Qumran Calendars: A Survey of Scholarship 1980—2007

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The so-called 'hymn of the seasons' embedded in 1QS X recounts in poetic form various times for prayer, from the daily prayers to long-term cycles like the jubilee.

“An example noted in an early stage of scholarship was the so-called 'hymn of the seasons' embedded in 1QS X.This psalm, recently studied by Nitzan (1994: 52-59) and Falk (1998: 103-123), recounts in poetic form various times for prayer, from the daily prayers to long-term cycles like the jubilee.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A third subgroup of mishmarot texts follows closely the sequence of calendrical occurrences along the six-year cycle.

“A third subgroup (4Q322, 4Q323, 4Q324, 4Q324a) follows closely the sequence of calendrical occurrences along the six-year cycle.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice contains 13 songs, to be recited on the Sabbaths, with the dates of each Sabbath specified.

“This composition contains 13 songs, to be recited on the Sabbaths, with the dates of each Sabbath specifi ed.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The book of Jubilees gives prominent place to matters of both chronology and calendar.

“The book of Jubilees gives prominent place to matters of both chronology and calendar.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The festival for New Wine occurs fifty days after the festival of Wheat Harvest, which itself occurs fifty days after the Waving of the Omer, on the 'morrow after the sabbath'.

“The fi rst, the festival for New Wine, occurs fi fty days after the festival of Wheat Harvest, itself already listed in Lev.23 as occurring fi fty days after the Waving of the Omer, on the 'morrow after the sabbath'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

4Q320 contains short literary introductions, framing the technical information of the lists in the context of Creation.

“In addition, the scroll 4Q320 contains short literary introductions, framing the technical information of the lists in the context of Creation.”

May combine two claims.

Calendrical documents without mishmarot measure time along a single 364DY and make no mention of mishmarot.

“These texts measure time along a single 364DY and make no mention of mishmarot.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

4Q319 declares an ot, 'sign' (plural otot), every fourth year, i.e., at the beginning of each new triennial cycle, recorded in a particular week of priestly service (Shekaniah or Gamul).

“4Q319 declares an ot, 'sign' (plural otot), every fourth year, i.e., at the beginning of each new triennial cycle, recorded in a particular week of priestly service (Shekaniah or Gamul).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mishmarot texts appear in the form of a variety of short rosters.

“The documents of this group appear in the form of a variety of short rosters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

4Q334 Ordo seems to have originally covered the span of one month.

“Another manual of daily prayers, 4Q334 Ordo (published by Glessmer in Talmon, Ben-Dov and Glessmer 2001: 167-94), seems to have originally covered the span of one month.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The festival for New Oil falls fifty days after the festival for New Wine.

“The second, the festival for New Oil, falls fi fty days after the festival for New Wine.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Signs were counted along the seven-year shemitah cycles and along the longer jubilee cycles, with special summary formulae at the end of each jubilee.

“Signs were counted along the seven-year shemitah cycles and along the longer jubilee cycles, with special summary formulae at the end of each jubilee.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A calendrical list constitutes the so-called section A of MMT.

“Notwithstanding the conspicuous absence of calendrical matters from both sections B and C of this text, a calendrical list constitutes the so-called section A of MMT.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

4Q319 IV-VI records the occurrence of signs-otot in Hebrew-within the cycle of mishmarot over a six-jubilee period.

“This text records the occurrence of signs-otot in Hebrew-within the cycle of mishmarot over a six-jubilee period.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Temple Scroll the number 364 is not explicitly mentioned.

“In the Temple Scroll (Yadin 1983 [English]; fi rst edition in Hebrew 1977; Qimron 1996) the number 364 is not explicitly mentioned.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Astronomical Book displays no ostensibly Jewish traits like festivals, priests etc.

“The Astronomical Book is the earliest extant Jewish source mentioning explicitly the 364DY, and as such it is important to note that it displays no ostensibly Jewish traits like festivals, priests etc.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The two new harvest festivals are immediately followed, with no 50-day interval, by the festival of Wood Offering for the temple.

“These two festivals are immediately followed, that is, no 50-day interval in this case, by the festival of Wood Offering for the temple (Wise 1988;Milgrom 2001Milgrom : 2071-76;-76;see Werman 2006: 107-110 with further joins and reconstructions).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A first notable subgroup of mishmarot texts contains lists of festivals.

