Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Many studies indicate that men are more reluctant to seek help for mental health problems than women. Traditional ideas of masculinity are often seen as a cause of this phenomenon. However, little is known about the diversity of experiences during the processes of help-seeking and service use among men with depression who have already utilized mental health services. This study aims to explore men's experiences and attitudes toward depression, help-seeking, and service use in order to develop gender-sensitive services. Methods: Narrative-biographical interviews were conducted with men treated for depression (n = 12). Interview topics included individual experience with depression, help-seeking behavior, and mental health service use. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Before seeking treatment, men's help-seeking behavior was negatively affected by internalized masculine norms. However, findings indicate a change of attitudes toward depression after mental health service use. Men with depression emphasized a salutogenic perspective toward mental health problems and critically reflected on masculine norms. The positive function of men-only groups were described as key for successful service use. Conclusions: Men with depression reported experiences toward help-seeking and service use on four different levels: (i) attitudes toward depression, (ii) perception of societal views on depression, (iii) experiences within the family context and (iv) experiences with mental health services. Interventions to reduce the stigma of being “unmanly” and to improve men's capacity to cope with being unable to work should be developed. Peer-led men-only groups may increase participants' self-esteem and assist in disclosing weaknesses. In the context of GPs' mediating role, training for health professionals concerning the impact of masculine norms on mental health is recommended.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In narrative-biographical interviews with 12 men treated for depression, internalized masculine norms initially inhibited help-seeking, but service use was retrospectively linked to critical reflection on those norms and a salutogenic view of depression. Men-only peer groups were described as key enablers of disclosure and successful service use.
Key findings
- Before treatment, men reported trivializing symptoms, individualized problem solving, hiding depression due to masculine norms, and avoiding help to protect career options; these categories had 10, 7, 7, and 6 quotations respectively.
- After service use, many described changed attitudes toward mental health problems (11 quotations) and a salutogenic perspective (10 quotations), seeing depression as an important life experience or wake-up call and reflecting critically on masculine norms.
- Stigma was prominent: being assessed as incapable of coping (12 quotations), stigma toward help-seeking and having depression (12), stigma toward inability to work (10), and stigma of being unmanly (8); some also perceived growing acceptance (8).
- Family and service experiences were mixed: loss of empathy in the family (14 quotations), partners’ emotional support (21), service users’ social support (14), group counseling for men (15), and familiarity of peer-led men-only groups (11); 11 of 12 participants were currently utilizing mental health services.
Methods
- Qualitative study nested in the mixed-methods MenDe project; this article reports a third-step re-analysis of 12 narrative-biographical interviews with men treated for depression, recruited inside and outside healthcare settings in Southern Germany. Inclusion criteria were male, aged 18–64, diagnosed or self-identified as having depression, and sufficient German language skills; exclusions were organic mental disorder, dementia, anorexia with BMI <17, addiction, and bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.
- Interviews were conducted March–June 2018 by a male researcher (TS), lasted 27–133 min (mean 75 min), and covered depression experience, help-seeking, service use, illness theories, social consequences, coping, and masculinity.
- Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis: deductive categories from the research question and theoretical background, inductive codes from the material, and refinement into themes. Coding was done independently by three researchers (MSt, SK, TS), with discordant coding discussed in a qualitative research group until consensus; MAXQDA 12 was used.
Limitations
- The paper states that participants had used mental health care services prior to the study, so findings only refer to men who had successfully sought help and cannot explain reasoning in men who never sought help. It also states the small sample size and participants’ high age (mean = 52) prevent revealing age-related differences in help-seeking attitudes and behavior.
- The paper notes the interviewer was male and that male participants might answer in gender-specific ways, for example by staging themselves as “real men” who never lost control; a qualitative research group with multiple perspectives discussed this bias critically.
- Evident from the text: all participants were recruited in Southern Germany and the sample was predominantly married (9 of 12), limiting transferability beyond this context.
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 18 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Depressive symptoms were not taken seriously by others who alleged that mental disorders are a result of an inability to deal with distress.
“Depressive symptoms were not taken seriously by others who alleged that mental disorders are a result of an inability to deal with distress: “I've often heard people say ‘Get a grip! Don't make such a fuss’” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
This perspective awakened respondents to the need to change harmful attitudes toward work and life.
“This perspective awakened them to the need to change harmful attitudes toward work and life: “Before my illness, work came first. And now I have to say I'm the top priority and I only do what is good for me” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Some interviewees reported having trivialized their symptoms as a temporary condition expected to return quickly to a normal state of health.
“Some of them reported having “trivialized” their symptoms in terms of a “temporary” condition, which was expected to return quickly to a normal state of health: “It's a bit difficult at the moment, but it'll be fine again soon” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The analysis indicates a change in attitudes toward mental health problems during recovery processes.
“However, findings indicate a change of attitudes toward depression after mental health service use.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · hedged
“In line with a critical stance toward masculine norms, the analysis indicates a change in attitudes toward mental health problems during recovery processes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · hedged
- Findingown data
Some interviewees described their own as well as men's socialization in general as having an emphasis on avoiding feelings, appearing strong and never crying.
“Along these lines, some interviewees described their own as well as men's socialization in general as having an emphasis on avoiding feelings, appearing strong and never crying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Before seeking treatment, men's help-seeking behavior was negatively affected by internalized masculine norms.
“Before seeking treatment, men's help-seeking behavior was negatively affected by internalized masculine norms.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · plain
“The majority of interviewees reported that masculine norms influenced their attitudes toward depression as well as their decision to seek help.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · plain
- Findingown data
One respondent reported that shortly after being admitted to a psychiatric ward due to a mental breakdown, he asked to be discharged in order to go to work.
“Therefore, one respondent reported that shortly after being admitted to a psychiatric ward due to a mental breakdown, he asked to be discharged “in order to go to work” (Jack, 50–54 y).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Most participants reported having tried to solve mental health problems on their own instead of seeking mental health services.
