Flavors of appraisal theories of emotion.

“Consistent with psychological constructionist theories and some appraisal theories, we submit that emotions are constructed in the moment, and that they emerge from lower level systems (Barrett, 2006, 2009; Barrett & Russell, in press; Gendron & Barrett, 2009; Moors, 2014; Russell, 2003).”

“Most standard dual-process models, however, go further in that they map this content-based dichotomy onto other dichotomies (Keren & Schul, 2009; Moors, 2014a).”

“Appraisal theories of emotions (Moors, 2014) hold that emotions consist of or follow from changes in appraisals.”

“More recent appraisal theories conceptualize the relation between appraisal and emotion differently (Moors, 2014).”

“…gratitude and indebtedness implies something crucial for our understanding of these emotions.1 According to appraisal theories (for an overview, see Moors, 2014), positive feelings arise when events are perceived as goal-congruent and negative emotions arise when events are perceived as…”

“…situations (Imada & Ellsworth, 2011) or 1 We consider appraisals and action tendencies as descriptions of different aspects of emotional experience, as opposed to theories that consider appraisal as the precursor of emotional experience and action tendencies as the consequence (see Moors, 2014).”

“Appraisal theory, which assumes that specific emotions are triggered by appraisals of a stimulus [7,8], can shed light on the role of specific emotions in the context of environmental risk perception (cf.”

“…et al., 2019b; Kuppens et al., 2009; Kuppens & Verduyn, 2017; Lange et al., 2020; Lange & Zickfeld, 2021; Lazarus, 1996, 2006; Mandler, 1990; Moors, 2013, 2014, 2017; Mauss et al., 2005; Moors et al., 2013; Oatley & Johnson-Laird, 2014; Reisenzein, 2000; Reisenzein & Hofmann, 1993; Roseman,…”

“…finds similarities between basic emotion theories and what Moors terms “discrete appraisal” theories (which she also calls “Flavor 1” appraisal theories; Moors, 2014), whereas “skeptical theories” CONTACT Lisa Feldman Barrett l.barrett@neu.edu Department of Psychology, Northeastern University,…”

“These are skeptical theories that have grown out of criticism against two classic theories: affect program theory (Ekman, 1992; Izard, 1972; Tomkins, 1962)1 and discrete appraisal theory (Lazarus, 1991; Roseman, 2013; dubbed Flavor 1 appraisal theory in Moors, 2014c).”

“Most appraisal theorists agree that individuals evaluate a stimulus according to appraisals of goal relevance, goal congruence, expectancy, agency, and control (Moors, 2014; Moors, Ellsworth, Scherer, & Frijda, 2013).”

“…if we consider actions themselves, rather than merely action tendencies, to be component parts of emotions, as some theorists have suggested (e.g., Moors 2014), the causal pathway from emotions to actions is effectively blocked.6 This is because emotions cannot cause actions if actions are their…”

“This disparity is potentially problematic, as researchers may perpetuate a false dichotomy wherein fear generalization is regarded as either perceptual or nonperceptual (Moors, 2014), which could affect the external validity of this research.”

“This is possible, I would argue, where stress is conceptualised as being ‘contextual’ meaning that it is determined by the interaction of components at the level of the person and the environment (DeSteno et al., 2013; Folkman, 2010, p. 901; Lazarus and Folkman, 1984; Moors, 2014); and, as ‘a process’, meaning that it…”

“According to the appraisal theory of emotion, there is a human tendency to appraise an event based on certain parameters (Moors, 2014; Nico, 1986; Roseman, 1991; Smith & Ellsworth, 1985).”

“The idea that emotional experience is a consequence of how people evaluate events with respect to their desires and beliefs is a central principle of Appraisal Theory [49–51].”

“…appraisal theory of emotion is based on two fundamental assumptions: firstly, there are patterns to be discovered between situations and the emotional responses they elicit, and secondly, the influence of these situations on emotions is mediated by a mental process known as appraisal (Moors, 2014).”

“This modern evolutionary psychological analysis comports well with emotion approaches that emphasize the importance of situational, psychological, relational, and cultural contexts (e.g., Barrett, 2014; Mesquita & Boiger, 2014; Moors, 2014).”

“This perspective is consistent with appraisal theories of emotion (Moors, 2014), which suggest that interpretations of situations are vital in forming an emotional response.”

“These theories stand between basic emotion and psychological construction models in the spectrum of emotion theories (Gross and Barrett, 2011; Moors, 2014).”

“We will review two contemporary skeptical theories of emotion: Psychological Constructionism (PC, Russell, 2003, 2012), andDimensional-Appraisal theory (Scherer, 2009a,b; Moors, 2013, 2014).”

“These two classes of theories have been identified by Moors (2014) as two flavors of appraisal theories.”

“…in the field, the most important or widespread of which were featured in a recent issue of Emotion Review, namely appraisal theories of emotions (Moors, 2014), constructionist © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group CONTACT Peter Kuppens peter.kuppens@kuleuven.be theories…”

“Appraisal theories disagree on the level of detail concerning the biological nature of the system (Moors, 2014) and often the interplay between the appraisals is vague.”

“Moors’ (2014) idea that conscious experience is determined by components is compatible with my idea that feelings are amalgams assembled from nonemotional ingredients.”

