The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Developing Mechanisms of Self-Regulation in Early Life
Open accessAbstract
Children show increasing control of emotions and behavior during their early years. Our studies suggest a shift in control from the brain’s orienting network in infancy to the executive network by the age of 3—4 years. Our longitudinal study indicates that orienting influences both positive and negative affect, as measured by parent report in infancy. At 3—4 years of age, the dominant control of affect rests in a frontal brain network that involves the anterior cingulate gyrus. Connectivity of brain structures also changes from infancy to toddlerhood. Early connectivity of parietal and frontal areas is important in orienting; later connectivity involves midfrontal and anterior cingulate areas related to executive attention and self-regulation.
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“Moreover, the inverse correlation between the dorsal attention network and the default-mode network, interpreted by most as a sign of ‘competition’ between the processing of external and internal events in the mature brain106, also emerges during the first year of life112.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [106]
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Citations
Cites
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2 · Cited by 6,259
Self-citationHolroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.679 · Cited by 4,027 · cited 1×
“A key aspect of selfregulation is the ability to detect errors, and the anterior cingulate has also been reported to be central to this capacity (Gehring, Goss, Coles, Meyer, & Donchin, 1993; Holroyd & Coles, 2002).”
BackgroundA neural system for error detection and compensation
Gehring, W. J., Goss, B., Coles, M. G. H., Meyer, D. E., & Donchin, E. (1993) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x · Cited by 2,862
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Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans
Dosenbach, N. U. F., Fair, D. A., Miezin, F. M., Cohen, A. L., Wenger, K. K., Dosenbach, R. A. T., Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Raichle, M. E., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704320104 · Cited by 2,632 · cited 2×
“During adulthood there is clear evidence for the parallel operation of orienting and executive networks (Dosenbach et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInvestigations of Temperament at Three to Seven Years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. A. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00355 · Cited by 2,602
Self-citationAddition and subtraction by human infants
Wynn, K. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/358749a0 · Cited by 1,917 · cited 1×
“Wynn (1992) presented infants with puppets which were hidden behind a screen.”
BackgroundAdvances in developmental psychology
Lamb, M. E., Brown, A. L., & Rogoff, B. (1981) · Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooks · Cited by 1,686
Functional brain networks develop from a local to distributed organization
Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Power, J. D., Dosenbach, N. U. F., Church, J. A., Miezin, F. M., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000381 · Cited by 1,530 · cited 4×
“However, the connectivity data suggest that the cingulate is not connected to other networks to influence actions until later (Fair et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
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The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after
Petersen, S. E., & Posner, M. I. (2012) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525 · Cited by 3,439
“During later childhood and into adulthood, the time to resolve conflict correlated with parent reports of their child’s ability to control his or her behavior (effortful control, EC) (Posner & Rothbart 2007, Rothbart et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood
Gilmore, J. H., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Gao, W. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.1 · Cited by 1,013
Developmental pathways to autism: A review of prospective studies of infants at risk
Jones, E. J. H., Gliga, T., Bedford, R., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.001 · Cited by 607
Short-term meditation induces white matter changes in the anterior cingulate
Tang, Y.-Y., Lu, Q., Geng, X., Stein, E. A., Yang, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1011043107 · Cited by 514
“These changes have been related to the increasing ability of children to regulate their own emotions and behavior (11).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model
Spence, S. H., & Rapee, R. M. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.007 · Cited by 504
“Rothbart et al., 2011) model to differentiate reactive/automatic cognitive processes (eg. automatic processing of novel stimuli) and self-regulatory processes (voluntary, effortful control e e.g. inhibitory control, attention shifting, conflict monitoring, and response monitoring).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Rothbart, M. K., Sheese, B. E., Rueda, M. R., & Posner, M. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Illinois Wesleyan University (US)
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Rothbart, Mary K.
- Venue
- Emotion Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 207-213
- ISSN
- 1754-0739 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-0747
- PMC
- PMC3164871
- OpenAlex
- W2014863700
- Semantic Scholar
- 51f0fc5d25fde313cc4e2e13d5557cffe6e53ff6
- Cited by
- 538
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 12.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Emotion Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD038051, P01HD060563)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- self-regulation, emotion regulation, executive function, orienting network, executive network, anterior cingulate cortex, brain connectivity, infancy, toddlerhood, positive and negative affect, frontoparietal network
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