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Psychological Well-Being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions
Open accessAbstract
A paradigm shift in public health and medicine has broadened the field from a singular focus on the ill effects of negative states and psychopathology to an expanded view that examines protective psychological assets that may promote improved physical health and longevity. We summarize recent evidence of the link between psychological well-being (including positive affect, optimism, life meaning and purpose, and life satisfaction) and physical health, with particular attention to outcomes of mortality and chronic disease incidence and progression. Within this evolving discipline there remain controversies and lessons to be learned. We discuss measurement-related challenges, concerns about the quality of the evidence, and other shortcomings in the field, along with a brief discussion of hypothesized biobehavioral mechanisms involved. Finally, we suggest next steps to move the field forward.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This selective review summarizes prospective evidence (2006 onward) linking psychological well-being—positive affect, optimism, life satisfaction, and purpose in life—to physical health outcomes including chronic disease incidence, disease progression, and mortality. The authors argue the field is limited by inconsistent measurement and conceptualization of well-being, and call for randomized interventions to establish causality.
Key findings
- Well-being is associated with lower chronic disease incidence: in EPIC-Germany (~28,704 women), low life satisfaction was linked to 45% increased cancer risk, 69% for stroke, and 27% for diabetes; in 1,739 Nova Scotians, each unit increase in staff-coded positive affect was associated with 22% reduced odds of a cardiac event over 10 years.
- Eudaimonic and blended constructs also show protective effects: a meta-analysis of 10 studies found life purpose associated with lower CVD risk (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.75–0.92); ikigai was linked to lower breast cancer odds (RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47–0.94) in 34,497 Japanese women; in ELSA (8,182 older adults), each SD increase in well-being was associated with reduced arthritis (HR = 0.89), diabetes (HR = 0.82), and lung disease (HR = 0.80).
- In disease progression, each 1-SD increase in well-being was associated with 11% reduced risk of rehospitalization or mortality in cardiac patients (meta-analysis of 11 studies); in 995 women with HIV, high positive affect was associated with twice the likelihood of undetectable viral load (OR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.34–2.74).
- For longevity, purpose in life remained significant when hedonic well-being was included in the same model (MIDUS, N = 6,163), and daily stressor-related decreases in positive affect predicted higher mortality over 10 years (181 men, VA Normative Aging Study); some effects attenuated when health behaviors and self-rated health were controlled.
Methods
- Selective review of prospective evidence published 2006 onward, restricted to studies with objective health measures and those illuminating potential differential effects across well-being subtypes.
- Well-being organized into hedonic (pleasure, happiness, positive affect, life satisfaction) and eudaimonic (life meaning, purpose, self-actualization, autonomy) domains, plus blended constructs (optimism, hope, vitality); studies summarized in Table 1 and supplementary Table 2.
- Narrative synthesis across three outcome areas: disease onset in healthy samples, disease progression in clinical samples, and mortality/longevity, with attention to covariates and hypothesized biobehavioral mechanisms.
Limitations
- Stated by the paper: lack of consistency in defining and sorting well-being domains (e.g., optimism variously cataloged as eudaimonic or blended); rare simultaneous inclusion of multiple well-being types in a single model; eudaimonic aspects greatly neglected; overreliance on secondary data with narrow, sometimes dubious well-being measures; and predominance of observational designs that cannot establish causality.
- Stated by the paper: controversy over whether statistically controlling for hypothesized mediators (e.g., health behaviors) constitutes over-adjustment, potentially obscuring real effects.
- Evident from the text: the review is explicitly selective rather than systematic, and the authors note it is premature to infer differential health effects across well-being subdomains given heterogeneity in constructs and disease states.
