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Cited by 128Psychology of Moral and Emotional JudgmentValues and Moral EducationEthics in Business and Education

Moral Reasoning Enables Developmental and Societal Change

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Killen, Melanie, Dahl, Audun·2021·Perspectives on Psychological Science
DOI 10.1177/1745691620964076PMC PMC8380749
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Abstract

Moral reasoning is an essential part of how humans develop and a fundamental aspect of how human societies change over time. On a developmental timescale, reasoning about interpersonal disagreements and dilemmas spurs age-related changes in moral judgments from childhood to adulthood. When asked to distribute resources among others, even young children strive to balance competing concerns with equality, merit, and need. Over the course of development, reasoning and judgments about resource distribution and other moral issues become increasingly sophisticated. From childhood to adulthood, individuals not only evaluate acts as right or wrong but also take the extra steps to rectify inequalities, protest unfair norms, and resist stereotypic expectations about others. The development of moral reasoning also enables change on a societal timescale. Across centuries and communities, ordinary individuals have called for societal change based on moral concerns with welfare, rights, fairness, and justice. Individuals have effectively employed reasoning to identify and challenge injustices. In this article, we synthesize recent insights from developmental science about the roles of moral reasoning in developmental and societal change. In the concluding section, we turn to questions for future research on moral reasoning and change.

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  • This conditional reasoning reflects a developing sense of distributive justice, in which fairness and reciprocity are weighed alongside empathy.

    “This conditional reasoning re fl ects a developing sense of distributive justice, in which fairness and reciprocity are weighed alongside empathy (Killen & Dahl, 2021).”

    From Children's perceptions of bullying, exclusion and defending in English primary schools: A qualitative study (2026) · cites this paper as Killen & Dahl, 2021

    In “Moral Reasoning Develops Slowly over the Lifespan” (page unavailable), the paper says children increasingly weigh fairness, merit, need, and others’ welfare when allocating resources. That supports developing distributive-justice reasoning, but the passages do not establish that reciprocity is weighed alongside empathy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Killen, M., & Dahl, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
  • University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
Corresponding author
Killen, Melanie
ORCID
Venue
Perspectives on Psychological Science
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2021-02-23
Volume
16
Issue
6
Pages
1209-1225
ISSN
  • 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
  • 1745-6924
DOI
10.1177/1745691620964076
PMC
PMC8380749
OpenAlex
W3131937248
Cited by
128
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 37 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1
FWCI
8.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences (1728918)
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD093698, R03HD087590)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
  • Social Sciences › Education › Values and Moral Education
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Ethics in Business and Education
Keywords
moral reasoning, moral development, social change, resource allocation, fairness, justice, equality, ethical dilemmas, interpersonal disagreement, social protest, resistance to stereotypes, rights
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Judgment, Morals, Problem Solving, Social Justice, Stereotyping, Young Adult

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