“A fi rst notable subgroup contains lists of festivals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

4Q319 covers a time span of six jubilees (= 294 years).

“It covers a time span of six jubilees (= 294 years).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lunar texts according to mishmarot record the lunar phenomena dwq and X.

“These texts record the lunar phenomena dwq and X (see 3.2 below).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The dates in the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice span months I-III, comprising the first quarter of the 364DY.

“The dates span months I-III, thus compris-ing the fi rst quarter of the 364DY.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Column 1 of 4Q252 retells the flood story with special attention to chronology.

“Column 1 of this text bears special signifi cance for the 364DCT, as it retells the fl ood story with special attention to chronology.”

May combine two claims.

The Temple Scroll includes two new harvest festivals: the festival for New Wine and the festival for New Oil.

“A central issue for the present purposes is the inclusion in the Temple Scroll of two new harvest festivals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A second subgroup of mishmarot texts constitutes a master list of mishmarot names and their place as 'leaders' of various time periods along the six-year cycle.

“A second subgroup (4Q328, 4Q329, 4Q319 frgs.7 ii and 9) constitutes a master list of mishmarot names and their place as 'leaders' of various time periods along the six-year cycle.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The identity of X and dwq was greatly debated in later scholarship, with the majority opinion supporting Milik (X = full moon; dwq = first crescent).

“The identity of X and dwq was greatly debated in later scholarship, with the majority opinion supporting Milik (X = full moon; dwq = fi rst crescent).”

• cites MilikNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Birenboim (1998) demonstrated that this law was dispensed with in sectarian halakhah, which clearly preferred a sunset reckoning of the day.

“Birenboim (1998) demonstrated, however, that this law was dispensed with in sectarian halakhah, which clearly preferred a sunset reckoning of the day (Jub.21.10; 4Q220 1 10-11; 4QMMT; 11QT).”

• cites Birenboim 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It is widely held that a lunar count was followed at Qumran, and that the beginning of this 'month' at full moon had liturgical-cultic significance for the community.

“It is widely held that a lunar count was followed at Qumran, and that the beginning of this 'month' at full moon had liturgical-cultic signifi cance for the community.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The text of 1 En.80.2-8 does not explicitly say that it describes the unavoidable phenomenon accompanying a noninterpolated 364DY.

“However, the text does not explicitly say so.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kister (1999: 360) has further highlighted the preference of sectarian halakhah for a sunset reckoning of the day.

“Kister (1999: 360) has further highlighted the preference of sectarian halakhah for a sunset reckoning of the day.”

• cites Kister 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other equally valid interpretations have been suggested for 1 En.80.2-9.

“In fact, other equally valid interpretations have been suggested for 1 En.80.2-9 (e.g.Albani 1994: 108-29; Saulnier forthcoming b).”

• cites Albani 1994Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Saulnier forthcoming bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

As a scholarly consensus gradually emerged, concluding that the full moon marked the beginning of the lunar month, Ben-Dov and Horowitz (2005) came up with new support for Talmon's interpretation.

“As a scholarly consensus gradually emerged, concluding that the full moon marked the beginning of the lunar month, Ben-Dov and Horowitz (2005) came up with new support for Talmon's interpretation.”

• cites Ben-Dov and Horowitz 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The actual role assigned to the moon in Qumran calendars is still debated.

“The actual role assigned to the moon is, however, still debated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This picture was clarified by a new Qumran reading (Greenfield, Stone and Eshel 2004: 189-90).

“This picture was clarifi ed by a new Qumran reading (Greenfi eld, Stone and Eshel 2004: 189-90).”

• cites Greenfi eld, Stone and Eshel 2004: 189-90Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

That the day reckoning began in the evening in some documents was demonstrated by Baumgarten again (1987a) in his treatment of 4Q503.

“That the day reckoning began in the evening in some documents was demonstrated by Baumgarten again (1987a) in his treatment of 4Q503.”

• cites Baumgarten 1987aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The assignment of a song per Sabbath in the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice is reminiscent of the reference in 11QPs a XXVII to 52 songs for the Sabbaths.

“The assignment of a song per Sabbath is reminiscent of the reference in 11QPs a XXVII to 52 songs for the Sabbaths.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Historical texts with mishmarot notations were not differentiated from mishmarot texts at an early stage of scholarship.