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Claims the paper makes
67 Not checked yet · 19 No basis given · 16 Own interpretation · 2 Own method
In the paper
“In experimental trials, more long-term and enduring improvements in mental health are documented for interventions seeking to boost eudaimonic well-being versus those emphasizing pursuit of hedonia”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huta & Ryan, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“only vigor and well-being, but not calm, were protective against development of a cold”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“correlation coefficients (r’s) across well-being domains ranged from as low as 0.13 to moderate values of 0.62.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keyes et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“self-reported positive affect (i.e., positive affect items from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)) was not predictive of incident cardiovascular disease (stoke, heart failure, CHD) over an 11.9-year follow-up period”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Freak-Poli et al., 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“when compared to hedonic indices, eudaimonia is associated with more favorable psychological functioning and overall well-being”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steger, Kashdan, & Oishi, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In this sample of 1,739 Nova Scotians, each unit increase in staff-coded positive affect was associated with 22% reduced odds of a cardiac event within 10 years, controlling for socio-demographic factors, major cardiovascular disease risk factors (e.g., smoking status), and psychological distress”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davidson, Mostofsky, & Whang, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Keyes et al. (2002) identified two correlated latent factors reflecting eudaimonic and hedonic aspects.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keyes et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“After 8 years of follow-up, life satisfaction was associated with reduced risk for chronic illness incidence in their cohort of ~28,704 women”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feller, Teucher, Kaaks, Boeing, & Vigl, 2013
plaindirectn = 28,704- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“co-occurence of opposite-valenced emotions is not only conceivable but indeed commonplace”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Larsen et al., 2014
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After controlling for sex, race, education, body mass index (BMI), month of exposure, virus type, immune factors, and negative affect (depression, anxiety and hostility), positive affect was related to lower likelihood of developing a cold up to five days after exposure.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen, Doyle, Turner, Alper, & Skoner, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- It may state two separate claims as one. 34
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
In the paper
“Baumeister and colleagues (2013) found that hedonic well-being is linked to acquisition of core desires (both needs and wants) and focuses largely on present moment circumstances.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baumeister et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women reporting low levels of life satisfaction had a 45% increased risk of cancer, 69% for stroke incidence, and 27% for diabetes mellitus; covariates considered included lifestyle factors, demographic characteristics, and traditional CVD risk factors.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feller et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“eudaimonic well-being involves cognitive appraisals across a larger timeframe, incorporating past, present, and future experiences with emphasis on actualization of the self and exercising of generosity toward others”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vallacher & Wegner, 1987
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a blended construct of well-being capturing levels of happiness and optimism was associated with a 40% risk reduction for incident venous thromboembolism”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Enga, Braekkan, Hansen-Krone, & Hansen, 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“After controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, BMI, and health behavior adherence, each SD increase in psychological well-being was associated with reduced incidence of arthritis (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83–0.96), diabetes (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.71–0.95), and lung disease (HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66–0.97).”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Okely & Gale, 2016
plaincorrelationaln = 8,182- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The hedonic indicator of positive affect (PANAS) was not significantly associated with incidence of a CVD event. However, each SD increase in positive affect reduced risk of all-cause mortality by 16%.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoen et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“women with high positive affect (when compared to those with low positive affect scores) were twice as likely to have undetectable viral load classifications (OR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.34–2.74), particularly when accompanied by low negative affect profiles”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson et al., 2016
plaincorrelationaln = 995- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Researchers observed lower odds for diabetes onset among individuals with greater life satisfaction and emotional vitality, but not in those with greater levels of optimism”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boehm, Trudel-Fitzgerald, Kivimaki, & Kubzansky, 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a meta-analysis of 11 total studies, DuBois et al. (2015) found multiple positive psychological constructs (e.g., positive affect, optimism) to confer a protective effect on rates of rehospitalization and mortality among cardiac patients. Each 1-SD increase in psychological well-being was associated with an 11% reduced risk for either re-hospitalization or mortality.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DuBois et al., 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wiest and colleagues (2011) demonstrated that both life satisfaction (Pavot & Diener, 1993) and positive affect (the PANAS, (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988)) independently predict lowered risk of mortality, whereas negative affect was not predictive of mortality in any of the models.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Positive Psychological Well-being and Longevity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wiest et al., 2011
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the daily stressor-related decreases in positive affect were associated with a significantly higher risk of mortality over the follow up period. Negative affect reactivity was not predictive of mortality.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Positive Psychological Well-being and Longevity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mroczek et al., 2015
