Cited by 318Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchHistorical and Modern Theater StudiesNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

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Longitudinal Verbal Fluency in Normal Aging, Preclinical, and Prevalent Alzheimer’s Disease

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Clark, Linda J., Gatz, Margaret, Zheng, Ling, Chen, Yu-Ling, McCleary, Carol, Mack, Wendy J.·2009·American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®

DOI 10.1177/1533317509345154PMC PMC2824246

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Abstract

Background: Few longitudinal studies evaluate differences in patterns of change of category compared to letter fluency across the spectrum of cognitive impairment. Methods: We compared change in category (animal and supermarket) and letter (F, A, S) fluency among 239 participants in 3 groups: remained cognitively normal throughout follow-up (n = 96), developed Alzheimer’s Disease (AD; preclinical AD, n = 21), and with AD at initial testing (prevalent AD, n = 122). Results: At baseline, prevalent and preclinical AD groups scored lower on animal than letter fluency. On all fluency measures, the prevalent AD declined faster than other groups (all P < .0001), and preclinical AD declined faster than unimpaired (all P ≤ .02). Overall, animal fluency declined faster than letter fluency; animal fluency declined significantly faster than letter fluency among cognitively normal and prevalent AD participants. Conclusion: Greater longitudinal declines in category compared to letter fluency are consistent with cross-sectional studies. Steeper declines on both fluency measures distinguish preclinical AD from cognitively unimpaired individuals.

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“Our findings are consistent with the suggestion that the preclinical individuals may already have deterioration in the temporal/parietal area, since animal naming would be associated with the temporal/parietal part of the brain, while FAS would be associated with the frontal lobes.(20,21) We add 2 further comments abo…”
Result
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“Our cross-sectional findings are consistent with numerous reports that have compared fluency measures at a single testing between participants with AD and unimpaired participants(1-7) and between participants with MCI or preclinical AD and unimpaired participants.(2,9-12) In these cross-sectional analyses, we found th…”
Result
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“One study found that participants with AD showed more rapid decline at 1-year followup in category fluency compared to cognitively intact participants, while showing little change in letter fluency in the same time period.14 In the MoVIES study, there was significant decline over 2 years on categorical but not on lett…”
BackgroundInfluential

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10.1212/01.WNL.0000147470.58328.50 · DOI · Paper page
10.1212/WNL.34.7.939 · DOI · Paper page
Singer JD, 2003, Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.435 · DOI