“At an early stage of scholarship this category was not differentiated from category b above.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Whereas Jubilees insisted on the structure of the 364DY, the Temple Scroll focused on the fashioning of pentacontad periods, in continuity with the biblical commandments of Leviticus 23.

“Whereas Jubilees insisted on the structure of the 364DY, the Temple Scroll focused on the fashioning of pentacontad periods, in continuity with the biblical commandments of Leviticus 23.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The idea that the otot cycle connects with long-term heptadic cycles for apocalyptic time reckoning was rejected on various grounds.

“This idea was rejected, however, on various grounds (Ben-Dov 2007;Berner 2007).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The distribution of dates in the Hebrew Bible and Jubilees does not support a preference for specific days of the week, but rather for particular days of the month.

“They concluded that the distribution of dates did not support the hypothesis of a preference for specifi c days of the week, but rather for particular days of the month.”

• cites Wacholder and Wacholder (1995)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Astronomical Book is the earliest extant Jewish source mentioning explicitly the 364DY.

“The Astronomical Book is the earliest extant Jewish source mentioning explicitly the 364DY, and as such it is important to note that it displays no ostensibly Jewish traits like festivals, priests etc.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jaubert's 'liturgical days' argument could no longer be maintained.

“He did concede, however, that Jaubert's 'liturgical days' argument could no longer be maintained.”

• cites VanderKam (1979)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The anti-lunar polemics in Jub.6, initially often conceived as a reflection of the position of the entire 364DCT, is now interpreted differently.

“The anti-lunar polemics in Jub.6, initially often conceived as a refl ection of the position of the entire 364DCT, is now interpreted differently (see 3.2 below).”

May combine two claims.

The calendar attested in sectarian texts is no longer considered to be a 'solar' calendar; rather it uses a schematic 364-day year (364DY), constructed from heptadic schemes which complied well with the sabbatical tendencies of apocalyptic circles.

“The calendar attested in sectarian texts is no longer considered to be a 'solar' calendar; rather it uses a schematic 364-day year (henceforth 364DY), constructed from heptadic schemes which complied well with the sabbatical tendencies of apocalyptic circles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The days of the week are conspicuously absent from the date formulae scattered throughout the Jubilees narrative.

“Baumgarten (1962Baumgarten ( [repr. in 1977: 101-14) : 101-14) undermined this concept by pointing out that the days of the week were conspicuously absent from the date formulae scattered throughout the Jubilees narrative.”

• cites Baumgarten (1962)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The passage on 'David's Compositions' in 11QPs a is more directly related to calendrical concepts.

“The passage on 'David's Compositions', in contrast, is more directly related to calendrical concepts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The lunar theory reflected in 1 Enoch and at Qumran yields fruitful comparisons with cognate scientific texts from the ANE.

“In fact the lunar theory refl ected in 1 Enoch and at Qumran yields fruitful comparisons with cognate scientifi c texts from the ANE.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Jewish astronomical and calendrical lore is increasingly explained on the background of astral sciences in the Hellenistic world-from Mesopotamia to Egypt.

“Finally, the Jewish astronomical and calendrical lore is increasingly explained on the background of astral sciences in the Hellenistic world-from Mesopotamia to Egypt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

4Q252 is a para-biblical text which, like Jubilees, builds upon the biblical book of Genesis.

“4Q252 is a para-biblical text which, like Jubilees, builds upon the biblical book of Genesis (Brooke 1996).”

• cites Brooke 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On each occasion of an ot, the pristine positions of the luminaries at the time of creation were restored, as implied in the broken literary prologue of 4Q319 IV.

“On each of these occasions the pristine positions of the luminaries at the time of creation were restored, as implied in the broken literary prologue of 4Q319 IV.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The 360-day year is connected with the status of the epagomenal days in the Astronomical Book, 1 Enoch 74.10-16, 75.1-3, and 82.4-8.

“The 360-day year is connected with the status of the epagomenal days in the Astronomical Book, 1 Enoch 74.10-16, 75.1-3, and 82.4-8.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Present-day research is willing to recognize significant diversity within the 364DCT, whereas such diversity was naturally less conceivable in earlier stages of scholarship.

“Generally speaking, present-day research is willing to recognize signifi cant diversity within the 364DCT, whereas such diversity was naturally less conceivable in earlier stages of scholarship.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

4Q317 is tentatively dated to the mid-second century BCE on the basis of paleography and Carbon 14 tests.

