of Rio de Janeiro, they were also threatened with being imprisoned and devoured by the Tamoio when they and the French attacked the Old Town during its construction in the first half of 1565.

“The fact is that not only did women take part in the invasion of Rio de Janeiro, they were also threatened with being imprisoned and devoured by the Tamoio when they and the French attacked the Old Town during its construction in the first half of 1565 (Caxa, 1960).”

• cites Caxa, 1960Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

There were several other Tupiniquim and Portuguese from São Vicente with similar relations to Ferreira and Joana Ramalho.

“There were several other Tupiniquim and Portuguese from São Vicente with similar relations to Ferreira and Joana Ramalho (e.g., Belchior, 1965;Franco, 1954).”

• cites Belchior, 1965Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Franco, 1954Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

These Tupiniquim came predominantly from neighboring territories on the south coast, situated in the São Vicente area, where Santos, Cubatão, Guarujá, and Bertioga are currently located.

“These Tupiniquim came predominantly from neighboring territories on the south coast, situated in the São Vicente area, where Santos, Cubatão, Guarujá, and Bertioga are currently located.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The war and a sequence of epidemic events affected the Tamoio resistance more severely, ultimately forcing them to abandon the coastal areas after 1567 to head inland, where their relatives and allies were located in eastern Minas Gerais.

“The war and a sequence of epidemic events affected the Tamoio resistance more severely, ultimately forcing them to abandon the coastal areas after 1567 to head inland (Sousa, 1938), where their relatives and allies were located in eastern Minas Gerais.”

• cites Sousa, 1938Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Two cases of communities moved from the Captaincy of São Vicente to Rio de Janeiro, in 1565 and from 1594 onward, in two different situations, but motivated by similar social relations.

“We shall see two cases of communities that moved from the Captaincy of São Vicente to Rio de Janeiro, in 1565 and from 1594 onward, and in two different situations, but motivated by similar social relations.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Ferreira's community bordered that of the Tamoio, a propitious location to gain public prestige by fighting them annually, as reported by the sources between 1549 and 1560, which placed him among the first the Tamoio aimed to capture to avenge their dead.

“Ferreira's community bordered that of the Tamoio, a propitious location to gain public prestige by fighting them annually, as reported by the sources between 1549 and 1560, which placed him among the first the Tamoio aimed to capture to avenge their dead.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

There are numerous correlates of this way of life in the Atlantic Forest, documented over 400 years.

“There are numerous correlates of this way of life in the Atlantic Forest, documented over 400 years.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

After the 17th century, Paulistaware was also made and consumed by people from the African diaspora, who added decorative elements found in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro sites.

“The investigation of the historical process must consider the itinerancy of Paulistaware, initially produced by Tupiniquim women and, after the 17th century, also made and consumed by people from the African diaspora, who added decorative elements found in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro sites (e.g., Agostini, 2010;Munsberg, 2018;Trindade and Souza, 2022).”

• cites Agostini, 2010 sourceCheck pending
• cites Munsberg, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Trindade and Souza, 2022 sourceCheck pending

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Tupiniquim agroforestry communities produced food, medicinal drugs, raw materials, and various types of material culture.

“Tupiniquim agroforestry communities produced food, medicinal drugs, raw materials, and various types of material culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In the colonial period, conflict and war erupted every time the Portuguese and other Europeans broke such agreements.

“In the colonial period, conflict and war erupted every time the Portuguese and other Europeans broke such agreements.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Archaeological data show a connection network of practices and materialities in the past, with pottery being a female practice, preserving stylistic features.

“Archaeological data show a connection network of practices and materialities in the past, with pottery being a female practice, preserving stylistic features.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The land belonged to the Tupiniquim community where the Portuguese lived; over time, property was divided among descendants.

“However, the land belonged to the Tupiniquim community where the Portuguese lived; over time, property was divided among descendants.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In 1590, there were about 280 Europeans in the Portuguese community in which the Sá lived, most of whom were men married to Indigenous women.

“It is also worth remembering that in 1590, there were about 280 Europeans in the Portuguese community in which the Sá lived (Carrara, 2014: 7), most of whom were men married to Indigenous women.”

• cites Carrara, 2014 sourceCheck pending

It may state two separate claims as one.

The reason for the mobility to Camorim was to strengthen the alliance between families in both places, an opportunity for several businesses in the Atlantic World.

“The reason for this mobility was to strengthen the alliance between families in both places, an opportunity for several businesses in the Atlantic World.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

There exists scarce research into the role of women and the people who worked to transform the forest into numerous sugar mills and other urban, rural, and road structures between 1580 and the present.

“However, there exists scarce research into the role of women and the people who worked to transform the forest into numerous sugar mills and other urban, rural, and road structures between 1580 and the present.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

There was no cultural loss for the Tupiniquim.