“Most participants reported having tried to solve mental health problems on their own instead of seeking mental health services.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Interviewees emphasized a salutogenic perspective on depression and help-seeking.
“Men with depression emphasized a salutogenic perspective toward mental health problems and critically reflected on masculine norms.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · plain
“Interviewees emphasized a salutogenic perspective on depression and help-seeking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · plain
- Findingown data
Interviewees described their experiences of inpatient services as an educational resource where they could benefit from fellow patients' life experiences and learn how to cope with depressive symptoms.
“interviewees described their experiences of inpatient services as an “educational resource”, where they could benefit from fellow patients' life experiences and learn how to cope with depressive symptoms”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Within the familial context, paternal role expectations were an important issue for some participants.
“Within the familial context, paternal role expectations were an important issue for some participants”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Some participants reported that the diagnosis of depression was not taken seriously by family members but seen as a pseudo-problem.
“Others reported that the diagnosis of “depression” was not taken seriously by family members but seen as a pseudo-problem (Daniel, 50–54 y).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Some men perceived a loss of empathy that might be related to the duration of mental health problems.
“Some men perceived a loss of empathy that might be related to the duration of mental health problems”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
An open-minded and appreciative family environment was seen as assisting in the seeking of professional help.
“In contrast, an open-minded and appreciative family environment was seen as assisting in the seeking of professional help (Harry, 45–49 y).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The positive function of men-only groups was described as key for successful service use.
“The positive function of men-only groups were described as key for successful service use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The partner played a supportive role as the rock in the help-seeking process.
“Further findings underlined the supportive role of the partner as the “rock” (Jack, 50–54 y) in the help-seeking process”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Group counseling for men with depression was perceived as facilitating the disclosure of weaknesses.
“In particular, group counseling for men with depression was perceived as facilitating the disclosure of weaknesses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Some participants defined inpatient services as a sheltered space.
“some participants defined inpatient services as a sheltered space”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Participants reported both negative and positive experiences within their familial context during the help-seeking process.
“Participants reported both negative and positive experiences within their familial context during the help-seeking process.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Some respondents reported fears of being stigmatized, which led to them rejecting inpatient services.
“Some respondents reported fears of being stigmatized, which led to them rejecting inpatient services”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
One respondent reported that he had been shunned by workmates and management due to his failure to cope with mental health problems.
“One respondent reported that he had been shunned by workmates and management due to his failure to cope with mental health problems: “They said I didn't appear to be sick and that they had never been sick in their lives” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Stigma experiences were related to the failure to fulfill norms relating to work.
“Secondly, stigma experiences were related to the failure to fulfill norms relating to work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Interviewees perceived inpatient services as being a protection against external expectations which they were unable to meet due to mental health problems.
“These interviewees perceived inpatient services as being a protection against external expectations which they were unable to meet due to mental health problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Participants were labeled 'loser,' 'lazy,' or 'incapable'.
“Participants were labeled “loser,” “lazy,” or “incapable” (James, 55–59 y).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Interviewees pointed out the positive role of other informal service users' social support during and after inpatient services.
“interviewees pointed out the positive role of other informal service users' social support during and after inpatient services”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
They reported that their depression-related incapacity to work made them feel stigmatized by other colleagues.
“Thus, they reported that their depression-related incapacity to work made them feel stigmatized by other colleagues.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Men with depression reported experiences toward help-seeking and service use on four different levels: attitudes toward depression, perception of societal views on depression, experiences within the family context, and experiences with mental health services.
“Men with depression reported experiences toward help-seeking and service use on four different levels: (i) attitudes toward depression, (ii) perception of societal views on depression, (iii) experiences within the family context and (iv) experiences with mental health services.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Based on the qualitative analysis, we summarized themes which refer to men's (i) attitudes toward depression; (ii) perception of societal views on depression; (iii) Family environment: between role expectations and social support; and (iv) experiences with mental health services (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
A face-to-face exchange with fellow service users, especially those with a similar illness-related background, was described as a supportive feature during the help-seeking process.
“They reported the key role of a face-to-face exchange with fellow service users, especially those with a similar illness-related background, which was described as a supportive feature during the help-seeking process.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Interviewees preferred approaches that enabled them to address anxieties in a group of fellow service users who identify with the same gender.
“interviewees preferred approaches that enabled them to address anxieties in a group of fellow service users who identify with the same gender”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The analysis revealed that 'not being sick' was associated with attributes of being strong, successful and self-reliant conveyed by the employment environment.
“The analysis revealed that “not being sick” was associated with attributes of being strong, successful and self-reliant conveyed by the employment environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Men with depression retrospectively report both negative and positive experiences of help-seeking and service use.
“Our findings suggest that men with depression retrospectively give both negative and positive experiences of help-seeking and service use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Respondents on sick leave reported being afraid that someone outside their house could ask them what they are doing for work these days.
“Along with these experiences, respondents on sick leave reported being afraid that “outside my house somebody could ask me ‘What are you doing for work these days?’” (Jack, 50–54 y)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Participants highlighted the familiarity of men-only groups in the context of inpatient services.
“participants highlighted the familiarity of men-only groups in the context of inpatient services”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Some participants described inpatient services as being their first opportunity to open up to someone else.
“Others described inpatient services as being their first opportunity to open up to someone else”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Peer-led men-only groups were seen as assisting the disclosure of anxieties.
“In this regard, peer-led men-only groups were seen as assisting the disclosure of anxieties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Mental health problems in the workplace left interviewees feeling weak and vulnerable.
“In contrast, mental health problems in the workplace left interviewees feeling weak and vulnerable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Men with depression report a transformation of their attitudes toward traditional masculine norms by critically reflecting on non-help-seeking behavior as well as maladaptive work patterns.
“On the other hand, results indicate a transformation of their attitudes toward traditional masculine norms by critically reflecting on non-help-seeking behavior as well as maladaptive work patterns.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The study's findings indicate a change of attitudes toward service use during the participants' recovery processes.