“The scroll is tentatively dated to the mid-second century BCE (Pfann 2000: 186) on the basis of paleography and of Carbon 14 tests.”

• cites Pfann 2000: 186Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The models employed in the Astronomical Book were first designed to fit an ideal year of 360 days, and only subsequently were these schemes adapted to a calendar of 364 days, taking the four 'additional' days within the count of the year.

“Sacchi has shown that the models employed in the Astronomical Book were fi rst designed to fi t an ideal year of 360 days.Only subsequently were these schemes adapted to a calendar of 364 days, taking the four 'additional' days within the count of the year (Sacchi 1990;Boccaccini 2001;Ben-Dov and Horowitz 2003: 11-12).”

• cites Sacchi 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Boccaccini 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ben-Dov and Horowitz 2003: 11-12Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Present-day research tends to emphasize the schematic aspect of the 364-day calendar tradition and renounces the older view of this system as a 'solar' calendar.

“Broadly speaking, present-day research tends to emphasize the schematic aspect of the 364-day calendar tradition, renouncing the older view of this system as a 'solar' calendar.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several passages in Jubilees probably presuppose traveling on the Sabbath.

“By adducing several passages which probably presupposed traveling on the Sabbath, Baumgarten further contested Jaubert's conclusion that the patriarchs, according to Jubilees, rested on the Sabbath day.”

• cites Baumgarten (1962)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sentence about violation of the covenant in Jub.6.34 became a stock phrase in later sectarian literature, as in 4Qpesher Hosea.

“On the other hand, this sentence has become a stock phrase in later sectarian literature, as in 4Qpesher Hosea.”

• cites Bernstein (1991) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The rich liturgical literature found at Qumran illustrates central aspects of the cultic application of the 364DY.

“The rich liturgical literature found at Qumran illustrates central aspects of the cultic application of the 364DY.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Wise's insights on historical texts were re-evaluated and carried further in the recent study by Atkinson (2007).

“Wise's insights were re-evaluated and carried further in the recent study by Atkinson (2007).”

• cites Atkinson 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The wording about the violation of the covenant in Jub.6.34 is dependent on Hos.2.13.

“Bernstein (1991) has noted how the wording about the violation of the covenant in Jub.6.34 (cp.1.14, 23.19) is, on the one hand, dependent on Hos.2.13.”

• cites Bernstein (1991) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The divinatory-scientific literature from Qumran can be fruitfully studied in light of scientific texts from Mesopotamia and the Hellenistic world.

“Coming from the other direction, it is now acknowledged that the divinatory-scientifi c literature from Qumranwhich is somewhat later than the calendrical texts-can be fruitfully studied in light of scientifi c texts from Mesopotamia and the Hellenistic world (Popovic 2007).”

• cites Popovic 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The determination of the seasons was given to the sun only, based on Jub.2.9.

“The determination of the seasons was given to the sun only (based on Jub.2.9).”

• cites Glessmer (1997)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

VanderKam's model was accepted (with minor modifications) in several authoritative works on Essene history and on the Second Temple period in general.

“VanderKam's model was accepted (with minor modifi cations) in several authoritative works on Essene history and on the Second Temple period in general.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

VanderKam's interpretation of Ben Sira, though plausible, did not positively prove that a 364DY was used in early Hellenistic times.

“Further, VanderKam's interpretation of Ben Sira, though plausible, did not positively prove that a 364DY was used in early Hellenistic times.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Two questions on the history of the 364DY are still debated.

“In summary, therefore, two questions on the history of the 364DY are still debated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jubilees has a solar emphasis, discerned in 2.9, 6.36, and 4.17.

“Glessmer noted the solar emphasis in Jubilees (1997: 145-46), which he discerned in 2.9 and 6.36 as well as in 4.17.”

• cites Glessmer (1997)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The months of the Egyptian civil calendar were divided into three 'seasons', each containing four months.

“The months were divided into three 'seasons', each containing four months.”

• cites Spalinger 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Jaubert's schemes proved efficient when reconstructing the mishmarot calendars, but seem less secure with Jubilees, Jaubert's original point of departure.

“Whereas Jaubert's schemes proved effi cient when reconstructing the mishmarot calendars, they paradoxically seem less secure with Jubilees, Jaubert's original point of departure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Enoch calendar was quite distinct from traditional calendars, Jewish and Gentile, and was therefore probably new.