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Lexical retrieval in discourse: An early indicator of Alzheimer's dementia
Pekkala, S., Wiener, D., Himali, J., Beiser, A., Obler, L., Liu, Y.-L., Mckee, A., Auerbach, S., Seshadri, S., Wolf, P., et al. (2013) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699206.2013.815278 · Cited by 48
“…in individuals with MCI have revealed reductions as compared with healthy controls, both cross-sectionally (Clark et al., 2009; Doi, 2013; Levinoff et al., 2006; Nutter-Upham et al., 2008; Östberg et al., 2005) and longitudinally (Chen et al., 2001; Clark et al., 2009; Grober et al., 2008).”
Influential
A brief neuropsychological battery for use in the chronic heart failure population
Bauer, L., Pozehl, B., Hertzog, M., Johnson, J. K., Zimmerman, L., & Filipi, M. (2012) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2011.03.007 · Cited by 48
Alogia and formal thought disorder: differential patterns of verbal fluency task performance.
Docherty, A. R., Berenbaum, H., & Kerns, J. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.04.004 · Cited by 48
“…may exhibit relatively poorer performance on category fluency than would be expected based on their letter fluency performance, as seen in studies of Alzheimer’s patients (e.g. Clark et al., 2009; Rascovsky et al., 2007; Jones et al., 2006; Rogers et al., 2006; Sherman and Massman, 1999).”
Background
Associations between dietary and blood inflammatory indices and their effects on cognitive function in elderly Americans
Li, W., Li, S., Shang, Y., Zhuang, W., Yan, G., Chen, Z., & Lyu, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1117056 · Cited by 52
“The absolute verbal fluency and executive function of the participants were examined (Clark et al., 2009; Sutin et al., 2022).”
Background
Executive functions in clinical and preclinical Alzheimer's disease
Allain, P., Etcharry‐Bouyx, F., & Verny, C. (2013) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2013.07.020 · Cited by 74
Verbal fluency as a screening tool for mild cognitive impairment
McDonnell, M., Dill, L., Panos, S. E., Amano, S. S., Brown, W. S., Giurgius, S., Small, G. W., & Miller, K. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219000644 · Cited by 111
“…normal aging, individuals between the age of 50–70 will typically recall 21 animals, and individuals aged 70 and older recall approximately 18 animals (Price et al., 2012), which is higher than individuals with a-MCI and AD, who were able to list 15 and 8 animals, respectively (Clark et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Spanish version of Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (S-FNAME) performance is related to amyloid burden in Subjective Cognitive Decline
Sanabria, Á., Alegret, M., Rodríguez‐Gómez, O., Valero, S., Sotolongo‐Grau, Ó., Monté, G. C., Ruiz, C. A., Espinosa, A., Ortega, G., Pérez‐Cordón, A., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21644-y · Cited by 51
Multiple category verbal fluency in mild cognitive impairment and correlation with CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease
Mirandez, R. M., Aprahamian, I., Talib, L. L., Forlenza, O. V., & Radanovic, M. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217000102 · Cited by 50
“…fluency, the most frequently studied category, our results reproduce those described in several studies in different languages (Cunje et al., 2007; Clark et al., 2009; Kawano et al., 2010; Malek-Ahmadi et al., 2011; Delgado-Derio et al., 2012; Eppig et al., 2012; López-Higes et al., 2014),…”
Result
Latent Information in Fluency Lists Predicts Functional Decline in Persons at Risk for Alzheimer Disease
Clark, D. G., Kapur, P., Geldmacher, D., Brockington, J., Harrell, L., DeRamus, T. P., Blanton, P., Lokken, K., Nicholas, A. P., & Marson, D. (2014) · Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.12.013 · Cited by 44
Trajectories of cognitive function in community‐dwelling older adults: A longitudinal study of population heterogeneity
Wu, Z.-M., Woods, R., Wolfe, R., Storey, E., Chong, T., Shah, R., Orchard, S., McNeil, J., Murray, A., & Ryan, J. (2021) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/dad2.12180 · Cited by 43
The Role of Verb Fluency in the Detection of Early Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alegret, M., Peretó, M., Pérez, A., Valero, S., Espinosa, A., Ortega, G., Hernández, I., Mauleon, A., Rosende-Roca, M., Vargas, L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170826 · Cited by 42
“the time of conversion was taken into account in the Cox Regression analyses, the verb fluency only showed a significant effect on the faster conversion from CH to MCI, but not from MCI to dementia, findings that concur with results of previous studies using category [37,38,66] and letter verbal fluencies [38,66].”
Disruption of Semantic Network in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease Revealed by Resting-State fMRI