“our findings indicate a change of attitudes toward service use during the participants' recovery processes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Depression and service use were retrospectively perceived by participants as a resource to assist in changing harmful attitudes, such as toward internalized maladaptive work patterns.
“our results show that depression and service use were retrospectively perceived as a resource to assist in changing harmful attitudes, e.g., toward internalized maladaptive work patterns”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Having depression is described as incompatible with traditional masculinity.
“In line with this, having depression is described as being “incompatible” with traditional masculinity due to the fact that emotional experiences in depression are linked to femininity; depression is often accompanied by feelings of powerlessness and lack of control; and the experience of depression often leaves people feeling weak and vulnerable (3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Emslie, 2006, Men's accounts of depression: Reconstructing or resisting hegemonic masculinity?, Soc Sci Med. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Some men seemed to benefit from traditional masculine norms by perceiving these ideals as a healthy resource.
“Even though traditional masculine norms play an important role in reinforcing men's reluctance to seek help, qualitative studies showed that some men seemed to benefit from just the same norms by perceiving these ideals as a healthy resource (13).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Skärsäter, 2003, A salutogenetic perspective on how men cope with major depression in daily life, with the help of professional and lay support, Int J Nurs Stud source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Men are less likely than women to get assistance from mental health professionals for mental health problems.
“Studies support the generally-held assumption that men are less likely than women to get assistance from mental health professionals for problems (1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Parent, 2018, Men's mental health help-seeking behaviors: an intersectional analysis, Am J Mens Health source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Norms concerning masculine roles impact men's attitudes toward depression and help-seeking.
“Results of a systematic review of qualitative studies on men's views of depression confirmed the impact of norms concerning masculine roles on men's attitudes toward depression and help-seeking (4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Krumm, 2017, Men's views on depression: A systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative research, Psychopathology source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Men with depressive symptoms may avoid treatment in order not to be labeled mentally ill or unmanly by others.
“Men with depressive symptoms may avoid treatment in order not to be labeled “mentally ill” or “unmanly” by others”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Corrigan, 2009, Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices, World Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Men who suffer from depression have difficulties disclosing their mental health problems.
“men who suffer from depression have difficulties disclosing their mental health problems”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Möller-Leimkühler, 2009, Männer, depression und “männliche depression” [Men, depression and “male depression”], Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Self-stigmatization or shame can undermine motivation to seek help.
“self-stigmatization or shame can undermine motivation to seek help (23)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Corrigan, 2009, Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices, World Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Traditional masculine norms such as being strong, successful, and self-reliant inhibit help-seeking behavior.
“traditional masculine norms such as being strong, successful, and self-reliant inhibit help-seeking behavior (2)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Möller-Leimkühler, 2009, Männer, depression und “männliche depression” [Men, depression and “male depression”], Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
GPs' diagnostic errors in evaluating symptoms of depression in men can lead to differing diagnoses.
“Findings also referred to GPs' diagnostic errors in evaluating symptoms of depression in men, which can also lead to differing diagnoses (24).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Müters, 2013, Diagnosis depression: differences in women and men: Published by Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, GBE kompakt source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The study's findings may provide insight into how men were able to cope with stigma experiences by accessing mental health services.
“our findings may provide insight into how men were able to cope with stigma experiences by accessing (mental) health services”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Because study participants had used mental health care services prior to the study, the results only refer to participants who had successfully sought help.
“Because study participants had used mental health care services prior to the study, results only refer to participants who had successfully sought help.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The study did not reveal any impact of socioeconomic status on masculinity orientations and service use behavior.
“Although our study did not reveal any impact of socioeconomic status (SES) to masculinity orientations and service use behavior quantitative studies should include measurement of SES.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Men developed positive coping strategies after utilizing mental health services by gaining a greater personal awareness during the recovery process.
“Research has found that men developed positive coping strategies after utilizing mental health services by gaining a greater personal awareness during the recovery process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Skärsäter, 2003, A salutogenetic perspective on how men cope with major depression in daily life, with the help of professional and lay support, Int J Nurs Stud source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductreasoning
The findings are not able to explain reasoning processes in men who have never sought help for mental health problems.
“Therefore, our findings are not able to explain reasoning processes in men who have never sought help for mental health problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- May combine two claims. 18
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataRespondents perceived having depression as an important life experience or a necessary wake-up call.
“Respondents perceived having depression as an important “life experience” (Alex, 55–59 y) or a “necessary wake-up call” (Harry, 45–49 y).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn order to meet traditional masculine norms concerning societal roles, respondents decided not to disclose their mental health problems and to post-pone their own needs.
“In order to meet traditional masculine norms concerning societal roles, respondents decided not to disclose their mental health problems and to post-pone their own needs:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataInterviewees explained low levels of help-seeking behavior as being a means of maintaining their employability as well as to safeguard career options.
“Interviewees explained low levels of help-seeking behavior as being a means of maintaining their employability as well as to safeguard career options.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingown dataOne participant reflected that masculine norms meant that he never disclosed mental health problems, saying that it doesn't exist among men; men are the breadwinners, the problem solvers, the doers.
“One participant reflected masculine norms meant that he never disclosed mental health problems, saying that “[…] it doesn't exist among men. Men are the breadwinners, the problem solvers, the doers” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataParticipants referred to a variety of gender-related stigma experiences which could be classified into two categories: being assessed as incapable to adequately cope with mental distress, and failure to fulfill norms relating to work.
“Participants referred to a variety of gender-related stigma experiences which could be classified into two categories: firstly, participants reported being assessed as incapable to adequately cope with mental distress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSome participants viewed their depression primarily as a chance to reflect on their attitudes, which led to positive coping strategies in everyday life.
“Some participants viewed their depression primarily as a chance to reflect on their attitudes, which led to positive coping strategies in everyday life (Alex, 55–59 y).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataInterviewees recommended being more sensitive to looking after oneself and noticing warning signs earlier.