“Further, Beckwith, following Kuhn (1961;contrast, however, Beckwith 2005: 54-66), declared that 'the Enoch calendar was quite distinct from traditional calendars, Jewish and Gentile, and was therefore probably new ' (2005: 30).”

• cites Beckwith 2005: 30Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kuhn (1961) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The four cardinal days were not counted within the months, so all months of the year were 30 days long, with four extra days at the quarters.

“The four cardinal days were not counted within the months, thus all the months of the year were 30-days long, with four extra days at the quarters.”

• cites Boccaccini (2001) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The idiosyncratic views of the author of Jubilees may have included the obliteration of the second Passover from the list of accepted festivals, as illustrated by the omission of the second Passover in Jub.49.1-14.

“As argued by Saulnier (forthcoming a), such idiosyncratic views may have included the obliteration of the second Passover from the list of accepted festivals, as illustrated by the careful omission of the second Passover in Jub.49.1-14, a passage which appears to 're-write' Numbers 9.”

• cites Saulnier (forthcoming a)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Very little can be said with confidence about the calendar or calendars used in biblical literature.

“All the more so since very little can be said with confi dence about the calendar or calendars used in biblical literature (VanderKam 1998: 3).”

• cites VanderKam 1998: 3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Antiochus IV did not compel the Jews to celebrate their festivals according to his calendar.

“However, Antiochus did not compel the Jews to celebrate their festivals according to his calendar.”

• cites Davies (1983)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Egyptian civil calendar contained 12 months of 30 days each (= 360 days).

“This calendar contained 12 months of 30 days each (= 360 days).”

• cites Spalinger 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jubilees employed a unique conception of time, different from other conceptions even within the Jewish 364DCT.

“In Glessmer's view, therefore, Jubilees employed a unique conception of time, which was different from other conceptions, even within the Jewish 364DCT.”

• cites Glessmer (1997)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The moon could be numerically synchronized with the 364DY, but no synchronization formula would make the lunar months fit the quadruple division of the year into seasons.

“The moon could be numerically synchronized with the 364DY, but even the shrewdest synchronization formula would not make the lunar months fi t the quadruple division of the year into seasons.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The four annual seasons are a central element in Jubilees' conception of the calendar.

“Glessmer regarded the four annual seasons as a central element in Jubilees' conception of the calendar.”

• cites Glessmer (1997)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first trajectory of criticism of VanderKam's hypothesis denies that the luni-solar calendar was introduced into Jewish practice only as late as 167 BCE.

“The fi rst trajectory denies the contention that the luni-solar calen-1. dar was introduced into Jewish practice only as late as 167 BCE.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Jaubert's view on the ancient Jewish origin of the 364DY, despite being severely criticized, still retains scholarly support.

“Jaubert's view on the ancient Jewish origin of the 364DY, despite being severely criticized, still retains scholarly support.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The stock phrase about violation of the covenant originated in Pseudo-prophetic literature, with traces in 4Q390, 1Q22 Divrei Moshe, and in a 4Q copy of the latter.

“Recently Tigchelaar (2005) demonstrated how this stock phrase originated in Pseudo-prophetic literature, with traces in 4Q390, 1Q22 Divrei Moshe, and in a 4Q copy of the latter.”

• cites Tigchelaar (2005) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Antiochus IV did not celebrate his festivals according to the Jewish calendar.

“Nor did he celebrate his festivals according to the Jewish calendar.”

• cites Davies (1983)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The four cardinal days in Jubilees are placed between the seasons according to Jub. 29.16, but are counted as the first day of each season in 6.23.

“Boccaccini (2001) pointed out the problematic status of the four cardinal days in Jubilees, which are placed between the seasons according to Jub. 29.16, but are counted as the fi rst day of each season in 6.23.”

• cites Boccaccini (2001) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The four cardinal days, while incorporated in the weekly definition of the year, stood outside the division into months.

“The four cardinal days, while incorporated in the weekly defi nition of the year, stood outside the division into months.”

• cites Ravid (2003) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Egyptian civil calendar fails to account for the broad astronomical interests present in the Astronomical Book.

“In addition, the Egyptian civil calendar fails to account for the broad astronomical interests present in the Astronomical Book.”