Mascali, D., DiNuzzo, M., Serra, L., Mangia, S., Maraviglia, B., Bozzali, M., & Giove, F. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.030 · Cited by 49
“…in FC between a region involved in phonemic processing (i.e., planum temporale) and a region involved in lexical/semantic processing (i.e., pMTG), might explain previous results showing less impaired phonemic fluency than category fluency in AD patients (Henry et al., 2004; Clark et al., 2009).”
Result
The Abilities Associated with Verbal Fluency Performance in a Young, Healthy Population Are Multifactorial and Differ Across Fluency Variants
Kraan, C., Stolwyk, R., & Testa, R. (2013) · Applied neuropsychology. Adult · doi:10.1080/09084282.2012.670157 · Cited by 42
Association between glyphosate exposure and cognitive function, depression, and neurological diseases in a representative sample of US adults: NHANES 2013-2014 analysis.
Hsiao, C.-C., Yang, A.-M., Wang, C.-K., & Lin, C.-Y. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116860 · Cited by 39
Body Temperature Is Associated With Cognitive Performance in Older Adults With and Without Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-sectional Analysis
Eggenberger, P., Bürgisser, M., Rossi, R. M., & Annaheim, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.585904 · Cited by 44
The association between triglyceride-glucose index and cognitive function in nondiabetic elderly: NHANES 2011–2014
Wei, B., Dong, Q., Ma, J., & Zhang, A. (2023) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-023-01959-0 · Cited by 41
“The NHANES 2011– 2014 modules consist of CERAD-WL, CERAD-DR [38], AFT [39], and the DSST [40].”
Method
Frailty is associated with worse cognitive functioning in older adults
Li, C.-M., Ge, S., Yin, Y., Tian, C., Mei, Y., & Han, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1108902 · Cited by 37
“It has also been widely used in epidemiological studies (26).”
Method
Accrual of functional redundancy along the lifespan and its effects on cognition
Sadiq, M. U., Langella, S., Giovanello, K. S., Mucha, P. J., & Dayan, E. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117737 · Cited by 35
Social network type and subsequent cognitive health among older Europeans
Cohn‐Schwartz, E., Levinsky, M., & Litwin, H. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220003439 · Cited by 56
“The ﬂ uency test is considered to be a measure of executive functioning, but also re ﬂ ects other processes, such as semantic memory and processing speed (Clark et al. , 2009; Hau-grud et al. , 2011).”
Machine learning for the prediction of cognitive impairment in older adults
Li, W., Zeng, L., Yuan, S., Shang, Y., Zhuang, W., Chen, Z., & Lyu, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1158141 · Cited by 34
“In the AF test (Clark et al., 2009), participants were asked to name as many animals as possible in 1min, and received 1 point for each correct answer.”
Method
Current Understanding of Verbal Fluency in Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence to Date
Wright, L., Marco, M. D., & Venneri, A. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s284645 · Cited by 40
Neural Correlates of Verb Fluency Performance in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults and Individuals With Dementia: A Pilot fMRI Study
Paek, E. J., Murray, L. L., & Newman, S. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00073 · Cited by 42
Normative Data For Verbal Fluency in Healthy Latin American Adults: Letter M, and Fruits and Occupations Categories
Rivera, D., Olabarrieta-Landa, L., der Elst, W. V., Gonzalez, I., Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y., Aguayo-Arelis, A., Rodríguez-Irizarry, W., de la Cadena, C. G., & Arango-Lasprilla, J. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000518 · Cited by 35
Weak Grip Strength and Cognition Predict Functional Limitation in Older Europeans
Wang, T., Wu, Y.-L., Li, W., Li, S.-Y., Sun, Y.-P., Li, S.-X., Zhang, D.-F., & Tan, Q. (2018) · Journal of The American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15611 · Cited by 35
Spin exercise improves semantic fluency in previously sedentary older adults.
Nocera, J. R., McGregor, K., Hass, C., & Crosson, B. (2015) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2013-0107 · Cited by 34
Improving clinical cognitive testing
Daffner, K., Gale, S., Barrett, A. M., Boeve, B., Chatterjee, A., Coslett, H. B., D'Esposito, M., Finney, G. R., Gitelman, D., Hart, J., et al. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001763 · Cited by 31
“This test has been studied in longitudinal cohorts of aging and patients with AD at various stages of severity.(33,34) Impaired semantic processing, as indexed by reduced semantic fluency, is a common early sign of underlying AD pathology.”
Background
The association between Weight-adjusted-Waist Index (WWI) and cognitive function in older adults: a cross-sectional NHANES 2011–2014 study