plaincorrelationaln = 181- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“there was an 11% reduction in CHD risk with each SD increase in emotional vitality and a 13% decrease in CHD associated with higher levels of baseline optimism”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boehm, Peterson, Kivimaki, & Kubzansky, 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less work has been done examining eudaimonic components and future studies will want to consider domains such as personal growth and life purpose and meaning.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“optimism is sometimes cataloged as a eudaimonic domain and at others times identified as a blended construct encompassing both hedonic and eudaimonic elements.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There remains controversy as to whether this constitutes over-adjustment”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, optimism has received substantial focus and emerges as a salient factor for physical health.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“eudaimonic well-being was associated with decreased expression of genes involved in inflammation and increased expression in genes associated with antiviral response”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while others create composite scores that blend multiple domains into a single well-being component.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it is exceedingly rare for individual well-being types to be considered simultaneously within a single sample, negating the ability to determine whether differential effects are evident for individual attributes of well-being”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“survey data from large cohort studies often include a narrow collection of well-being domains and often only assesses these on one occasion and not across multiple waves.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tested in over 4000 subjects across 51 clinical trials, positive psychology-based interventions show effectiveness in amplifying positive affect and psychological well-being and have significantly led to reduced symptoms of depression in heterogeneous samples of mostly healthy adults (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009)”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Psychological Well-Being Interventions: The Next Big Frontier
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009
boosteddirectn = 4,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In both healthy populations and those with existing chronic illness, evidence links favorable psychological well-being with enhanced exercise regularity, smoking abstinence”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Hedonic well-being is said to emerge from procurement of basic biologic requisites and securing of resources to ensure attainment of homeostasis, comfort, and survival”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baumeister et al., 2013
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“positive and negative emotions are said to process from different brain regions allowing for their simultaneous activation”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoebel, Rada, Mark, & Pothos, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Larsen et al., 2001
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The origins of eudaimonic well-being are thought to be more complex and are largely dictated by cultural context”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baumeister et al., 2013
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“there is evidence that while hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being are correlated, they diverge and map onto empirically distinct planes, with different predictors and consequences”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Well-being constructs that repeatedly offset disease onset were positive affect (particularly high activation subtypes), emotional vitality and life satisfaction, with less consistent results seen for optimism and constructs that blend across domains.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In studies reported thus far, a majority of available evidence points to a salubrious effect of well-being for cardiometabolic health, e.g., diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and CHD, and cancer incidence. Lung disease and arthritis have been less studied.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“optimism emerges as a consistent predictor of cardiovascular health, but displays less consistent results for other disease types, e.g., HIV and cancer.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“influences of hedonic domains of well-being are often attenuated when controlling for ill-being in patient populations with pre-existing disease, while investigation of protective effects imparted by eudaimonic subtypes are grossly understudied.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly negative emotions serve important adaptive functions and at sustained or extreme levels--particularly those leading to psychopathology, they need to be addressed directly.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the United States and Europe, high-arousal positive affect is often more valued, whereas in Asia, low arousal is often more valued.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tsai and colleagues (2006)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in a model that controlled for age.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Positive Psychological Well-being and Longevity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2016
plaincorrelationaln = 700,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“note, well-being indicators were not pitted against each other in regression models negating ability to infer individual effects for each attribute controlling for rival indicators”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Suls (2017)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“decreased well-being among South Koreans (Layous, Lee, Choi, & Lyubomirsky, 2013).”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Layous, Lee, Choi, & Lyubomirsky, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observational studies do not provide definitive information regarding the direction of causality and the influence of potential unmeasured variables.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Psychological Well-Being Interventions: The Next Big Frontier
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“reduced depression in women with metastatic breast cancer (Cheung et al., 2016) and people with type 2 diabetes (Cohn, Pietrucha, Saslow, Hult, & Moskowitz, 2014).”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Psychological Well-Being Interventions: The Next Big Frontier
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cheung et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Cohn, Pietrucha, Saslow, Hult, & Moskowitz, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recently completed study of a positive affect intervention in people newly diagnosed with HIV demonstrated improvements in psychological well-being, decreases in psychological ill being, and improvements in physical health (e.g., suppressed viral load) compared to an attention-matched control condition (Moskowitz et al., 2017).”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Psychological Well-Being Interventions: The Next Big Frontier
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moskowitz et al., 2017
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The authors did not report whether the individual types of well-being were differentially predictive of disease progression or mortality on their own.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Investigators are then limited to a handful of well-being measures--some with dubious psychometric properties--without the ability to examine individual effects while controlling for other important or competing well-being domains.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings of Nilsson et al. (2011) and Wiest et al. (2011) suggest that well-being may exert health effects through improved health behaviors and aspects of social support.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Positive Psychological Well-being and Longevity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hernandez et al. (2015) recently explored the conception of well-being in US Hispanic/Latino adults and conclude that programs aimed at increasing well-being may need to be adapted before administration in Hispanics/Latinos to include a heightened”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hernandez et al. (2015)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This is surprising given the prevalence of social media in daily lives, and the close link between psychological well-being and physical health.10”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
Kahneman, D. J., Diener, E. F., & Schwarz, N. (1999) · Cited by 7,472
Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale.
