Cited by 124Mental Health Treatment and AccessGender Roles and Identity StudiesLGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy

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Men's mental health help-seeking behaviors: an intersectional analysis

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Parent, Mike C., Hammer, Joseph H., Bradstreet, Tyler C., Schwartz, Esther N., Jobe, Tori·2018·American Journal of Men's Health

DOI 10.1177/1557988315625776PMC PMC5734540

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Abstract

Men seek mental health treatment less often than women. The present study sought to elucidate identities and individual difference characteristics that are associated with enhanced or decreased mental health help-seeking in a large national sample of U.S. men. Using data from 4,825 U.S. men aged 20 to 59 years, main effects of race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, income-poverty ratio, relationship status, depression symptoms, and body mass index were explored within the sample of men as well as intersections of these predictors with racial/ethnic group identity. While the results of main effects testing generally supported prior research (i.e., greater mental health care help-seeking among White men, nonheterosexual men, men not in relationships, older men, and more depressed men), when examined associations across racial/ethnic groups, the direction and strength of these associations showed notable variation-variation unaccounted for in prior research. These findings highlight the need for future theory building and research that accounts for this variation at the intersection of race/ethnicity and these specific predictors of help-seeking behavior among men.

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“7 drinks per episode in the 65+ age group; CDC, 2012); (2) men are much less likely to seek counseling or therapy than women (Parent et al., 2018) but binge drink far more frequently than women (5.”
Background
The influence of prescriber and patient gender on the prescription of benzodiazepines: results from the Florida Medicaid Dataset
Lui, L. M. W., Lee, Y. L., Lipsitz, O., Rodrigues, N. B., Gill, H., Ma, J., Wilkialis, L., Tamura, J. K., Siegel, A. N., Chen-Li, D. C. J., et al. (2021) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852921000055 · Cited by 7
Mental health consequences of long-term stays in refugee camps: Preliminary evidence from MoriaPreprint
van de Wiel, W., Castillo-Laborde, C., Francisco Urzúa, I., Fish, M., & Scholte, W. F. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-18160/v2 · Cited by 6
Sex differences in inflammatory mechanisms related to alcohol use disorder and depression
Ramirez, E. B. D., & Schank, J. R. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106172 · Cited by 5
Utilization and engagement with an employer-provided digital mental health platform: An international perspective
Maistrello, G., Phillips, W., Lee, D., & Romanelli, R. J. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241277180 · Cited by 5
“This ﬁ nding is in line with previous studies suggesting that, overall, men tend to seek mental health treatment less often than women 75 – 78 ; however, further research is required to understand whether this applies to digital mental health services as well.”
Result
Take the Day Off: Examining the Sick Role for Chronic Back Pain by Race and Gender
Ekl, E. A., & Brooks, C. V. (2022) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/01902725221078541 · Cited by 6
The working life expectancy of American adults experiencing depression
Dobson, K. G., Gignac, M. A. M., & Mustard, C. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02547-4 · Cited by 7
“…Hispanic or Black communities often access mental health services later, or less frequently than White communities [62, 63] due to stigma, fear of health or other social ramifications, and scarce amount of culturally appropriate mental health professionals and treatment options available [63–65].”
Background
Barriers to help-seeking in men with mental health issues: a systematised literature review
Banks, S. N., & Collier, E. H. (2025) · Mental Health Practice · doi:10.7748/mhp.2025.e1748 · Cited by 4
Help-seeking intentions of UK construction workers: a cross-sectional study
Duncan, M. D., Bansal, D., & Cooke, E. (2024) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqae007 · Cited by 4
“The findings of this research are broadly consistent with previous research exploring preferences for informal versus formal help-seeking [22], as well as gender differences [24].”
Result
Help-seeking intention for mental illness and associated factors among Dessie town residents in Northeast Ethiopia
Gelaye, H., Andualem, A., Beyene, A., & Gezie, H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79656-w · Cited by 4
Barriers to Treatment-Seeking Behavior Among Adolescents With Anxiety in Indonesia
Tjandrarini, D. H., Hidayangsih, P. S., & Mubasyiroh, R. (2020) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v12n8p185 · Cited by 4
Fluctuations in mental health in students accessing a university-wide online mental health promotion intervention before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Viskovich, S., Fowler, J. A., & Pakenham, K. I. (2023) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2023.2212150 · Cited by 3
Coping style and typology of perceived social support of male partners of women with breast cancer
Cheng, T., Jackman, M., McQuestion, M., & Fitch, M. I. (2022) · Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal · doi:10.5737/23688076323416 · Cited by 3