Qiu, X., Kuang, J., Huang, Y., Wei, C., & Zheng, X. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19332-w · Cited by 32
“The test’s essence lies in the participant’s ability to enumerate as many animals as possible within a 60-second frame [29].”
Background
Promoting Cognitive Health in Elder Care with Large Language Model-Powered Socially Assistive Robots
Lima, M. R. D., O'Connell, A., Zhou, F. B., Nagahara, A., Hulyalkar, A., Deshpande, A., Thomason, J., Vaidyanathan, R., & Matarić, M. J. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713582 · Cited by 24
Low Serum Testosterone Concentrations Are Associated With Poor Cognitive Performance in Older Men but Not Women
Dong, X. Z., Jiang, H. F., Li, S., & Zhang, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.712237 · Cited by 36
“…they have been used in large-scale screening and epidemiological studies to examine the associations between cognitive performance and many of the medical conditions and risk factors measured in NHANES examination (Fillenbaum et al., 2008; Gao et al., 2009; Clark et al., 2009; Jaeger, 2018).”
Method
The Role of Glutamate in Language and Language Disorders - Evidence from ERP and Pharmacologic Studies
Li, W., Marta Kutas, A., Gray, J. A., Hagerman, R. J., & Olichney, J. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.023 · Cited by 27
Accuracy of verbal fluency tests in the discrimination of mild cognitive impairment and probable Alzheimer’s disease in older Spanish monolingual individuals
García‐Herranz, S., Mardomingo, C. D., Venero, C., & Peraita, H. (2019) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2019.1698710 · Cited by 33
Which neuropsychological tests predict progression to Alzheimer’s disease in Hispanics?
Weissberger, G. H., Salmon, D. P., Bondi, M. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0032399 · Cited by 26
“…to be determined, however, whether or not verbal fluency (particularly semantic fluency) is as effective in detecting preclinical AD in bilinguals as it is in monolinguals (e.g., Albert, Moss, Tanzi, & Jones, 2001; Clark et al., 2009; for reviews, see Twamley et al., 2006, and Henry et al., 2004).”
Background
Performance on a measure of category fluency in cognitively impaired elderly
Hall, J., Harvey, M., Vo, H. T., & O'Bryant, S. E. (2011) · Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2011.557495 · Cited by 26
Cortical Changes in Incipient Alzheimer's Disease
Prestia, A., Drago, V., Rasser, P. E., Bonetti, M., Thompson, P. M., & Frisoni, G. B. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-101191 · Cited by 29
Cortical Thickness and Semantic Fluency in Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Eastman, J. A., Hwang, K., Lazaris, A. S., Chow, N., Ramirez, L. M., Babakchanian, S., Woo, E., Thompson, P. M., & Apostolova, L. G. (2013) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.7726/ajad.2013.1006 · Cited by 28
“Semantic fluency is a sensitive measure for distinguishing between normal subjects and those with early cognitive decline who proceed to AD (Canning, Leach et al. 2004; Grundman, Petersen et al. 2004; Clark, Gatz et al. 2009).”
Verbal fluency patterns associated with the amnestic conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia
Cintoli, S., Favilli, L., Morganti, R., Siciliano, G., Ceravolo, R., & Tognoni, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52562-x · Cited by 25
“The word lists generated by the fluency test are a rich source of information to foresee outcomes in MCI 32 .”
Background
Older adults, cognitively stimulating activities and change in cognitive function
Cegolon, A., & Jenkins, A. (2022) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/02601370.2022.2082574 · Cited by 25
“Verbal fluency is one of the most commonly used tasks in clinical practice to assess semantic memory (Clark et al., 2009; Dal Bianco et al., 2013).”
Method
Effects of Combined Aerobic Exercise and Cognitive Training on Verbal Fluency in Older Adults
Nocera, J. R., Mammino, K., Kommula, Y., Wharton, W., Crosson, B., & McGregor, K. (2020) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721419896884 · Cited by 25
Phonological and Semantic Fluency in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Olmos-Villaseñor, R., Sepulveda-Silva, C., Julio–Ramos, T., Fuentes–López, E., Toloza–Ramirez, D., Santibañez, R. A., Copland, D. A., & Méndez‐Orellana, C. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-221272 · Cited by 36
Association between rest-activity rhythm and cognitive function in the elderly: The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014
Sun, X.-Y., Yu, W.-P., Wang, M.-S., Hu, J., & Li, Y.-N. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1135085 · Cited by 24
“AFT is a language fluency task that checks execution functions (21).”
Background
Influence of APOE Status on Lexical–Semantic Skills in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Biundo, R., Gardini, S., Caffarra, P., Concari, L., Martorana, D., Neri, T. M., Shanks, M. F., & Venneri, A. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561771100021x · Cited by 26
