Cited by 208Educational Games and GamificationDigital Games and MediaMotivation and Self-Concept in Sports

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Shallow Gamification: Testing Psychological Effects of Framing an Activity as a Game

Lieberoth, Andreas·2015·Games and Culture

DOI 10.1177/1555412014559978

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Abstract

This article experimentally dissociates the psychological impact of framing versus game mechanics, when presenting a serious activity as a game. Studies of game elements in nongame contexts tend to describe full packages, with no way of assessing their individual psychological and functional impact. To isolate the effects of framing, students ( N = 90) were assigned to either discuss study environment issues through a list of questions, via a competitive discussion board game, or though the same game artifacts but with no game mechanics. Task engagement and self-reported intrinsic motivation were compared between groups. Results demonstrate that the effects of simply framing the activity as a game though vernacular and artifacts holds almost as much psychological power as the full game mechanics. In both game conditions, interest and enjoyment were significantly superior to controls, but other intrinsic motivation variables remained unchanged. Implications for game design in nongame contexts are discussed, and a framework for differentiating “deep and shallow gamification” in terms of mechanics and framing is developed.

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Authors: Lieberoth, A.
Affiliations: Aarhus University (DK)
Corresponding author: Lieberoth, Andreas
ORCID: Lieberoth, Andreas
Venue: Games and Culture
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-12-01
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: 229-248
ISSN: 1555-4120 (ISSN-L)
1555-4139
DOI: 10.1177/1555412014559978
OpenAlex: W2321348787
Cited by: 208
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11
FWCI: 28.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Games and Culture (publishedVersion)
Funders: Aarhus Universitet
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Games and Gamification
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Keywords: gamification, framing effects, game mechanics, intrinsic motivation, task engagement, student engagement, interest and enjoyment

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Shallow Gamification: Testing Psychological Effects of Framing an Activity as a Game

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