“(2) Comparison of different emotion theories Examples are comparisons of different versions of appraisal theory (e.g. Moors, 2014; Reisenzein, 2001a); of appraisal, basic emotions, and constructionist theories (Moors, 2012; see also Scherer, 2021); and of different versions of cognition-arousal…”

“Accordingly, it has been argued that the amygdala could act as a relevance detector (Sander, Grafman, & Zalla, 2003), in line with appraisal theories of emotions (Moors, 2014; Scherer, 2001) whereby processing the significance of external events as a function of current goals or needs is the primary step for eliciting…”

“In contrast, the theories of cognitive appraisal (Moors, 2014) form an appropriate theoretical background for psychophysiological investigations of emotion in organization science.”

“The article by Tracy (2014) answers the fourth question.”

“As Moors (2014) states, one of the goals of appraisal theories is to discover patterns in the association between situations and emotional episodes.”

“However, attentional bias toward positive stimuli also plays an important role in human reproduction, maintaining mental health, and coping with stress (Dandeneau et al., 2007; Moors, 2014; Anderson, 2016; Thoern et al., 2016).”

“We contribute to appraisal theories of emotions (Lazarus, 1991; Moors, 2014) by spotlighting leaders' own appraisals and emotions, which complements past work focusing on how leaders influence followers' emotions (Kaplan et al., 2014; Thiel et al., 2012).”

“According to Moors (2014) appraisal involves a processing of information on the part of the organism, and this appraisal plays a causal role in the generation of the emotion (or its constituents).”

“Some influential emotion theories, such as contemporary appraisal theories (Moors, 2014; Scherer, 2009) and psychological constructivist theories (Barrett, 2006; Russell, 2003) do not assume fixed, coherent sets of components for each emotion.”

“Inspired by the pioneering work of Paul Ekman and early appraisal theories [1], much of the work in affective computing follows a “standard model” which argues that: (1) events of personal significance to an individual are appraised and trigger an emotional response and (2) this response is reflected…”

“Keyword functionality The four theoretical perspectives by Barrett (2014), Mesquita and Boiger (2014), Moors (2014), and Tracy (2014) outlined in this issue disagree in several points.”

“(Moors, 2014, p. 6) Betwixt and between the Tracy (2014) pole and the Moors (2014) pole of appraisal theorists we have Batja Mesquita and Michael Boiger’s (2014) model in which “emotions” remain more or less the primary units of analysis but the causal appraisals and the feelings, motives, and…”

“…et al., 2022) 。 过去 20 年来，情绪失调被公认为是抑郁症的核心特征 (Rottenberg, 2017) 。 情绪是对外界事件或 内部心理表征的源自多个系统的反应 (Multisystem Response) ，这些反应表现为主观体验、行为和中 央或外周生理上的协调变化 (Gross & Thompson ， 2007) 。抑郁症患者通常表现出持续性的抑郁心境和 快感缺乏 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) 。基于人格的特质模型，过去的研究主要从情绪的 整体强度出发探索抑郁症情绪失调的特征 (Watson, Clark &…”

“they appraisal, evolutionary, or constructivist theories (Moors, 2014; Tracy, 2014; Barrett, 2014), underline the dynamic nature of emotions.”

“…we posit that the ease of emotional experience differs between negative contexts, where certain emotions (including both positive and negative emotions) may simply feel ‘closer’ to each other due to shared appraisals, eliciting conditions or even expressions (Moors, 2014; Smith & Ellsworth, 1985).”

“Appraisal theories of emotion contend that different combinations of people’s appraisals reliably converge in response to situations, giving rise to specific emotions (Moors 2014).”

“In the psychology of behavior, the phrases stimulus-driven and goal-directed come with an array of assumptions supposing the first is automatic and the second controlled (for discussions, see Keren & Schul, 2009; Moors, 2014).”

“Broadly speaking, the appraisal theory of emotion asserts that emotions are caused and differentiated by individual appraisal of a stimulus [21].”

“Likewise, Moor’s (2014) second flavor appraisal approach emphasizes the level of emotion inputs (appraisals) and outputs (behaviors), rather than the level of the broader construct tying these together.”

“action tendencies, appraisals, emotion experience, emotion induction, incompatible response hypothesis Emotions involve appraisals or meaning condensation of the personal relevance of a situation in relation to the individual’s goals (Barrett, 2014; Moors, 2014).”

“…theories (Tracy, 2014) and what Moors refers to as “skeptical” theories—those that, in stark contrast, attempt to explain emotions as emergent experiences that are constructed from a variety of lower level components, rather than as discrete, functional packages (Barrett, 2014; Moors, 2014).”

“For appraisal theorists in psychology these take the form “action tendencies”: behaviors and inclinations that are coupled to emotional evaluations of situations (Moors, 2014).”

“Furthermore, and considering ATE (Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003; Moors et al., 2014), emotions are triggered and distinguished by an appraisal (i.e., evaluative judgment) of the stimulus, as a (mis)match between expectations and goals.”

“Extensive evidence supports that people’s emotional reactions are influenced by their initial appraisals of the situations they encounter (for comprehensive reviews, refer to Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003, and Moors, 2014).”

“…2004) or by applying the perspectives of basic-emotion theories (Ekman, 1999; Ekman & Cordaro, 2011; Tracy, 2014) and causal-appraisal theories (see Moors, 2014; Roseman & Smith, 2001) to emotional memory (e.g., Chapman, 2018; Chapman et al., 2013; Ferré et al., 2018; Kaplan et al., 2012, 2016;…”

“Particular strands of appraisal theories differ on whether these collections form discrete categories or whether we should understand emotions along a dimensional approach (Moors, 2014).”