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Developing Mechanisms of Self-Regulation in Early Life
Open accessAbstract
Children show increasing control of emotions and behavior during their early years. Our studies suggest a shift in control from the brain’s orienting network in infancy to the executive network by the age of 3—4 years. Our longitudinal study indicates that orienting influences both positive and negative affect, as measured by parent report in infancy. At 3—4 years of age, the dominant control of affect rests in a frontal brain network that involves the anterior cingulate gyrus. Connectivity of brain structures also changes from infancy to toddlerhood. Early connectivity of parietal and frontal areas is important in orienting; later connectivity involves midfrontal and anterior cingulate areas related to executive attention and self-regulation.
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“Moreover, the inverse correlation between the dorsal attention network and the default-mode network, interpreted by most as a sign of ‘competition’ between the processing of external and internal events in the mature brain106, also emerges during the first year of life112.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [106]
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Citations
Cites
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
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Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex
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“A key aspect of selfregulation is the ability to detect errors, and the anterior cingulate has also been reported to be central to this capacity (Gehring, Goss, Coles, Meyer, & Donchin, 1993; Holroyd & Coles, 2002).”
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“During adulthood there is clear evidence for the parallel operation of orienting and executive networks (Dosenbach et al., 2007).”
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“The Infant Behavior Questionnaire Revised (IBQ-R) (Gartstein & Rothbart, 2003) and the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) (Putnam, Gartstein, & Rothbart, 2006) were used for parent reports of child temperament in infancy and toddlerhood.”
MethodResultSelf-citationDevelopment of attentional networks in childhood
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Self-citationPutnam, S. P., Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.01.004 · Cited by 1,005
Self-citationHuman Functional Neuroimaging of Brain Changes Associated with Practice
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ResultAttention in Early Development: Themes and Variations
Ruff, H. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 705
Self-citationResting-state networks in the infant brain
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(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-2373 · Cited by 624 · cited 6×
“For example, temperament questionnaire data has consistently found that high effortful control is related to low negative emotionality (Rothbart, 2011), and effortful control has been consistently related to laboratory measures of executive attention (Rothbart & Rueda, 2005).”
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“, 2006), resting fMRI offers no evidence that they are strongly connected to other areas (Gao et al., 2009).”
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Self-citationBakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Pijlman, F. T. A., Mesman, J., & Juffer, F. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.293 · Cited by 479
The Development of Effortful Control.
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“Effortful control (EC) shows considerable development in the toddler and preschool years (see reviews by Posner & Rothbart, 2007; Rothbart, Posner, & Kieras, 2006; Rothbart & Rueda, 2005).”
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Self-citationDevelopment of executive attention in preschool children
Jones, L. B., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2003) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00307 · Cited by 414
Self-citationPosner, M. I., & Fan, J. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511541681.005 · Cited by 397 · cited 2×
“These networks are distinct in that they serve different functions, have different neural anatomies, and involve different neuromodulators (Posner & Fan, 2008; Rueda, Posner, & Rothbart, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGenetic and neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cognitive functions in children
Diamond, A., Briand, L., Fossella, J., & Gehlbach, L. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.125 · Cited by 381
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“Support for this view comes in part from a study of adults (Shulman et al., 2009) in which the presentation of a novel object recruits the executive network (cingulo-opercular network in their terms) to supplement the orienting network (ventral parietal frontal network in their terms).”
BackgroundSelf-regulation and emotion in infancy
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Self-citationThe regulation of negative reactivity in infancy: Function and development.
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BackgroundSheese, B. E., Voelker, P., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407000521 · Cited by 337 · cited 2×
“Our sample size involved 50 or more infants at each age (Sheese et al., 2007, 2008; Voelker et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhat have we learned about cognitive development from neuroimaging?
Durston, S., & Casey, B. J. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.010 · Cited by 319 · cited 1×
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BackgroundEffect of Catechol- O -Methyltransferase val 158 met Genotype on Attentional Control
Blasi, G., Mattay, V. S., Bertolino, A., Elvevåg, B., Callicott, J. H., Das, S., Kolachana, B. S., Egan, M. F., Goldberg, T. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0476-05.2005 · Cited by 294
Attentional control and self-regulation.
Rueda, M. R., Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2011) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 259
Self-citationStability of temperament in childhood: Laboratory infant assessment to parent report at seven years.
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Self-citationTemperament, Attention, and the Development of Self-Regulation
Rothbart, M. K., Posner, M. I., & Kieras, J. E. (2008) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470757703.ch17 · Cited by 209
Self-citationLinks Between Systems of Inhibition From Infancy to Preschool Years
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“It has also been reported that infants’ reactive inhibition to novelty (measured as fearfulness) predicts later effortful control (Aksan & Kochanska, 2004).”
BackgroundInfant brains detect arithmetic errors
Berger, A., Tzur, G., & Posner, M. I. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605350103 · Cited by 196 · cited 4×
“While there is evidence that midline anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and frontal areas are active in infancy, at least for the detection of errors (Berger et al., 2006), resting fMRI offers no evidence that they are strongly connected to other areas (Gao et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation(2007) · Cited by 195
Self-citationDistress and attention interactions in early infancy.
HARMAN, C. M., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (1997) · Motivation and Emotion · Cited by 184
Self-citationExecutive attention and self-regulation in infancy
Sheese, B. E., Rothbart, M. K., Posner, M. I., White, L. K., & Fraundorf, S. H. (2008) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.02.001 · Cited by 156 · cited 2×
“We found that 6–7-month-old infants who showed higher levels of anticipatory looking to locations in a repeated sequence were also more likely to regulate approach tendencies when presented with novel toys, and to show self-soothing when presented with frightening stimuli (Sheese et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVoelker, P., Sheese, B. E., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.059 · Cited by 119 · cited 2×
“The Catechol-O'-Methyltranseferase (COMT) gene also interacted with parenting to influence attention as measured by anticipatory looks at 18–20 months (Voelker et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe development of error correction strategies in young children's manipulative play.
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The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after
Petersen, S. E., & Posner, M. I. (2012) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525 · Cited by 3,439
“During later childhood and into adulthood, the time to resolve conflict correlated with parent reports of their child’s ability to control his or her behavior (effortful control, EC) (Posner & Rothbart 2007, Rothbart et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood
Gilmore, J. H., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Gao, W. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.1 · Cited by 1,013
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“Rothbart et al., 2011) model to differentiate reactive/automatic cognitive processes (eg. automatic processing of novel stimuli) and self-regulatory processes (voluntary, effortful control e e.g. inhibitory control, attention shifting, conflict monitoring, and response monitoring).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Rothbart, M. K., Sheese, B. E., Rueda, M. R., & Posner, M. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Illinois Wesleyan University (US)
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Rothbart, Mary K.
- Venue
- Emotion Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 207-213
- ISSN
- 1754-0739 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-0747
- PMC
- PMC3164871
- OpenAlex
- W2014863700
- Semantic Scholar
- 51f0fc5d25fde313cc4e2e13d5557cffe6e53ff6
- Cited by
- 538
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 12.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Emotion Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD038051, P01HD060563)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- self-regulation, emotion regulation, executive function, orienting network, executive network, anterior cingulate cortex, brain connectivity, infancy, toddlerhood, positive and negative affect, frontoparietal network
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