The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Longitudinal Verbal Fluency in Normal Aging, Preclinical, and Prevalent Alzheimer’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
Background: Few longitudinal studies evaluate differences in patterns of change of category compared to letter fluency across the spectrum of cognitive impairment. Methods: We compared change in category (animal and supermarket) and letter (F, A, S) fluency among 239 participants in 3 groups: remained cognitively normal throughout follow-up (n = 96), developed Alzheimer’s Disease (AD; preclinical AD, n = 21), and with AD at initial testing (prevalent AD, n = 122). Results: At baseline, prevalent and preclinical AD groups scored lower on animal than letter fluency. On all fluency measures, the prevalent AD declined faster than other groups (all P < .0001), and preclinical AD declined faster than unimpaired (all P ≤ .02). Overall, animal fluency declined faster than letter fluency; animal fluency declined significantly faster than letter fluency among cognitively normal and prevalent AD participants. Conclusion: Greater longitudinal declines in category compared to letter fluency are consistent with cross-sectional studies. Steeper declines on both fluency measures distinguish preclinical AD from cognitively unimpaired individuals.
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“Declines in global cognition and executive function markedly raise the risk of death, dementia, and functional disability.39,40,41”
From Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
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Citations
Cites
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“group, given the relative stability of semantic memory in normal aging.(22) First, it is difficult to separate normal aging from disease.”
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“It has further been shown that category fluency distinguishes normal controls from participants diagnosed as either cognitively impaired but not demented (CIND) or as mild cognitive impairment (MCI).(9,10) Finally, baseline impairments in category fluency predict who subsequently will develop AD.”
BackgroundVerbal fluency performance in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: a meta-analysis
Henry, J. D., Crawford, J. R., & Phillips, L. H. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.02.001 · Cited by 847 · cited 1×
“Tests of verbal fluency draw on both executive function and language abilities, and provide good discrimination between persons with normal cognitive function compared to those with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD).(1) Although tests of verbal fluency can include either category fluency or letter fluency, it is now well…”
BackgroundComparisons of Verbal Fluency Tasks in the Detection of Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
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“Our findings are consistent with the suggestion that the preclinical individuals may already have deterioration in the temporal/parietal area, since animal naming would be associated with the temporal/parietal part of the brain, while FAS would be associated with the frontal lobes.(20,21) We add 2 further comments abo…”
ResultLanguage performance in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A comparative review
Taler, V., & Phillips, N. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701550128 · Cited by 529 · cited 1×
“Our cross-sectional findings are consistent with numerous reports that have compared fluency measures at a single testing between participants with AD and unimpaired participants(1-7) and between participants with MCI or preclinical AD and unimpaired participants.(2,9-12) In these cross-sectional analyses, we found th…”
ResultAmieva, H., Jacqmin‐Gadda, H., Orgogozo, J., Carret, N. L., Helmer, C., Letenneur, L., Barberger‐Gateau, P., Fabrigoule, C., & Dartigues, J. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh451 · Cited by 470 · cited 11×
“One study found that participants with AD showed more rapid decline at 1-year followup in category fluency compared to cognitively intact participants, while showing little change in letter fluency in the same time period.14 In the MoVIES study, there was significant decline over 2 years on categorical but not on lett…”
BackgroundInfluentialPatterns of Cognitive Decline in Presymptomatic Alzheimer Disease
Chen, P., Ratcliff, G. G., Belle, S. H., Cauley, J. A., DeKosky, S. T., & Ganguli, M. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.9.853 · Cited by 369 · cited 1×
“In the MoVIES study, there was significant decline over 2 years on categorical but not on letter fluency prior to dementia onset.(15) In the Paquid study, both nondemented and preclinical AD samples declined on categorical fluency over a 9-year period, with faster decline in the preclinical group during the years just…”
BackgroundDiagnostic utility of abbreviated fluency measures in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia
Canning, S. J. D., Leach, L., Stuss, D. T., Ngo, L. H., & Black, S. E. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.62.4.556 · Cited by 337
Neuropsychological tests accurately predict incident Alzheimer disease after 5 and 10 years