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164 · Cited by 3,611
Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_5 · Cited by 3,462 · cited 1×
“For example, in a representative sample of people living in Germany, Wiest, Schuz, Webster, and Wurm (2011) demonstrated that both life satisfaction (Pavot & Diener, 1993) and positive affect (the PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) independently predict lowered risk of mortality, whereas…”
BackgroundOptimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007 · Cited by 3,322 · cited 3×
“As conceptualized by Keyes et al. (2002), eudaimonic indices centering on highly existential domains (e.g., purpose in life) were least correlated to hedonic measures of affect, pleasure, and happiness; correlation coefficients (rs) across well-being domains ranged from as low as .13 to moderate…”
BackgroundMethodSin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20593 · Cited by 2,955 · cited 1×
“…affect and psychological well-being and have significantly led to reduced symptoms of depression in heterogeneous samples of mostly healthy adults (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) and reduced depression in women with metastatic breast cancer (Cheung et al., 2016) and people with Type 2 diabetes (Cohn,…”
BackgroundPositive affect and the other side of coping.
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.6.647 · Cited by 2,471 · cited 1×
“…persons with favorable psychological well-being are said to possess more adaptive psychological profiles characterized by healthful coping strategies (e.g., positive reappraisal), increased social connectedness, and reduced cognitive catastrophizing, among others (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005 · Cited by 2,411
Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well‐Being Contributes to Health and Longevity
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x · Cited by 2,260 · cited 1×
“…research indicating that constructs such as optimism, positive affect, life satisfaction, and happiness are associated with longer life, independent of the effect of negative constructs (Chida & Steptoe, 2008; Diener & Chan, 2011; Howell, Kern, & Lyubomirsky, 2007; Pressman & Cohen, 2005).”
BackgroundHedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: an introduction
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1 · Cited by 2,187 · cited 2×
“Hedonic well-being includes such attributes as pleasure, happiness, positive affect, and life satisfaction, whereas eudaimonic well-being includes life meaning and purpose, self-actualization, and autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2008).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Diener E., Pressman S. D., Lyubomirsky S. (2015, December 17). Can 1 million women be wrong about happiness and health? Los Angeles Times, p. A21.
- Suls J. (2018). Toxic affect: Are anger, anxiety, and depression independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease? EMR, 10: (1), 6–17.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 258
Piedade, F., Ferreira, T., de Lemos, A. R., Guedes, C., Alves, D. R. P., Grande, C., Leal, T., Vatou, A., & Cadima, J. (2025) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2025.09.008 · Cited by 8
Why Definitional Clarity Matters: Implications for the Operationalization of Emotional Well-Being
Necka, E. A., Edwards, E., King, R. B., King, T. M., Miller, B., Nielsen, L. O., Quinlan, E. B., & Simmons, J. M. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00156-z · Cited by 5
Factors Influencing Healthy Lifestyle Among Older Adults: A Qualitative Study
Mobasseri, K., Doshmangir, P., Zarnaq, R. K., Goharinezhad, S., Gordeev, V. S., Ghiassipoor, M., & Doshmangir, L. (2024) · Activities Adaptation & Aging · doi:10.1080/01924788.2024.2317035 · Cited by 7
“Some evidence also implies that a healthy lifestyle improves older adults’ psychological health (Hernandez et al., 2018; Zubala et al., 2017).”
Huijie, Z., Haojun, J., Zhiping, Z., & Zhao-yu, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1338079 · Cited by 5
“EWB is closely related to the general health or wellbeing of individuals or populations (10, 11).”
BackgroundSarid, M., Kalman‐Halevi, M., Tutian, R., Gilat, S., & Sarid, A. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13050398 · Cited by 5
“Well-being is defined as a positive emotional state resulting from the harmony between specific contextual factors on the one hand and personal needs and expectations on the other hand [27] and a subjective feeling of health and positive perception of one’s quality of life [28].”
BackgroundTremolosa, I. A., & Selva-O’Callaghan, A. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2023.2238128 · Cited by 5
Hernández, R., Cohn, M., Hernandez, A., Daviglus, M. L., Martinez, L., Martínez, Á., Martinez, I., Durazo-Arvizú, R., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/17721 · Cited by 4
“Observational evidence links psychological well-being with better overall health, more healthy coping tendencies, improved quality of life, and healthy longevity [8,21].”