Unveiling the patterns: exploring social and clinical characteristics of frequent mental health visits to the emergency department—a comprehensive systematic review
Zhang, Z., & Das, S. (2024) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-024-00070-9 · Cited by 3
“Meanwhile, males are less likely to seek mental health help compared to their female counterparts and more likely to become acutely unwell [35, 36], thus resulting in ED presentations.”
Background
Alexithymia, Inner Thinking Patterns, and Perceptions of Mental Health Therapy Strategies Among Autistic Adults
Mazurek, M. O., Pappagianopoulos, J. E., Brunt, S., Menezes, M., Smith, J. V., & Howard, M. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06643-5 · Cited by 3
“…mental health therapy services in a real-world context, given robust evidence that women are much more likely than men to seek mental health services (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Judd et al., 2008; Parent et al., 2018; Seidler et al., 2016), including those with disabilities (Manning et al., 2023).”
Inpatient preferences among patients with multiple chronic conditions in China: A discrete choice experiment
Wang, Y., Wu, S., Chen, Y., Xiao, L., Su, Q., Huang, X., Wang, W., Li, W., Du, S., Liu, W., et al. (2025) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-025-02731-2 · Cited by 3
“…inpatient preferences, the analysis methods routinely used include multivariate analysis [17], logistic regression analysis [18], cross-analysis [19], etc., which do not consider that patients’ inpatient preferences are the result of combinations of multiple factors and that the importance of…”
The role of trauma, attachment, and voice-hearer’s appraisals: a latent profile analysis in the AVATAR2 trial
Marotti, J., Saunders, R., Montague, A. E., & Fornells‐Ambrojo, M. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172500008x · Cited by 3
Experiences of professional mental health help-seeking and engagement with services among emerging adult men identifying as gay
Cosh, S., Doyle, M., Lykins, A. D., & Clark, L. E. (2024) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2024.2330925 · Cited by 4
“Ruang Refleksi”: Insight dari Program Pendampingan Sebaya Daring di Masa Pandemi COVID-19
Muhiddin, S., Yudistikhar, A., Idham, A. F., Massinai, S. M. M., Mustamin, S. N., & Wodong, G. M. A. (2021) · INSAN Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental · doi:10.20473/jpkm.v6i22021.90-105 · Cited by 3
“ You feel hopeless when you can't access healthcare ”: International students' experiences of mental health help-seeking through primary healthcare services in Scotland
Kolinska, U., Piers, R., & Karadzhov, D. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2025.2572518 · Cited by 4
“Since current literature highlights this pattern of help-seeking as more prevalent among men (Parent et al., 2018; Sheikh et al., 2025), including male ISs (Dombou et al., 2023), research should continue exploring the gender-specific dimensions of ISs' help-seeking experiences.”
The digital future of men's health
Ringrose, T., & Wang, R. C. (2022) · Trends in Urology & Men s Health · doi:10.1002/tre.882 · Cited by 2
A qualitative exploration of the lived experiences and perceived impact of a supportive-expressive group therapy on men living with gastrointestinal cancer
Martopullo, C., Oberoi, D. V., Carlson, L. E., & Bultz, B. D. (2023) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice · doi:10.1097/or9.0000000000000091 · Cited by 2
“[40,41] Overall, at both 3 and 6 months, participants reported that experiences with group process and intervention goalswere vital in decreasing their distress levels, normalizing worries about death and dying, and re-evaluating their life priorities.”
Background
Negative Sexual Experiences Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Using GPS-Enabled Hook-Up Apps and Websites
Woerner, J. I., Chadwick, S. B., Antebi‐Gruszka, N., Siegel, K., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2023) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2023.2269930 · Cited by 2
“The barriers to support are substantially higher among GBMSM from minoritized racial/ethnic groups given struc-tural-level factors, including stigma, discrimination, racism, and poverty that impede access to care (Levy et al., 2014; Love et al., 2017; Meyer, 2022; Parent et al., 2018).”
Important Individual Differences in Clinician/Client Interactions
Frisby, C. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78997-2_14 · Cited by 2
Black Men vs. White Men Pursuing Undergraduate STEM Programs in the Ivory Tower: The Academic and Social Impediments Regarding Our Divergent Success
Spencer, B. M. (2023) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.2023.2168811 · Cited by 2
Improving Mental Health Help-Seeking Amongst Male University Students: A Series of Gender-Sensitive Mental Health Pilot Interventions.Preprint
Sagar-Ouriaghli, I., Godfrey, E. L., Tailor, V., & Brown, J. S. L. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-678030/v1 · Cited by 2
Development and feasibility of a virtual, synchronous mind-body resiliency intervention for fathers of children and youth with special healthcare needs
Hall, D. L., Fell, L. A., Perez, G. K., Markwart, M., Cammarata, C., Si, Y., Cantillon, A., Park, E. R., & Kuhlthau, K. A. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100052 · Cited by 1
“…and attitudinal (underlying beliefs of what is masculine) barriers contribute to treatment avoidance and resource underuse (Seidler), resulting in consequences across all life domains: personal, relational, physical, mental, and economic costs (World Health Organization, 2002; Parent et al., 2018).”