“Due to their critical stances toward masculine norms, interviewees recommended being “more sensitive to looking after oneself and noticing these warning signs earlier” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataSome participants perceived a slowly growing societal acceptance for professional help-seeking.
“some participants perceived a slowly growing societal acceptance for professional help-seeking”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSome respondents reported a lack of interest as well as a downplaying of depressive symptoms by GPs, which led to them no longer seeking help.
“Some respondents reported a lack of interest as well as a downplaying of depressive symptoms by GPs which led to them no longer seeking help”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn some men's views, GPs tended to relativize depressive symptoms and recommended calming oneself down.
“In some men's views, GPs tended to relativize depressive symptoms and recommended calming oneself down.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataOther interviewees reported the role of GPs as being a gateway to mental health services and being generally supportive and encouraging.
“other interviewees reported the role of GPs as being a gateway to mental health services and being generally supportive and encouraging as well”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataRespondents stated that seeking help continues to be viewed negatively as it is connected with the inability to cope with mental distress.
“respondents stated that seeking help continues to be viewed negatively as it is connected with the inability to cope with mental distress”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMen with depression report the adverse impact of masculine norms as well as stigma experiences.
“On the one hand, they report the adverse impact of masculine norms as well as stigma experiences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataParticipants described a lack of understanding regarding their depression and their inability to recover.
“Participants described a lack of understanding regarding their depression and their “inability” to recover”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMen do not necessarily subscribe to traditional ideals but demonstrate alternative forms of masculinity.
“Furthermore, there is some evidence that men do not necessarily subscribe to traditional ideals but demonstrate alternative forms of masculinity (4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Krumm, 2017, Men's views on depression: A systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative research, Psychopathology source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPrevious studies on mental health professionals' views stress the need to develop gender-sensitive services.
“Previous studies on mental health professionals' view about the impact of male gender for the treatment of men with depression stress the need to develop gender-sensitive services (14).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Stiawa, 2020, Mental health professionals view about the impact of male gender for the treatment of men with depression - a qualitative study, BMC Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationMen's help-seeking behavior regarding depression is attributed to traditional masculine norms such as being strong, successful, self-reliant, in control, and capable, along with an emphasis on avoiding emotions.
“Research often suggests that men's help-seeking behavior regarding depression is attributed to traditional masculine norms such as being strong, successful, self-reliant, in control, and capable, along with an emphasis on avoiding emotions (2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Möller-Leimkühler, 2009, Männer, depression und “männliche depression” [Men, depression and “male depression”], Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenPeer-led men-only groups may increase participants' self-esteem and assist in disclosing weaknesses.
“Peer-led men-only groups may increase participants' self-esteem and assist in disclosing weaknesses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMen consulted a GP prior to counseling, which led to both negative and positive experiences.
“These findings suggest that men consulted a GP prior to counseling, which led to both negative and positive experiences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Harding, 2015, It's not about “freudian couches and personality changing drugs”: an investigation into men's mental health help-seeking enablers, Am J Mens Health source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningTo control bias from the male interviewer, a qualitative research group with several perspectives discussed the issue critically.
“To try to control this bias a qualitative research group with several perspectives (men and women, different professions etc.) discussed this issue critically.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe interviews were coded independently by three researchers so that coding could be compared.
“The interviews were coded independently by three researchers (MSt, SK, TS) so that coding could be compared.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenDiscordant coding was discussed in a qualitative research group until consensus was reached.
“Discordant coding was discussed in a qualitative research group until consensus was reached.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMen's decision not to seek help is accompanied by the concern that they would be making fools of themselves and expect social isolation as a consequence of not matching masculine role norms.
“men's decision not to seek help is accompanied by the concern that they would be making fools of themselves and expect social isolation as a consequence of not matching masculine role norms (20)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Sierra Hernandez, 2014, Understanding help-seeking among depressed men, Psychol Men Masc source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenOne pilot interview was conducted with no changes for the interview guide.
“One pilot interview was conducted with no changes for the interview guide.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Ulm University, Germany (Ref. Nr. 202/15).
“The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Ulm University, Germany (Ref. Nr. 202/15).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationWorkers from the generation of traditionalists placed more importance on status and autonomy than baby boomers or Generation X workers.
“Results of a study about work values across generations suggests that workers from the generation of traditionalists placed more importance on status and autonomy than baby boomers or Generation X workers (30).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Hansen, 2012, Work values across generations, J Career Assess. source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTime restrictions undermine GPs' capacity to effectively diagnose and treat depression.
“Others pointed out time restrictions that undermine GPs' capacity to effectively diagnose and treat depression (25).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] Ohtsuki, 2012, Attitudes toward depression among Japanese non-psychiatric medical doctors: a cross-sectional study, BMC Res Notes source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMen emphasized GPs' supportive role and stressed that a positive relationship between patient and GP facilitates mental health service use.
“previous research also finding that men emphasized GPs' supportive role and stressed that a positive relationship between patient and GP facilitates mental health service use (26)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Cramer, 2014, Do depressed and anxious men do groups? What works and what are the barriers to help seeking?, Prim Health Care Res Dev source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
“The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe small sample size and participants' high age (mean = 52) mean it is not possible to reveal age-related differences in help-seeking attitudes and behavior.
“Another limitation is the small sample size as well as participants' high age (mean = 52), which means it is not possible to reveal age-related differences in help-seeking attitudes and behavior.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of knowledge on how men's specific needs in cases of depression are addressed by mental health services.
“Beyond this, there is a lack of knowledge on how men's specific needs in cases of depression are addressed by mental health services.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The impact of norms concerning traditional masculine roles for men with depression who have already utilized mental health services is unclear.
“Moreover, the impact of norms concerning traditional masculine roles for men with depression who have already utilized mental health services is unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
More evidence is needed to develop mental health services based on the experiences of men with depression.