• cites Albani 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Antiochus IV did not purport to change the calendrical system, but only to introduce his own new festivals.

“In fact, Antiochus did not purport to change the calendrical system, but only to introduce his own new festivals.”

• cites Davies (1983)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Egyptian year began with the rise of Sirius close to the summer solstice, while the Jewish 364DY always commenced at the (schematic) spring equinox.

“The Egyptian year began with the rise of Sirius close to the summer solstice, while the Jewish 364DY always commenced at the (schematic) spring equinox.”

• cites Albani 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The 364DY essentially comprised four annual seasons, while the Egyptian year was divided into three seasons only.

“While the 364DY essentially comprised of four annual seasons, the Egyptian year was divided into three seasons only.”

• cites Albani 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 364DCT reveals ostensible Jewish affinities, first and foremost its septenary-sabbatarian orientation.

“The 364DCT reveals ostensible Jewish affi nities, fi rst and foremost its septenary-sabbatarian orientation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The idiosyncratic views of the author of Jubilees were not triggered by external influence but by his own unique adaptations of genuinely Jewish traditions.

“Finally, he reasoned that the idiosyncratic views of the author were not triggered by external infl uence but rather by his own unique adaptations of genuinely Jewish traditions.”

• cites Ben-Dov (forthcoming b)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Evidence for Jews celebrating a (cultic) lunar calendar was not restricted to Ben Sira, but was already present in the early second century BCE (Aristobulus, Ezekiel the tragedian).

“Firstly, he noted that evidence for Jews celebrating a (cultic) lunar calendar were not restricted to Ben Sira, but were already present in the early second century BCE (Aristobulus, Ezekiel the tragedian).”

• cites Beckwith (1981)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

VanderKam did not supply tangible evidence that a 364DY existed in the times between Ezekiel and Daniel 7.

“VanderKam did not supply tangible evidence that a 364DY existed in the times between Ezekiel and Daniel 7.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Only in the mid-second century BCE was a calendar conflict propagated, first in Jubilees and later in Qumran literature.

“Only in the mid-second century BCE was a calendar confl ict propagated, fi rst in Jubilees and later in Qumran literature (2000: 110).”

• cites VanderKam 2000: 110Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

VanderKam's view on the enactment of the lunar calendar under Antiochus IV is maintained mainly by scholars of Essene history, while general historians of the Second Temple period usually posit an earlier shift to the luni-solar calendar under Babylonian influence, long before the second century BCE.

“VanderKam's view on the enactment of the lunar calendar under Antiochus IV is maintained mainly by scholars of Essene history, while general historians of the Second Temple period usually posit an earlier shift to the luni-solar calendar under Babylonian infl uence, long before the second century BCE.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Five epagomenal days, which did not belong to any of the 12 months, were appended to the Egyptian civil year's ending.

“Five epagomenal days, which did not belong to any of the 12 months, were appended to the year's ending.”

• cites Spalinger 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The absence of weekday notations in Jubilees means the year did not begin on Wednesday, and the Sabbath was not considered a day of rest in the narratives of Jubilees.

“Owing to the absence of weekday notations in Jubilees, Ravid denied that the year began on Wednesday, and rejected the possibility that the Sabbath was considered a day of rest in the narratives of Jubilees.”

• cites Ravid (2003) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Jubilees was in many ways dependent upon the Astronomical Book, but the two compositions did not share identical interests.

“He indicated that, although Jubilees was in many ways dependent upon the Astronomical Book, the two compositions by no means shared identical interests.”

• cites Glessmer (1997)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It was the Babylonian influence of an earlier time, more than Hellenistic coercion, that ensured that by the time of Antiochus the luni-solar calendar had already been well rooted in Jewish cultic practices.

“It was the Babylonian infl uence of an earlier time, more than Hellenistic coercion, that ensured that by the time of Antiochus the luni-solar calendar had already been well rooted in Jewish cultic practices.”

• cites Davies (1983)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Egyptian year placed five epagomenal days together at the end of the year, while the 364DCT inserted one such day at the end of each of the four seasons.

“Further, while the Egyptian year placed fi ve epagomenal days together at the end of the year, the 364DCT inserted one such day at the end of each of the four seasons.”

• cites Albani 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The author of Jubilees was both dependent upon and independent from the Jewish 364DCT.

