Office lighting and personal light exposures in two seasons: Impact on sleep and mood
Abstract
Lighting design for office buildings has focused largely on providing sufficient light for visual performance, minimal glare, good colour rendering and energy conservation. Little attention has been given to understanding how light affects the non-visual systems, including circadian regulation that affects sleep and mood. Circadian light–dark and activity–rest patterns of individuals working in a building designed to provide daylight availability in the space were obtained in winter and summer. Measures of objective and subjective sleep and self-reports of mood were also obtained from participants. Results show a significant increase in light exposure during summer. Sleep quantity and quality were also significantly higher in summer than in winter. Strategies to increase circadian light exposures in buildings should be a consideration in architectural design.
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Low levels of illumination are sufficient to trigger awakening and the effect on circadian rhythm gets saturated at high illumination levels.
“Studies indicate that low levels of illumination are sufficient to trigger awakening and there are hints that the effect on circadian rhythm gets saturated at high illumination levels 38, 39.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
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Chen, R., Yan, Y., & Cheng, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1257093 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Architecture, light, and circadian biology: A scoping review
Lewis, P., Christoforou, R., Pilechiha, P., Wild, U., Schweiker, M., & Erren, T. C. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177212 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Peeters, S., Smolders, K. C. H. J., Kompier, M. E., & de Kort, Y. A. W. (2022) · LEUKOS The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America · doi:10.1080/15502724.2021.2001345 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A new rationale for setting light source luminous efficacy requirements
Rea, M. S., & Bierman, A. (2016) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153516668230 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationLight exposure differs by sex in the US, with females receiving less bright light
Wallace, D. A. (2024) · npj Biological Timing and Sleep · doi:10.1038/s44323-024-00016-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Healthy building design strategies: A cross-topic systematic review
Ang, Y. Q., Chew, L. W., & Samuelson, H. W. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112421 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Aryani, S. M., Kusumawanto, A., & Suryabrata, J. A. (2020) · International Conference on Dwelling Form (IDWELL) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.201009.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Even though its potential is realised in health, lighting at work is often designed only to meet visual needs [14].”
BackgroundA field test of a simplified method of estimating circadian stimulus
Babilon, S., Beck, S., & Khanh, T. (2021) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/14771535211044664 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adamsson, M., Laike, T., & Morita, T. (2018) · LEUKOS The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America · doi:10.1080/15502724.2017.1391101 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Schlangen, L. J. M., Belgers, S., Cuijpers, R. H., Zandi, B., & Heynderickx, I. E. J. (2022) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/14771535221120350 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kim, I. T., Choi, A.-S., & Sung, M. (2018) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.028 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Estevan, I., Coirolo, N., Tassino, B., & da Silva, A. C. R. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep5010006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The identification of variables influencing personal lighting conditions of office workers
van Duijnhoven, J., Aarts, M. M., van den Heuvel, E. R., & Kort, H. S. M. (2020) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153520976950 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Figueiro, M. G., Bullough, J. D., Thayer, A., Nagare, R., & Rea, M. S. (2023) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/14771535231212683 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociations of light exposure patterns with sleep among Dutch children: The ABCD cohort study
Stefanopoulou, M., Ruhé, N., Portengen, L., van Wel, L., Vrijkotte, T. G. M., Vermeulen, R. C. H., & Huss, A. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14184 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Fully adjusted models additionally accounted for maternal education (low/high), weekend night (yes/no) and season (April – September/October – March) in which the measurements were done, due to previous observations of higher sleep quality during summer than winter (Figueiro & Rea, 2016).”
Ticleanu, C., Flores-Villa, L., Littlefair, P. J., & Howlett, G. (2025) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/14771535251317740 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“24 Rea 25 also proposed replacing the photopic spectral luminous efficiency function V ( l ) with the universal luminous efficiency function U ( l ), which is a broader luminous efficiency function meant to represent the full range of retinal sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation associated with all photoreceptor t…”
InfluentialDanell, M., Hartmeyer, S. L., Petterson, L., Davis, R., & Andersen, M. (2021) · Building Simulation Conference proceedings · doi:10.26868/25222708.2021.30624 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…resorted to when prospectively evaluating the impact of lighting and/or architectural design strategies, and office and health care environments are of particular interest here due to the amount of time occupants spend in these spaces during waking hours (Boyce, 2010; Figueiro & Rea 2016;).”