“On the other hand, more evidence is needed to develop mental health services based on the experiences of men with depression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many studies provide a one-dimensional understanding of mental health behavior among men with depression, including reduced service use.
“Despite emerging evidence for the diversity of men's experiences of help-seeking and service use, many studies provide a one-dimensional understanding of mental health behavior among men with depression, including reduced service use.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Psychiatric service use contradicts masculinity.
“In contrast to the assumption that psychiatric service use contradicts masculinity (27)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Patients with depression may be undertreated with antidepressant therapies (ADTs); in a longitudinal study involving 789 primary care patients with depressive symptoms, 41% were undertreated.
“Patients with depression may be undertreated with antidepressant therapies (ADTs), as observed in a longitudinal study involving 789 primary care patients with depressive symptoms, in which 41% were undertreated (ie, did not receive ADTs even though an ADT was indicated).35,36”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
James is described as a father but has no children listed
MinorJames says he is a father, but his Table 2 entry has a dash in the children column. The table's total of seven participants with children also excludes him.
““My family couldn't understand that I, a father, didn't go to the hardware store today, because I didn't feel good. It was never really recognized” (James, 55–59 y).”
“| James | 55–59 | On sick leave (construction) | Married | – | – | Psychologist |”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Men’s Experiences of Mental Illness Stigma Across the Lifespan: A Scoping Review
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“There is substantial evidence that men are reluctant to seek mental health treatment across diverse global contexts, spanning both high-and low-income settings (Staiger et al., 2020).”
Gender Differences in Adverse Psychosocial Outcomes among Family Caregivers: A Systematic Review
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BackgroundUnderstanding Men’s Engagement and Disengagement When Seeking Support for Mental Health
Kwon, M., Lawn, S., & Kaine, C. (2023) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883231157971 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDigital health technologies and major depressive disorder
McIntyre, R. S., Greenleaf, W., Bulaj, G., Taylor, S. T., Mitsi, G., Saliu, D., Czysz, A., Silvesti, G., Garcia, M., & Jain, R. (2023) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852923002225 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“19 Men tend to experience higher levels of stigma regarding help-seeking and having depression than women, 21 which may result in higher rates of suicide.”
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Mental Health Help-Seeking Behaviour in Men
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“Dominant masculine ideals throughout much of the Western world can dictate that those who identify as men should be seen as strong, self-reliant, and stoic, especially in the face of adversity and have long been linked to men’s relatively low rates of mental health help-seeking (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Kilian et al., 2…”
BackgroundFillipo, I. G., Pullmann, M. D., Hull, T. D., Zech, J. M., Wu, J., Litvin, B., Chen, S., & Areán, P. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.963741 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“While in general, men are overrepresented in biomedical research, they are historically under-represented in mental health research (48), and are less likely to use psychosocial treatment (49).”
BackgroundMcLafferty, M., Brown, N., Brady, J., McLaughlin, J., Hugh, R. M., Ward, C., McBride, L., Bjourson, A. J., O’Neill, S. M., Walsh, C. P., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279618 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Toro, G., Arias, P., de la Torre-Luque, A., Singer, J. B., & Lagunas, N. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14103446 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Other studies also confirm that traditional masculinity norms reduces the likelihood of help-seeking behavior, thereby reinforcing gender-based social constructs [83].”
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Does Thor ask Iron Man for Help? Examining Help-Seeking Behaviors in Marvel Superheroes
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“…pressure to seem manly posed an initial barrier for men struggling with depression to seek treatment, after beginning or after treatment, many men’s attitudes towards help-seeking became more positive (Staiger et al., 2020). acculturation” to social norms and expectations (Bandura, 2001, p. 271).”
Backgroundvon Zimmermann, C., Hübner, M., Mühle, C., Müller, C. P., Weinland, C., Kornhuber, J., & Lenz, B. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01567-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Depressed men's help-seeking behavior has been described as negatively affected by masculine norms [20, 44] previously.”
BackgroundMapping Men’s Mental Health Help-Seeking After an Intimate Partner Relationship Break-Up
Oliffe, J. L., Kelly, M. T., Montaner, G. G., Seidler, Z. E., Kealy, D., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., & Rice, S. (2022) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323221110974 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…affirming previous qualitative work (Emslie et al., 2006; Ferlatte et al., 2019; Krumm et al., 2017; Oliffe et al., 2021; Player et al., 2015; Staiger et al., 2020), our findings highlight the potential for men to be self-directed and agentic in their pursuit of, and openness to receiving…”
ResultConnecting Australian Masculinities and Culture to Mental Health: Men’s Perspectives and Experiences
Sharp, P., Oliffe, J. L., Bottorff, J. L., Rice, S., Schulenkorf, N., & Caperchione, C. M. (2023) · Men and Masculinities · doi:10.1177/1097184x221149985 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Indeed, men’s embodiment of normative masculinities, and their intersection with manly identities, can negatively impact mental health and help-seeking behaviour (Staiger et al. 2020; Vogel and Heath 2016).”
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Özbay, A., & Bülbül, A. (2024) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.23150 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Ji, L., Qiao, X., Jin, Y., Si, H., Liu, X., & Wang, C. (2021) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.12.010 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Help‐seeking and Man Therapy: The impact of an online suicide intervention
Gilgoff, J. N., Wagner, F. A., Frey, J. J., & Osteen, P. J. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12929 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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A Duty to Care: Male Perspectives on the Caregiver Role for Persons With Alzheimer’s or Dementia
Bueno, M. V. (2025) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/10748407231222291 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Prior literature found that masculine norms and attitudes toward mental health issues play a major role in why men do not seek help for themselves (Parent et al., 2018; Staiger et al., 2020).”