“These include the following positions: (i) there was no cultural loss for the Tupiniquim;”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Planting was done by women, who were responsible for agroforestry management once the trees had been felled.

“The planting was done by the women, who were responsible for this part of the agroforestry management once the trees had been felled”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Gonçalo acted to be included in Esperança's family and kindred, and to remain among them exercised a politics of regard, reiterating collaborative practices and actions, including killing in the revenge war for Tupiniquim interests.

“Gonçalo acted to be included in Esperança's family and among her kindred, and, to remain among them, exercised a politics of regard, reiterating collaborative practices and actions, including killing in the revenge war for Tupiniquim interests.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Joana Ramalho should not be considered a Portuguese aristocrat to be served, but instead someone who set an example of sharing practices and knowledge systems transmitted between generations as a reference in a community of craft production.

“Joana should not be considered a Portuguese aristocrat to be served, but instead, someone who set an example of sharing practices and knowledge systems transmitted between generations as a reference in a community of craft production whose length lasted varying amounts of time, depending on the community: for some until the end of the 17th century, for others until the present.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The hermeneutic and semantic analyses of the written sources suggested by Melià (1986) allow for estimating demography in documents without numerical data and to understand the meaning of the ancient texts.

“The hermeneutic and semantic analyses of the written sources suggested by Melià (1986) allow for estimating demography in documents without numerical data and to understand the meaning of the ancient texts, such as the social and political role of the people and their articulation with the Indigenous communities to fulfil their objectives.”

• cites Melià (1986)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Portuguese and French Europeans entered the Tamoio and Temiminõ communities, and not the other way around.

“From a perspective whose aim is to decolonize the narrative of the European presence in Guanabara Bay, it is understood that it was the Portuguese and French Europeans who entered the Tamoio and Temiminõ communities, and not the other way around.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

There were two wars in the written sources, the one emphasizing European accomplishment, and the other, which was the invisibilized war of revenge between the Tamoio and the Temiminõ, and between the Tamoio and the Tupiniquim, and started long before the Europeans' presence.

“There were two wars in the written sources, the one emphasizing European accomplishment, and the other, which was the invisibilized war of revenge between the Tamoio and the Temiminõ, and between the Tamoio and the Tupiniquim, and started long before the Europeans' presence (Cunha and Castro, 1985).”

• cites Cunha and Castro, 1985 sourceCheck pending

It may state two separate claims as one.

Later monetization replaced exchange practices, but ceramic production remained a female activity organized in small pottery cooperatives, centralizing production for regional-scale distribution as an alternative to the continuity of their autonomy.

“Later, monetization replaced exchange practices, but ceramic production remained a female activity organized in small pottery cooperatives, centralizing production for regional-scale distribution as an alternative to the continuity of their autonomy.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Gonçalo built a reputation to be accepted in an agroforestry community through collaboration, kinship, and affinities, multiplying the ability to manage natural resources and exploiting the energy from unenslaved and enslaved people to operate his new sugar plantation.

“This included building a reputation to be accepted in an agroforestry community through collaboration, kinship, and affinities, multiplying the ability to manage natural resources, and exploiting the energy from unenslaved and enslaved people to operate his new sugar plantation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Camorim lies in the Jacarepaguá Lowlands.

“The Camorim lies in the Jacarepaguá Lowlands (Figure 4).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Tiguga possession occupied the entire Jacarepaguá Lowlands, between Barra da Tijuca and Grumari Hill on the coast, and inland reached the center of the arc dividing the waters of the Tijuca and Pedra Branca massifs.

“The possession occupied the entire Jacarepaguá Lowlands, between Barra da Tijuca and Grumari Hill on the coast, and inland, it reached the center of the arc dividing the waters of the Tijuca and Pedra Branca massifs (Sesmaria, 1967: 38;Rudge, 1983: 11-12).”

• cites Sesmaria, 1967Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Rudge, 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Indigenous women were largely omitted in Brazilian archaeology theory and practice, as were African American women in gender archaeology research.

“Indigenous women were largely omitted in Brazilian archaeology theory and practice, as were African American women in gender archaeology research (Franklin, 2001).”

• cites Franklin, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Joana Ramalho represents the common profile of a Tupiniquim woman who actively integrated her communities of practice, managing the agroforestry fields and enabling food security and various materialities, including Paulistaware.

“Joana Ramalho represents the common profile of a Tupiniquim woman who actively integrated her communities of practice, managing the agroforestry fields and enabling food security and various materialities, including Paulistaware.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Portuguese and Europeans entered Tupiniquim sociability and embraced Indigenous gender practices.