Background
Religion, Masculinity, and the Mental Health of African Men
Ojedokun, O., & Adebayo, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62891-7_41-1 · Cited by 1
A Qualitative Study to Explore Young Second-Generation British Pakistani Men’s Experiences of Help-Seeking When Distressed
Bhaila, M., Sela, H., & Tribe, R. (2025) · Geopsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.geopsy.2025.100024 · Cited by 1
Effect of socio-technical innovation bundles on male and female smallholder farmers’ empowerment in selected counties in Kenya
Nyamolo, V., Ayuya, O. I., Lutomia, C. K., & Nchanji, E. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2026.1654751 · Cited by 1
Absenteísmo da população masculina na assistência í saúde mental: uma revisão narrativa
Becker, M. W., França, J. C. E. D., Imhof, L. S., Ferreira, Y. R., & Pinto, L. H. (2021) · Saúde Coletiva (Barueri) · doi:10.36489/saudecoletiva.2021v11i62p5192-5201 · Cited by 1
Men Under Stress
Kastrup, M. C., Thompson, K. A., & Gogineni, R. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/med/9780197521359.003.0013 · Cited by 1
Men’s Depression and Anxiety: Contributing Factors and Barriers to Intervention
Doornbos, M. M., & Zandee, G. L. (2024) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903241226718 · Cited by 1
“Specific to mental health intervention, age may be relevant although the literature is mixed with one study noting that younger men are reluctant to seek help (Lynch et al., 2018) and another indicating that older men were more hesitant (Parent et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResult
Toxic Masculinity, Self Esteem and Mental Health among Young Adult Males
Ms. Haritha, H. (2024) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2024.59857 · Cited by 1
The healthcare experience of prostate cancer patients: exploring the intersection of age and gender
Braverman, L. (2019) · International Journal of Ageing and Later Life · doi:10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.19453 · Cited by 1
“Our study of male resistance to the digital rectal examination thus supports the argument that men’s attitudes towards help-seeking and self-care are linked to gender order, as well as to other power relations (Parent et al. 2018).”
Result
Manifestations of psychological maturity and immaturity in men’s attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help
Shapovalov, R. A., & Kolpachnikov, V. V. (2022) · Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies · doi:10.1080/14779757.2022.2100811 · Cited by 1
Major depression among men and women in the US during the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
Omary, A. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2864m · Cited by 1
Endorsement of Traditional Masculinity Ideologies is Associated With Differences in Psychotherapy Use Among Heterosexual-Identified but not Non-Heterosexual-Identified MenPreprint
Eggenberger, L., Komlenac, N., Ehlert, U., Grub, J., & Walther, A. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7pcfw · Cited by 2
\"Vamos discutir a relação?\": abordagens de saúde do homem na prática do(a) médico(a) de família
Dantas, G. C. (2020) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2020.tde-09022021-104829
Redefining What's Manly: Using Masculine Attributes to Describe Counseling Services for Men
Rodemaker, R. N. (2021) · UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa)
Drinking like a “macho man:” An assessment of the impact of masculinity on the relationship between depression and alcohol use in white and Latino men
Cordell, M. J. (2020)
Professional Help-Seeking Attitudes of Counselors-In-Training
CİVAN, K., & Avcı, Ö. H. (2021) · Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi · doi:10.17066/tpdrd.1051398
Perceptions and attitudes of black men in a rural district of South Africa towards depression and its treatmentPreprint
Masemola, H. C., Moodley, S. V., & Shirinde, J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1473644/v1
Психологические факторы обращения мужчин за профессиональной психологической помощью
Shapovalov, R. A. (2022) · Психологические исследования · doi:10.54359/ps.v15i81.1057 · Cited by 1

Authors: Parent, M. C., Hammer, J. H., Bradstreet, T. C., Schwartz, E. N., & Jobe, T.
Affiliations: Texas Tech University (US)
Iowa State University (US)
Corresponding author: Parent, Mike C.
ORCID: Parent, Mike C.
Hammer, Joseph H.
Bradstreet, Tyler C.
Venue: American Journal of Men's Health
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2016-01-11
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 64-73
ISSN: 1557-9883 (ISSN-L)
1557-9891
DOI: 10.1177/1557988315625776
PMC: PMC5734540
OpenAlex: W2402795941
Cited by: 124
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 4.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Men s Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD042849)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Keywords: men's mental health, help-seeking, intersectionality, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, relationship status, depressive symptoms, body mass index, age
MeSH terms: Help-Seeking Behavior, Adult, Age Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Databases, Factual, Risk Assessment, Men's Health, Young Adult

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Men's mental health help-seeking behaviors: an intersectional analysis

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