Cerutti, R., Spensieri, V., Amendola, S., Biuso, G. S., Renzi, A., & Tambelli, R. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22785 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“One potential interpretation of this phenomenon could be that females are used to paying more attention to their emotional and psychological difficulties and less resistant to seeking help with coping with them, although sex‐related differences in mental health problems did not emerge (Staiger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialMen’s Behavior and Communication in the Days Prior to a Suicide—A Psychological Autopsy Study
Hofmann, L., & Wagner, B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20176668 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In addition to the already reduced willingness to seek help due to the prevailing masculinity norms, stigmatization, or fear of being seen as weak [12,20], men are less likely to feel they need psychosocial support, even if they report problems with their mental health [21].”
BackgroundPersonality and help-seeking for psychological distress: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Szücs, A., Lam, R. H. X., Tang, W. S. W., Zhou, L., Lazarus, M., Maier, A. B., & Valderas, J. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1405167 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“That is, men demonstrate more negative help-seeking attitudes [6], reduced intention to seek help [36], and fewer help-seeking behaviours [37].”
BackgroundThe main predictors of well-being and productivity from a gender perspective
Martínez-Martínez, K., Llorens, S., Cruz-Ortiz, V., Reyes-Luján, J. J., & Salanova, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1478826 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“On the other hand, HRM must pay more attention to prevent mobbing in men, gender-sensitive interventions breaking down gender stereotypes to stimulate men in the communication of vulnerability can help (Staiger et al., 2020).”
Bondar, L. I., Iovanovici, D. C., Măduța, V., Butari, D. B., Șandor, F. M., Mariș, M. A., Piroș, L. E., Miuţa, C. C., Toderescu, C. D., & Popescu, M. I. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14030837 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exploring the Experiences of Living With the Post‐COVID Syndrome: A Qualitative Study
Kalfas, M., Jolley, C. J., Hart, N., Rafferty, G. F., Duncan, E. L., Nicholson, T. R., Ashworth, M. J., Brewin, D., Barrett, B. M., Witard, O. C., et al. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.14108 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Men's difficulty in talking about their mental health and experience of stigma is well documented in the literature [33, 37, 38].”
BackgroundWu, X., Zhang, N., Chao, J., Liu, Y., & Zhang, B. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2024.07.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lu, J., Sun, H., Liu, N., Qiu, J., & Xia, X. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14133 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cooper, S., Péloquin, T., Lachowsky, N. J., Salway, T. J., Oliffe, J. L., Klassen, B., Brennan, D. J., Houle, J., & Ferlatte, O. (2023) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883231206618 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This cultural ideal emphasizes heterosexuality, competitiveness, strength, power, and control (McVittie et al., 2017), positioning men and masculine ideals as dominant over marginalized men and women and feminine practices (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005; Staiger et al., 2020).”
Backgroundvan Doorn, M., Monsanto, A., Boeschoten, C. M., van Amelsvoort, T., Popma, A., Öry, F. G., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Gleeson, J., Jaspers, M., & Nieman, D. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.1020753 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Chen, E. Y., & Tung, E. Y. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01630-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“First, the identified similarities in the trajectories of depressive symptoms in the six gender-race/ethnicity groups can help debunk stigma and misconceptions of depressive symptoms, such as women are more depressed than men and depressed males are “unmanly” [65].”
Seidler, Z. E., Sheldrake, M., Rice, S., Wilson, M. J., Benakovic, R., Fisher, K., & McGee, M. L. (2025) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241311557 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“That is, men’s desire for control and personal agency for decision-making and drawing on resilience and coping resources (Gough & Novikova, 2020; Seidler et al., 2021; Staiger et al., 2020; Swetlitz et al., 2024).”
Chen, T., Cao, Z., Ferland, F., Farand, L., & Fleury, M. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21020234 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This is underscored by the fact that the men in Profile 2 were the majority and had the highest percentage of serious psychiatric disorders but were still triaged at lower priority [71].”
BackgroundZintel, S., Schmidt, L. I., Neubauer, A. B., Stoffel, M., Rafiee, Y., Ditzen, B., & Sieverding, M. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107480 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lok, R., & Law, Y. (2025) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2025.100596 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dabala, O., Abdulahi, M., & Worku, B. T. (2024) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241277100 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Traditional masculinity norms also result in a lack of recognition and barriers to the treatment of postpartum depression in men (Seidler et al., 2016; Staiger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundJemiluyi, O. (2024) · French Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/09571558241262682 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…et al., 2020: 3), gender role expectations (Hentschel et al., 2019: 2; Reidy et al., 2018: 560), mental health stigma (McKenzie et al., 2022: 2; Staiger et al., 2020: 2), health-related suffering rooted in the tendency not to share health concerns or seek medical help (Banks, 2001: 1058;…”
Aguayo, F. (2022) · Psicologia & Sociedade · doi:10.1590/1807-0310/2022v34251463 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Shapiro, G. K., Mah, K., de Vries, F. E., Zimmermann, C., Li, M., Hales, S., & Rodin, G. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice · doi:10.1097/or9.0000000000000076 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ngwenya, M. W., & Sumbane, G. O. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.108493 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chok, L., Surı́s, J.-C., & Barrense‐Dias, Y. (2023) · Qualitative Research Journal · doi:10.1108/qrj-10-2022-0135 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fox, A. B., Baier, A. L., Alpert, E., Nillni, Y. I., & Galovski, T. E. (2023) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2023.0078 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“65,66 Al-ternatively, other coping strategies that increase resilience through enhanced feelings of self-control may be more protective against mental health problems for male Veterans.”
Krumm, S., Krieg, G., Lamp, N., Marek, F., Nickel, P., Panzirsch, M., Stiawa, M., Beschoner, P., Brieger, P., Frasch, K., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04979-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The interview guide is developed by the research group, based on relevant literature and experiences gained from the previous MenDe study [1, 2, 31, 47].”
MethodSelf-citationValerius, K., von Eitzen, L., Göbel, M., Ohlbrecht, H., van den Berg, N., Völzke, H., Grabe, H. J., Schomerus, G., & Speerforck, S. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05521-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This is in contrast with more inconsistent findings on the role of family doctors in a study in an urban setting where family doctors not only acted as a helpful gateway to mental health services but also as a deterrent to further help-seeking [41].”