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“One study found that participants with AD showed more rapid decline at 1-year followup in category fluency compared to cognitively intact participants, while showing little change in letter fluency in the same time period.(14) In the MoVIES study, there was significant decline over 2 years on categorical but not on le…”
ResultRascovsky, K., Salmon, D. P., Hansen, L. A., Thal, L. J., & Galasko, D. R. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.20 · Cited by 183
Category Fluency as a Screening Test for Alzheimer Disease in Illiterate and Literate Patients
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Preclinical Alzheimer Disease: Neuropsychological Test Performance 1.5 to 8 Years Prior to Onset
Grabowski, T. (2006) · Yearbook of Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/s0513-5117(08)70291-6 · Cited by 106
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“One study found that participants with AD showed more rapid decline at 1-year followup in category fluency compared to cognitively intact participants, while showing little change in letter fluency in the same time period.14 In the MoVIES study, there was significant decline over 2 years on categorical but not on lett…”
BackgroundInfluentialAuriacombe, S., Lechevallier‐Michel, N., Amieva, H., Harston, S., Raoux, N., & Dartigues, J. (2006) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000091407 · Cited by 53 · cited 11×
“One study found that participants with AD showed more rapid decline at 1-year followup in category fluency compared to cognitively intact participants, while showing little change in letter fluency in the same time period.14 In the MoVIES study, there was significant decline over 2 years on categorical but not on lett…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCategory fluency is also predominantly affected in Swiss Alzheimer's disease patients
Monsch, A., Seifritz, E., Taylor, K. I., Ermini-Fünfschilling, D., Stähelin, H., & Spiegel, R. (1997) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00073.x · Cited by 45
Bäckman, L., Laukka, E. J., Wahlin, Å., Small, B., & Fratiglioni, L. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.17.3.435 · Cited by 25 · cited 1×
“Despite remaining unimpaired throughout follow-up, it is possible that this group included some participants whose scores were influenced by preclinical AD changes, given the long subclinical period that characterizes AD, or by impending death.(23) Second, verbal fluency tests rely on a combination of cognitive capaci…”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 10.1212/01.WNL.0000147470.58328.50 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1212/WNL.34.7.939 · DOI · Paper page
- Singer JD, 2003, Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
- 10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.435 · DOI
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Trajectory of Cognitive Decline After Incident Stroke
Levine, D. A., Galecki, A. T., Langa, K. M., Unverzagt, F. W., Kabeto, M. U., Giordani, B., & Wadley, V. G. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6968 · Cited by 497
Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults
Levine, D. A., Gross, A. L., Briceño, E. M., Tilton, N., Giordani, B. J., Sussman, J. B., Hayward, R. A., Burke, J. F., Hingtgen, S., Elkind, M. S. V., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0169 · Cited by 440
Verbal Fluency: Language or Executive Function Measure?
Whiteside, D. M., Kealey, T., Semla, M., Luu, H., Rice, L., Basso, M. R., & Roper, B. (2016) · Applied Neuropsychology: Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2015.1004574 · Cited by 430
“Other authors have found that letter fluency was worse in several neurological disorders, including TBI (Henry & Crawford, 2004b), Alzheimer disease (Clark et al., 2009), and Parkinson disease (Henry & Crawford, 2004c).”
BackgroundMueller, K. D., Hermann, B., Mecollari, J., & Turkstra, L. S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1446513 · Cited by 336
Prince, M. J., Acosta, D. M., Ferri, C. P., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Rodríguez, J. J. L., Salas, A., Sosa, A. L., Williams, J. D., Dewey, M. E., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60399-7 · Cited by 356
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, L. J., Gatz, M., Zheng, L., Chen, Y.-L., McCleary, C., & Mack, W. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, and Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Corresponding author
- Mack, Wendy J.
- Venue
- American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-09-16
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 461-468
- ISSN
- 0888-4897 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-3175
- 1938-2731
- PMC
- PMC2824246
- OpenAlex
- W2058044289
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P50-AG05142, P50AG005142)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- verbal fluency, semantic fluency, phonemic fluency, animal fluency, Alzheimer's disease, preclinical Alzheimer's disease, normal aging, cognitive decline, longitudinal change, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Semantics, Speech Disorders, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Disease Progression, Early Diagnosis
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