“Some studies have examined verbal fluency in the preclinical phase of AD and have also found significant deficits in category fluency (Clark et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Verbal fluency in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment in individuals with low educational level and its relationship with reading and writing habits
Tessaro, B., Hermes-Pereira, A., Schilling, L., Fonseca, R., Kochhann, R., & Hübner, L. (2020) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-030011 · Cited by 23
Preliminary investigation of cognitive function in aged multiple sclerosis patients: Challenges in detecting comorbid Alzheimer’s disease
Roy, S., Drake, A. S., Snyder, S., Cline, B., Khan, A., Fuchs, T. A., Zivadinov, R., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Szigeti, K., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2018.03.008 · Cited by 24
Functional Changes in the Language Network in Response to Increased Amyloid β Deposition in Cognitively Intact Older Adults
Adamczuk, K., Weer, A. D., Nelissen, N., Dupont, P. J., Sunaert, S. G., Bettens, K., Sleegers, K., Broeckhoven, C. V., Laere, K. V., & Vandenberghe, R. R. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu286 · Cited by 32
“Word finding difficulties are frequent in clinically probable AD, even at a pre-dementia stage (Bayles and Tomoeda 1983; Huff et al. 1986; Chertkow and Bub 1990; Vandenbulcke et al. 2007; Apostolova et al. 2008; Clark et al. 2009; Sugarman et al. 2012).”
Serum neurofilament light chain levels are associated with all-cause mortality in the general US population
Ciardullo, S., Muraca, E., Bianconi, E., Ronchetti, C., Cannistraci, R., Rossi, L., Perra, S., Zerbini, F., & Perseghin, G. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11739-6 · Cited by 23
“The Animal Fluency Test examines verbal category fluency, a component of executive function, as well as other functions such as semantic memory and processing speed [19].”
Background
Association of Dietary α-Carotene and β-Carotene Intake with Low Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Zhong, Q., Sun, W. C., Qin, Y., & Xu, H. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010239 · Cited by 29
Non-Linear Association between Folate/Vitamin B12 Status and Cognitive Function in Older Adults
Ding, Z., Luo, L., Guo, S., Shen, Q., Zheng, Y.-Y., & Zhu, S.-M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14122443 · Cited by 21
Association Between Greater Cerebellar Network Connectivity and Improved Phonemic Fluency Performance After Exercise Training in Older Adults
Won, J., Faroqi‐Shah, Y., Callow, D. D., Williams, A. P., Awoyemi, A., Nielson, K. A., & Smith, J. C. (2021) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-020-01218-3 · Cited by 21
Response initiation and inhibition and the relationship with fluid intelligence across the adult lifespan
Martin, A. K., Barker, M. S., Gibson, E. C., & Robinson, G. A. (2019) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acz044 · Cited by 23
Individual Differences in Cognitive Function in Older Adults Predicted by Neuronal Selectivity at Corresponding Brain Regions
Jiang, X., Petok, J. R., Howard, D. V., & Howard, J. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00103 · Cited by 18
“…(McDowd et al., 2011), and studies have found that verbal fluency declines in healthy aging (Elgamal et al., 2011; Stokholm et al., 2013), as well as in Alzheimer’s disease (Henry et al., 2004; Clark et al., 2009) and other neurological disorders (Henry and Beatty, 2006; McDowd et al., 2011).”
Background

Authors: Clark, L. J., Gatz, M., Zheng, L., Chen, Y.-L., McCleary, C., & Mack, W. J.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Alzheimer Disease Research Center, and Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Corresponding author: Mack, Wendy J.
ORCID: Gatz, Margaret
Zheng, Ling
Mack, Wendy J.
Venue: American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-09-16
Volume: 24
Issue: 6
Pages: 461-468
ISSN: 0888-4897 (ISSN-L)
1533-3175
1938-2731
DOI: 10.1177/1533317509345154
PMC: PMC2824246
OpenAlex: W2058044289
Cited by: 318
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (P50-AG05142, P50AG005142)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: verbal fluency, semantic fluency, phonemic fluency, animal fluency, Alzheimer's disease, preclinical Alzheimer's disease, normal aging, cognitive decline, longitudinal change, cognitive impairment
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Semantics, Speech Disorders, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Disease Progression, Early Diagnosis

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Longitudinal Verbal Fluency in Normal Aging, Preclinical, and Prevalent Alzheimer’s Disease

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