BackgroundResultGender differences in self-reported hearing loss and hearing aid use: a cross-national comparison
Lam, A., Vierboom, Y. C., & West, J. S. (2025) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2024-017655 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Graney, J., Ibrahim, S. A., Tham, S.-G., Turnbull, P., Appleby, L., Kapur, N., & Rodway, C. (2024) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2023-000319 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…central to their identity, the loss of a job, money and housing problems, therefore having a greater impact on them than on women or younger men 34 Consequently, substantial and long-term economic support and targeted interventions are important suicide prevention measures for middle-aged men who…”
What psychologists need to know about men and suicide
King, K., Burley, A., Seidler, Z. E., Armstrong, G., & Vijayakumar, L. (2024) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2024.2404116 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Formal help-seeking arguably exists as a process fundamentally in contradiction with core tenets of traditional masculinity (e.g., emotional communication) (Staiger et al., 2020).”
Social Workers’ Working Experiences with Men in the Provision of Mental Health Services
Akçay, S., & Akar, B. (2025) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2025.2467391 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Previous studies showed that some older men started treatment due to their motivation to work again (Stiawa et al., 2020), and some men define the depression process as a struggle, as a result of which they become much stronger (Emslie et al., 2006).”
AM I OK ? Investigating the Lived Experience of Emotional Differentiation in a Sample of Irish Men
O’Leary, D., & McAuliffe, A. (2025) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70030 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nugent, C., Verlander, N. Q., Varma, S., Bradley, D. T., & Patterson, L. (2022) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268822000644 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Stigma associated with helpseeking perpetuates this reluctance [35].”
Gender influences on cannabis use among treatment-seeking adults: a qualitative study
Wright, M., Matheson, J., Watson, T. M., Sproule, B. A., Foll, B. L., & Brands, B. (2023) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2023.2248356 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“When men do present to treatment, screening for adherence to masculine norms, and encouraging men to reflect on the extent to which their adherence to these norms may be impacting their cannabis use may help in developing treatment approaches and goals (Staiger et al., 2020; Teese et al., 2023).”
Takashi, N., Musumari, P. M., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., Ono‐Kihara, M., Kihara, M., & Nakayama, T. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2133177 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Previous studies reported that men are less likely than women to express their psychological and emotional problems, such as depression and distress, to healthcare professionals [54–56].”
BackgroundZakaria, M., Bardoe, D., Bio, R. B., Yar, D. D., & Hayford, D. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000478 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This may delay the acknowledgement and treatment of their stress symptoms, leading to escalating mental health issues [67].”
Martopullo, C., Oberoi, D. V., Carlson, L. E., & Bultz, B. D. (2023) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice · doi:10.1097/or9.0000000000000091 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This is consistent with many studies indicating that men attend mixed gendered groups less regularly, and even when they do, they seem unwilling to discuss symptoms perceived as embarrassing or dive into emotional or sexual discussions about their illness.([34,35]) The reported positive functioning of men-only group c…”
BackgroundCross-cultural perspectives on mental health shame among male workers
Kotera, Y., Jackson, J. E., Aledeh, M., Edwards, A., Veasey, C. M., Barnes, K., Komorowska, M. A., Adam, H., & Kirkman, A. (2023) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.22514/jomh.2023.018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gender sensitivity of the COVID-19 mental health research in Europe: a scoping review
López-Atanes, M., Sáenz-Herrero, M., Zach, N., Lakeberg, M., Ugedo, A., Fraile-García, E., Erkoreka, L., Segarra, R., Schäfer, I., & Brand, T. (2024) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-024-02286-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Indeed, they too were undoubtedly affected by patient deaths during the pandemic, but were less likely to seek support given the traditional male norm of being strong, in control, and able to avoid emotions [128].”
BackgroundLalaki ka, hindi ka dapat umiiyak!: barriers of help-seeking behaviour in Filipino men
Quiambao, G. M. C. A., Salaria, J. R., Bucad, M. M. B., Feltis, C. A., & Embalsado, J. V. M. (2024) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2024.2425698 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Breaking Barriers: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions in Male Mental Health
Singh, T., Mittal, S., Tushir, B., Kaur, H., & Agrawal, C. K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-1288-0_156 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hughes, L., Taylor, R. M., Fern, L. A., Monaghan, L., Flint, B., Gibbons, S., & Petrella, A. R. (2023) · Continuity & Resilience Review · doi:10.1108/crr-10-2022-0024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Social Construct of Masculinity Towards Mental Health: A Literature Review
Harianti, W. S. (2023) · European journal of behavioral sciences · doi:10.33422/ejbs.v6i3.1103 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chiou, K. S., Stump, J. L., Reisher, P., & Trexler, L. E. (2024) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2024.2326054 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“For example, in certain cultures, women tend to have more open attitudes toward seeking help for mental health needs (24), while men with internalized masculine norms may report feeling a stigma of ‘unmanliness’ for engaging in help-seeking behaviors (25).”
BackgroundAdu, P., Grigoryev, D. S., Rita, H. A., Mbinta, J. F., Jarvis, G. E., & Jurcik, T. (2025) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2025.200406 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Religion, Masculinity, and the Mental Health of African Men
Ojedokun, O., & Adebayo, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62891-7_41-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ding, Y., Xiang, J., Hu, Y., Wu, L., Lu, Z., & Ye, M. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20250320-03 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Depresión masculina: barreras para la búsqueda de ayuda en hombres adultos en Chile
Aguayo, F., & Rivera-Aguilera, G. (2025) · Quaderns de Psicología · doi:10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.2138 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tsybuliak, N., Kolomiiets, U., Mytsyk, H., Popova, A., Lopatina, H., & Suchikova, Y. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/9937337 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Akçay, S., Akar, B., & Köse, Ö. (2026) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.70126 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Su, X., & Peng, Z. (2026) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apjon.2026.100956 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“56 The institutional gap, failing to provide even “ a small room for pouring out one's heart ” , constitutes a systemic neglect of survivors' psychosocial needs.”
