Cited by 115Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyCardiovascular Health and Risk Factors

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Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease: How Much Is Enough?

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Carnethon, Mercedes R.·2009·American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

DOI 10.1177/1559827609332737PMC PMC2857374

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Abstract

Physical inactivity is an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, although physical activity is recommended as a component of healthy lifestyle, the amount (intensity, duration, and frequency) of physical activity required to protect against coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (ie, stroke) is unclear. In general, there is a graded inverse association of physical activity with CHD and total cardiovascular disease (the combination of CHD and stroke). The patterns of association between physical activity dose and stroke are less clear; individual studies suggest a threshold effect for benefits, whereas meta-analytic studies report a graded inverse association. Despite known differences in physical activity behaviors between men and women, the patterns of association between dose of activity and cardiovascular diseases are similar by gender. Observational studies of walking behaviors and one recent clinical trial suggest that lower “doses” of physical activity are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus, with very few specific cautions, there is enough evidence to recommend to healthy adults that any activity is beneficial and that more activity is even better.

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Authors: Carnethon, M. R.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Carnethon, Mercedes R.
ORCID: Carnethon, Mercedes R.
Venue: American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-04-07
Volume: 3
Issue: 1_suppl
Pages: 44S-49S
ISSN: 1559-8276 (ISSN-L)
1559-8284
DOI: 10.1177/1559827609332737
PMC: PMC2857374
OpenAlex: W2112321505
Cited by: 115
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 3.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Arizona State University
National Institutes of Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R13HL091657)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Keywords: physical activity, cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, dose-response relationship, physical inactivity, threshold effects, walking, sex differences, health advice

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Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease: How Much Is Enough?

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