“Ben-Dov (forthcoming b) claimed that the author of Jubilees was both dependent upon and independent from the Jewish 364DCT.”

• cites Ben-Dov (forthcoming b)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The author of Jubilees was undoubtedly dependent on the definition of the year in the Astronomical Book, and was greatly indebted to the heptadic principle of time reckoning.

“The author was undoubtedly dependent on the defi nition of the year in the Astronomical Book, and was greatly indebted to the heptadic principle of time reckoning.”

• cites Ben-Dov (forthcoming b)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Committing to lunar reckoning would disturb the order of the Sabbaths and festivals, because proper placement within the tequfah was salient for their observance.

“Committing to the lunar reckoning would necessarily also disturb the order of the Sabbaths and festivals, since the proper placement of these sacred occasions within the tequfah (season) was salient for their observance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Similar arguments can be used to reject the possibility that a certain type of Persian calendar (similar to the Egyptian one) influenced the Jewish discipline.

“Similar arguments can be used to reject the possibility that a certain type of Persian calendar (similar to the Egyptian one) infl uenced the Jewish discipline (Albani 1994: 169-70).”

• cites Albani 1994: 169-70Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 364-day year should no longer be called a 'solar' year, but rather a schematic year, or, more neutrally, 'the 364DY'.

“They supported Glessmer's suggestion that the 364-day year no longer be called a 'solar' year, but rather a schematic year, or, more neutrally, 'the 364DY'.”

• cites GlessmerNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ben-Dov and Horowitz (2003)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Kuhn-Beckwith interpretation of 1 En.80.2-8 is based on the assumption that the passage describes the unavoidable phenomenon that would accompany a noninterpolated 364DY over a significant period of time.

“The Kuhn-Beckwith interpretation of the passage 1 En.80.2-8 is based on the assumption that the passage in question actually describes the unavoidable phenomenon that would accompany a noninterpolated 364DY over a signifi cant period of time (Saulnier forthcoming b).”

• cites Saulnier forthcoming bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The measurements contained in the Astronomical Book refer to the time intervals of lunar visibility rather than to the size of the illuminated area of the moon's surface.

“Drawnel argues that the measurements contained in the Astronomical Book refer to the time intervals of lunar visibility rather than to the size of the illuminated area of the moon's surface, as previously accepted.”

• cites Drawnel (2007)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The text BM 32327+ (mid-third century BCE) is the closest parallel to the Qumranic triad.

“They singled out the text BM 32327+ (mid-third century BCE) as the closest parallel to the Qumranic triad.”

• cites Ben-Dov and Horowitz (2005) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The octaeteris was likely a late intrusion in the Enochic text, reflecting the Hellenistic education of a Greek, maybe even Ethiopian, copyist.

“Neugebauer (1985: 401) has demonstrated that the octaeteris was likely a late intrusion in the Enochic text, refl ecting the Hellenistic education of a Greek, maybe even Ethiopian, copyist.”

• cites Neugebauer 1985: 401Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is possible that the development of the 364DCT might have included each of the three models above at different stages.

“In the fi nal analysis, with Albani (1997: 110), it is possible that the development of the 364DCT might have included each of the three models above at different stages.”

• cites Albani 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Astronomical Book was indebted to Mul.Apin and related texts.

“The full publication of Mul.Apin (Hunger and Pingree 1989), an early fi rst millennium BCE Mesopotamian compendium, engendered the work by Albani (1994), where it was made clear that the Astronomical Book was indebted to Mul.Apin and related texts.”

• cites Albani (1994)Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hunger and Pingree 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Enochic and later Qumranic sources shed light on a unique, esoteric scientific discipline, which originated from Mesopotamia and persisted into the cultural melting pot of the Hellenistic period, maintaining its idiosyncratic affinities until much later.

“Generally speaking, the Enochic and later Qumranic sources shed light on a unique, esoteric scientifi c discipline, which originated from Mesopotamia and persisted into the cultural melting pot of the Hellenistic period, maintaining its idiosyncratic affi nities until much later.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It would be wrong to dub the sectarian year 'solar'.

“It would be wrong to dub the sectarian year 'solar'.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Any insertion of periods of days would have seriously interfered with the cycle of priestly service as expounded in the mishmarot texts.

“Third, any insertion of periods of days would have seriously interfered with the cycle of priestly service as expounded in the mishmarot texts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The agricultural character of festivals such as Passover, the Waving of the Omer, and various other First Fruit offerings also applies to the other festivals.