“Our source criticism allowed us to understand that Portuguese, specifically, and Europeans, generally, entered Tupiniquim sociability and embraced Indigenous gender practices.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Women also had to carry out other aspects of the logistics of the settlement and the war, with some probably taking part in combat.

“and who also had to carry out other aspects of the logistics of the settlement and the war, with some of them probably taking part in combat.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

To join the Ramalho family, Ferreira would have needed to be publicly recognized for his personal merits to obtain prestige, family, lands, and the like, since his Portuguese privileges of nobility and land titles were not valid in the Tupiniquim community.

“However, to join the Ramalho family, Ferreira would have needed to be publicly recognized for his personal merits to obtain prestige, family, lands, and the like, since his Portuguese privileges of nobility and land titles were not valid in the Tupiniquim community.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Another strategy was to maintain alliances with the São Paulo band, formed after the invasion of Guanabara Bay; these articulated multiple endeavors, including capturing and enslaving people and investing in expeditions from Rio de Janeiro and São Vicente, in which Martim appears from 1594, and then Gonçalo, when they were around 19 and 17 years old.

“Another strategy used was to maintain alliances with the São Paulo band, formed after the invasion of Guanabara Bay; these articulated multiple endeavors, including capturing and enslaving people and investing in expeditions from Rio de Janeiro and São Vicente, in which Martim appears from 1594, and then Gonçalo, when they were around 19 and 17 years old, respectively (Franco, 1954: 345).”

• cites Franco, 1954Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The Jacarepaguá Lowlands plain has a forested surface of approximately 55 square miles, framed by the Pedra Branca and Tijuca Massifs, with altitudes up to 0.6 mi.

“The area has a forested surface of approximately 55 square miles, forming a complex landscape framed by the semicircular mountains that make up the Pedra Branca and Tijuca Massifs, with altitudes of up to 0.6 mi., forming different ecosystems (Rego, 2010).”

• cites Rego, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Corrêa emphasized that the erasure was not only academic but also a consequence of colonialist policy itself, whereby social inequality was reinforced.

“Corrêa emphasized that this erasure was not only academic but also a consequence of colonialist policy itself, whereby social inequality was reinforced.”

• cites Corrêa, 1936Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Their union was around 1594, when Gonçalo would have been with Martim on raids to enslave people in the Tamoio territories in Paraíba River.

“The date is not known, but their union was around 1594, when Gonçalo would have been with Martim on raids to enslave people in the Tamoio territories in Paraíba River (Knivet, 1906).”

• cites Knivet, 1906Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Camorim community currently houses people who have inherited multiple memories, both of slavery and free labor, with family histories of the life and practices of the past that intersect with their own in the present, constituting a mosaic of resistance, survival, and persistence against the accentuated gentrification process the region has been subjected to for decades.

“It currently houses people who have inherited multiple memories, both of slavery and free labor, with family histories of the life and practices of the past that intersect with their own in the present, constituting a mosaic of resistance, survival, and persistence (Rubertone, 2020) against the accentuated gentrification process the region has been subjected to for decades (Peixoto, 2015).”

• cites Rubertone, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Peixoto, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The rupture of this policy leads to conflict and, in the case of the Tupiniquim and other people speaking Tupí languages, to a war of revenge.

“The rupture of this policy leads to conflict and, in the case of the Tupiniquim and other people speaking Tupí languages, to a war of revenge.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Engaging in the Tupiniquim way of life was the only option for bringing the Tupiniquim to Jacarepaguá and forming the first community to build Camorim, occupying the key posts in the management of the plantation.

“It was the only option for bringing the Tupiniquim to Jacarepaguá and forming the first community to build Camorim, occupying the key posts in the management of the plantation.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The arrival of Europeans and African diasporic peoples did not interrupt or stop Tupiniquim history and that of its territorial neighbors, Tupinambá and Guarani, or restart new stories.

“We consider that the arrival of Europeans and African diasporic peoples did not interrupt or stop Tupiniquim history and that of its territorial neighbors, Tupinambá and Guarani (Figure 2), or restart new stories.”

• cites Barr (2017: 204-205) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Gender and sexuality are central to understanding colonial projects and early globalization.

“we agree that: (i) gender and sexuality are central to understanding colonial projects (Voss, 2011) and early globalization (Montón-Subías, 2019)”

• cites Voss, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Montón-Subías, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Such knowledge has been passed down through the generations, and its preservation stems from the resilience of the people, especially the women, who have maintained numerous practices for the sustainability of the sugar plantation community, balancing the workload between commercial productivity, food security, and the maintenance of materiality.

“Such knowledge has been passed down through the generations, and its preservation stems from the resilience of the people, especially the women, who have maintained numerous practices for the sustainability of the sugar plantation community, balancing the workload between commercial productivity, food security, and the maintenance of materiality.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The characteristics of the division of functions were maintained until the present.