Gupta, S., Occhino-Moede, L., Liu, E., Baek, T., Sulivan-Pascual, K., Phelan, K., Schug, E., Mirkis, M., Visher, T. C., Pasupulety, U., et al. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/94674 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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“While self-reported diagnoses are commonly used in qualitative mental health research focused on lived experience and identity [53-56], some narratives may reflect overlapping symptoms with related conditions.”
Mokhutso, J. (2021) · Pharos Journal of Theology · doi:10.46222/pharosjot.102034 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Prevalence of glaucoma in the city of Novi Sad
Babić, N., Miljković, A., Davidović, S., Barišić, S., & Čanadanović, V. M. (2022) · Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo · doi:10.2298/sarh211005078b · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Another potential explanation might be the phenomenon of gender-related differences in health behaviour and the fact that women generally tend to visit physicians earlier and more often than men, that might lead to the larger pool of undetected male glaucoma patients in the general population [11].”
BackgroundWardani, R. K., & Zaenab, B. D. (2024) · Jurnal Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia · doi:10.22146/jkki.88840 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tehrani, H., Naddafi, F., Nejatian, M., & Jafari, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1463879 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mukhti, M. I. H., & Ibrahim, M. I. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13030291 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“For instance, cultural expectations emphasizing stoicism and self-reliance contribute to delays in seeking medical attention, even for severe health conditions, as observed across diverse global settings [3].”
Götzl, C., Staiger, T., Stiawa, M., Beschoner, P., Gündel, H., Becker, T. M., Kilian, R., & Krumm, S. (2021) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/a-1667-9363 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBarriers to the utilization of wellness days in graduate medical education
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Understanding the Barriers and Facilitators to Help-Seeking in Irish Equestrian Sport
Tobin, G., & Losty, C. (2023) · European Journal of Sport Sciences · doi:10.24018/ejsport.2023.2.6.121
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Giovanni Paolo II "Doctor Marianus" del nostro tempo (/1978-2005).II.
Perrella, S. M. (2010) · Antonianum
Maltais, D., Bergeron‐Leclerc, C., Gauthier, V., Cherblanc, J., Boily, E., Dion, J., Pouliot, È., & Labra, Ó. (2022) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.31083/j.jomh1805112
Mısır, E., Batmaz, S., & Demir, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2022.67355
NARRATIVES ON DEPRESSION, MASCULINITY AND WORK. A STUDY WITH LIFE STORIES OF CHILEAN MEN
Aguayo, F. (2022) · Psicologia & Sociedade · doi:10.1590/1807-0310/2022v34251463en
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Recognition and CBT for Paternal Perinatal Depression in Primary Care: A Case Report
Skilbeck, L., Spanton, C., & Roylance, I. (2023) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883231159955
“This could also partly explain why men report their depression or seek help at a lesser frequency than women (Oliffe et al., 2016; Staiger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBarton, E. A., Cital, M. N., Shortle, L., & Goldey, K. L. (2023) · International Journal on Social and Education Sciences · doi:10.46328/ijonses.518
“Moreover, the hesitancy of some men to seek out social support for mental health problems (McKenzie et al., 2018; Staiger et al., 2020) may have made them more susceptible to the isolation stress and more likely to use alcohol as a coping mechanism for being alone.”
BackgroundDialectical behaviour therapy for men and boys: A systematic review
Holah, S., Maguire, N., & Bennetts, A. (2023) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12702 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Some men have commented on the need to reduce the stigma that receiving treatment is ‘unmanly’ (Staiger et al., 2020).”
Dimbulana, N., Alshagga, M. A., Al‐Kabsi, A. M., Abdulsalam, R., & Pan, Y. (2023) · Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine · doi:10.37268/mjphm/vol.23/no.2/art.1949
Ikram, N. D. Z., Yusop, Y. M., Zainudin, Z. N., Othman, W. N. W., & Kari, D. N. P. M. (2024) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v14-i3/21012
“Gender variations in psychological assistance-seeking behaviour have been studied, revealing that cultural expectations and gender norms may impact how individuals express and seek support (Staiger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundNickel, P., Stiawa, M., Götzl, C., Krieg, G., Mayer, L., & Krumm, S. (2023) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/a-2249-0649 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…sein können: In einem systematischen Review zeigen McKenzie et al., dass sich ein internalisiertes Stigma bei Männern mit Depres - sion durch ein Gefühl von Angst, Scham, Beschämung und Isolati - on äußert [5, 6] sowie durch die Sorge, von außen als schwach und gescheitert wahrgenommen zu werden.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSubstance Use Counseling Among Men
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Flurey, C. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62593-0_3
The physician-to-physician health-care barriers—a phenomenological study
DeJong, C. A. J., Soeters, E. M., van Rijn, L., Iskandar, S., Jokūbonis, D., & Pool, G. (2024) · Academia Mental Health and Well-Being · doi:10.20935/mhealthwellb7337
- Authors
- Staiger, T., Stiawa, M., Mueller-Stierlin, A. S., Kilian, R., Beschoner, P., Gündel, H., Becker, T., Frasch, K., Panzirsch, M., Schmauß, M., & Krumm, S.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- University of Augsburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Staiger, Tobias
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-11-24
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 599039-599039
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7732518
- OpenAlex
- W3106546635
- Semantic Scholar
- f0c128eca3d26e5ecc489f8d7104ab605ca55fcf
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 19.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universität Ulm, Kommunikations- und Informationszentrum (kiz) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- masculinity, help-seeking, male depression, masculine norms, mental health service utilization, gender-sensitive services, salutogenic perspective, stigma, attitudes toward depression, family environment, general practitioners, peer-led intervention
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