“As Saulnier (forthcoming b) has shown, this applies also to the other festivals that display an agricultural character such as Passover, the Waving of the Omer, and various other First Fruit offerings.”

• cites Saulnier forthcoming bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It is hard to assume that Sukkot was celebrated in the spring.

“As Albani puts it (1997: 108), it is hard to assume that Sukkot was celebrated in the spring.”

• cites Albani 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

It would be hard to define a uniform Greek concept of a calendar, let alone expect it to influence the Jewish discipline; divergence and incongruence were typical characteristics of calendrical practices in Greek and Hellenistic societies.

“In addition to all of the above, it would be hard to defi ne a uniform Greek concept of a calendar, let alone expect it to infl uence the Jewish discipline.On the contrary, divergence and incongruence were typical characteristics of calendrical practices in Greek and Hellenistic societies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There seemed to have been considerable development from the teaching of the Astronomical Book (to which 4Q503 was indebted) to 4Q317 and the mishmarot calendars, which employed a fully developed triennial cycle.

“There seemed to have been considerable development from the teaching of the Astronomical Book (to which 4Q503 was indebted) to 4Q317 and the mishmarot calendars, which employed a fullydeveloped triennial cycle.”

• cites Schmidt 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The description of lunar visibility in the Astronomical Book is very similar to the method illustrated by Enūma Anu Enlil 14.

“He further contends that the description of lunar visibility in the Astronomical Book is very similar to the method illustrated by Enūma Anu Enlil 14.”

• cites Drawnel (2007)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Albani rightly pointed out the inherent difficulty any self-perpetuating system based on priestly rotations would present to intercalary attempts.

“Albani rightly pointed out the inherent diffi culty any self-perpetuating system based on priestly rotations would present to intercalary attempts.”

• cites Albani 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The nature of the lunar phenomena in 4Q320, 4Q321 and 4Q321a is best understood in light of the use of a similar set of lunar data in Babylonian astronomy ('the Lunar Three'), which dates back to the sixth century BCE.

“The authors claim that the nature of these lunar phenomena is best understood in light of the use of a similar set of lunar data in Babylonian astronomy ('the Lunar Three'), which dates back to the sixth century BCE.”

• cites Ben-Dov and Horowitz (2005) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 360-day year is at the basis of the 364DCT, even at the latest phases of the tradition.

“The authors further stressed the role of the 360-day year at the basis of the 364DCT, even at the latest phases of the tradition.”

• cites Ben-Dov and Horowitz (2003)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Both the alleged octaeteris in 1 En.74.10-16 and the alleged reference to the 76-year cycle of Callippus in 78.9 were refuted.

“However, both these elements were refuted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Without explicit textual evidence in support, Burgmann's proposal that the Hassidic-Essene solar calendar was intercalated with either a 28-day or a 35-day month every 24.5 years was open to criticism.

“Without explicit textual evidence in its support, however, this proposal was open to criticism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the absence of explicit sources any hypothesis must remain conjectural at best.

“However, in the absence of explicit sources any hypothesis must remain conjectural at best.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 'sectarians' rejected the biblical statute for the sake of homogeneity of the halakhic realm, applying their accepted principle of a sunset day reckoning to every possible trajectory of halakhic life.

“According to him, the 'sectarians' rejected the biblical statute for the sake of homogeneity of the halakhic realm, applying their accepted principle of a sunset day reckoning to every possible trajectory of halakhic life.”

• cites Kister 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A sunrise reckoning may also be reflected in some of the mishmarot lunar texts.

“A sunrise reckoning may also be refl ected, however, in some of the mishmarot lunar texts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The authors and copyists of various calendrical documents of the 364-day calendar tradition were interested in this particular calendar due to its schematic-sabbatical characteristics.

“The authors and copyists of various calendrical docu-ments of the 364-day calendar tradition were interested in this particular calendar due to its schematic-sabbatical characteristics.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

One may detect considerable differences between the world view of such texts as the Astronomical Book, Jubilees, and the various documents with calendrical interest found at Qumran, while the basic calendrical framework is retained.

“Therefore, one may detect considerable differences between the world view of such texts as the Astronomical Book, Jubilees, and the various documents with calendrical interest found at Qumran, while the basic calendrical framework is retained.”