The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease: How Much Is Enough?
Open accessAbstract
Physical inactivity is an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, although physical activity is recommended as a component of healthy lifestyle, the amount (intensity, duration, and frequency) of physical activity required to protect against coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (ie, stroke) is unclear. In general, there is a graded inverse association of physical activity with CHD and total cardiovascular disease (the combination of CHD and stroke). The patterns of association between physical activity dose and stroke are less clear; individual studies suggest a threshold effect for benefits, whereas meta-analytic studies report a graded inverse association. Despite known differences in physical activity behaviors between men and women, the patterns of association between dose of activity and cardiovascular diseases are similar by gender. Observational studies of walking behaviors and one recent clinical trial suggest that lower “doses” of physical activity are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus, with very few specific cautions, there is enough evidence to recommend to healthy adults that any activity is beneficial and that more activity is even better.
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“Observational data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register showed that most CVD risk factors were more adverse among patients with HbA1c between 8.0% and 11.9% than among those with HbA1c between 5.0% and 7.9%.”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“and 1.27 for fatal and nonfatal CVD.”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“Per 1% unit increase in HbA1c, the HR of fatal and nonfatal CHD was 1.30 in multivariable adjusted models”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“Among patients with HbA1c 8.0% to 11.9% compared with those with HbA1c 5.0% to 7.9%, the HR of fatal/nonfatal CHD was 1.71”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“and the risk of fatal/nonfatal CVD was 1.59.72”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
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Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ôunpuu, S., Dans, T., Avezum, A., Lanas, F., McQueen, M., Budaj, A., Pais, P., Varigos, J., et al. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17018-9 · Cited by 12,026
Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities
AINSWORTH, B. E., HASKELL, W. L., WHITT, M. C., IRWIN, M. L., SWARTZ, A. M., STRATH, S. J., O???BRIEN, W. L., BASSETT, D. R., SCHMITZ, K. H., EMPLAINCOURT, P. O., et al. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009 · Cited by 8,497
Physical Activity in the United States Measured by Accelerometer
TROIANO, R. P., BERRIGAN, D., DODD, K. W., MÂSSE, L. C., TILERT, T., & MCDOWELL, M. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a51b3 · Cited by 7,638
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2009 Update
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., Adams, R. J., Carnethon, M. R., SIMONE, G. D., Ferguson, T. B., Flegal, K. M., Ford, E. S., Furie, K. L., Go, A. S., et al. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.191259 · Cited by 3,915
Self-citationPhysical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults
Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., Macera, C. A., & Castaneda‐Sceppa, C. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.185650 · Cited by 3,057
Walking Compared with Vigorous Exercise for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Women
Manson, J. E., Greenland, P., LaCroix, A. Z., Stefanick, M. L., Mouton, C. P., Oberman, A., Perri, M. G., Sheps, D. S., Pettinger, M. B., & Siscovick, D. S. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021067 · Cited by 1,349
Williams, M. A., Haskell, W. L., Ades, P. A., Amsterdam, E. A., Bittner, V., Franklin, B. A., Gulanick, M., Laing, S. T., & Stewart, K. J. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.185214 · Cited by 1,211
Resistance Exercise in Individuals With and Without Cardiovascular Disease
Pollock, M. L., Franklin, B. A., Balady, G. J., CHAITMAN, B. R., Fleg, J. L., Fletcher, B. J., Limacher, M. C., Piña, I. L., Stein, R. A., Williams, M. A., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.7.828 · Cited by 1,076
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2007, Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans
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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2012 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Writing Group Members, Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., Bravata, D. M., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31823ac046 · Cited by 7,333
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000350 · Cited by 6,596
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2011 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Adams, R. J., Berry, J. D., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M. R., Dai, S., de Simone, G., Ford, E. S., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182009701 · Cited by 6,149
Self-citationHeart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., Howard, V. J., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000152 · Cited by 5,797
Metadata
- Authors
- Carnethon, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carnethon, Mercedes R.
- Venue
- American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-04-07
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1_suppl
- Pages
- 44S-49S
- ISSN
- 1559-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-8284
- PMC
- PMC2857374
- OpenAlex
- W2112321505
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Arizona State University
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R13HL091657)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- physical activity, cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, dose-response relationship, physical inactivity, threshold effects, walking, sex differences, health advice
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