BackgroundChan, I. Y. S., & Chen, H. (2023) · Engineering Construction & Architectural Management · doi:10.1108/ecam-12-2021-1120 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alzahrani, H. S., Khuu, S. K., & Roy, M. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Optometry · doi:10.1080/08164622.2021.1898276 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Research methods and progress of human factors in architectural lighting
Zhang, X., Tang, B., Chen, X., & Dong, Y. (2022) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2022-0144 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The impact of light adjustment versus tuneable white mode on ICU staff’s circadian rhythms
Aguilar-Carrasco, M. T., Álvarez‐López, A. I., Bustamante, P., Ríos, A. I. Á., & Domínguez-Amarillo, S. (2024) · Building Research & Information · doi:10.1080/09613218.2024.2394479 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Given that optimal thresholds must be known to work with, the e ff ect of light on the circadian system by setting optimal CS values has already been assessed in works like (Figueiro et al., 2014; Figueiro & Rea, 2016).”
A First Approach to a New Index on Indoor Lighting Comfort Based on Corneal Illuminance
Salata, F., Golasi, I., Peña-García, A., Ciancio, V., & Yousefi, Z. (2019) · Journal of Daylighting · doi:10.15627/jd.2019.12 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Rea and Figueiro [8] conducted research on Alzheimer's patients and they found that a CS value between the first hours of the morning and 6 p.m. at least equal to 0.30 could bring significant benefits in terms of duration and quality of sleep and a reduction in agitation and depression symptoms.”
BackgroundInfluentialA New Trend for Indoor Lighting Design Based on A Hybrid Methodology
Selim, F. F., Elkholy, S. M., & Bendary, A. F. (2020) · Journal of Daylighting · doi:10.15627/jd.2020.14 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“, [33,34], focused on the design and measurements of lighting illuminance for visual and un-visual systems to give an attention to circadian regulation, which affects sleep and mood with some suggestions for lighting designers.”
BackgroundDAYLIGHT IN OFFICE BUILDINGS: IMPACT OF BUILDING DESIGN ON PERSONAL LIGHT EXPOSURES, SLEEP AND MOOD*
Figueiro, M. G., Steverson, B., & HEERWAGEN, J. H. (2015) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationYilmaz, F. (2021) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153520987420 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Assessment of the Working Environment in Terms of Visual Perception
Katunský, D., & Dolníková, E. (2019) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27011-7_18 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Aguilar-Carrasco, M. T., Domínguez-Amarillo, S., Álvarez‐López, A. I., Carrillo‐Vico, A., & Acosta, I. (2024) · LEUKOS The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America · doi:10.1080/15502724.2024.2424958 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Given that optimal thresholds must be known in order to work with CS, the effect of light on the circadian system by setting optimal CS values has already been assessed in several studies (Figueiro et al. 2014; Figueiro and Rea 2016).”
Das, M., & Luk, C. (2025) · Journal of Aging and Environment · doi:10.1080/26892618.2025.2588119 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Integrating monitors into circadian lighting strategies for offices
Dianagri, A. T., Göçer, Ö., & Hu, W. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113051 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Conclusions and Possible Guidelines for Circadian Lighting Design
Rossi, M. (2019) · Research for development · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11087-1_7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Du, J., & Sharples, S. (2021) · Light & Engineering · doi:10.33383/2020-064 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Das, B., & Mazumdar, S. (2022) · Optik · doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.169919 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Figueiro, M., & Rea, M.
- Affiliations
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Venue
- Lighting Research & Technology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-12-19
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 352-364
- ISSN
- 0024-3426 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-1535
- 1477-0938
- OpenAlex
- W2328375817
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Lighting Research & Technology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- office lighting, circadian lighting, non-visual effects of light, sleep quality, mood, seasonal variation, daylight availability, circadian rhythm, architectural lighting design, visual comfort
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