BackgroundSelf-citationYin, J., Yue, C., Chen, X., & Tang, L. (2022) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2022.2098354 · Cited by 5
“…have indicated that positive affect is associated with a variety of health and healthrelevant outcomes such as an increase in longevity (Diener & Chan, 2011), cardiovascular health (Boehm et al., 2020), and immune function (Hernandez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInternet, studying and daily rhythm: health symptoms among higher education students
Rouvinen, H., Sormunen, M., Kunttu, K., & Turunen, H. E. (2023) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2022-0109 · Cited by 5
Promoting salutogenic pathways to health through complementary and integrative health approaches
Quinlan, E. B., Baumgartner, J. N., Chen, W., Weber, W. J., Horgusluoglu, E., & Edwards, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1473735 · Cited by 9
“Stewart-Brown, 1998), including improved recovery and survival from physical illness (Hernandez et al., 2018; Lamers et al., 2012; Levine et al., 2021).”
BackgroundJannini, T. B., & Giraldi, A. G. E. (2025) · Trends in andrology and sexual medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98580-5_4 · Cited by 4
Linking Anticipated Stigma to Psychological Well-Being: Mediating Role of Anxiety & Depression
Aslam, M., & Sarwat, N. (2021) · International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs · doi:10.24088/ijbea-2021-63008 · Cited by 4
Lieffering, A. S., Mureau, M. A. M., Hommes, J. E., Ramerman, L., Rakhorst, H. A., van der Hulst, R. R. W. J., & Verheij, R. A. (2025) · Aesthetic Surgery Journal · doi:10.1093/asj/sjaf030 · Cited by 4
“34 Because psychological well-being has been linked to physical health, 35 this could potentially contribute to the improvement of BII-like symptoms.”
Hisham, N. R. J. Z., & Yulita (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02623-7 · Cited by 7
“Psychological well-being, on the other hand, is a multidimensional concept that reflects individuals’ positive emotional and mental functioning (Hernandez et al., 2017; Huppert, 2009).”
Islāmic Foundation on Emotional Health and Healing
Rassool, G. H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72724-5_10 · Cited by 8
Social desirability in the measurement of subjective well-being
Sepúlveda, J. A., Schnettler, B., Coria, M. D. C. D., Orellana, L., Aravena, J. K. S., Poo, P. C., Ciero, S. G., Lemunao, C. M., & Valderas, I. R. (2020) · Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines · doi:10.16888/interd.2020.37.2.7 · Cited by 4
Nie, S., Ju, Q., Benesch, B., & Gan, Y. (2022) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2022.2126810 · Cited by 4
“In addition, PA is associated with better intervention outcomes for chronic diseases (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundFamily Formation History and the Psychological Well-Being of Women from Diverse Racial-Ethnic Groups
Crosnoe, R. L., Johnston, C. A., Cavanagh, S., & Gershoff, E. T. (2023) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465231159387 · Cited by 4
Optimism and Sleep in Aging Women: Bidirectional Relationships
Monroe, A. D., Judge, S. T., Bass, C., Crofford, L. J., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001281 · Cited by 4
Job satisfaction as a condition for teachers’ psychological well-being: An empirical study
Вершинина, Т. С., Kocheva, O., Шкурин, Д. В., & Maltsev, A. V. (2024) · Science for Education Today · doi:10.15293/2658-6762.2404.02 · Cited by 4
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING PERAWAT IGD RUMAH SAKIT JIWA DALAM MASA TUGAS COVID-19: STUDI FENOMENOLOGI
Kusumawati, F. T., Dwiantoro, L., & Nurmalia, D. (2021) · Jurnal Surya Muda · doi:10.38102/jsm.v3i2.88 · Cited by 4
Restrepo, J. E., Delgado, L. M., Diosa, S. M., Mendoza, L. J., & Valencia, V. Z. (2022) · Psicología y Salud · doi:10.25009/pys.v32i2.2748 · Cited by 4
Mikhalev, I. V., Котовская, С., Zakharova, N. L., et al. (2025) · Sports medicine research and practice · doi:10.47529/2223-2524.2025.1.6 · Cited by 3
Kelada, L., & Zamir, O. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10196-9 · Cited by 5
“For several decades, researchers and clinicians have called for a greater emphasis on positive outcomes, alongside negative outcomes when examining physical well-being [79, 80].”
BackgroundAsy’syifa, F., & Surjaningrum, E. R. (2023) · Jurnal Syntax Fusion · doi:10.54543/fusion.v3i10.373 · Cited by 3
Helping Others Facilitates Well-Being for Indigenous Peoples Living With HIV/AIDS in Canada
Skov, B., Grouzet, F. M. E., Briatico, C., Jackson, R., Masching, R., Parsons, M., Peltier, D., & Turner, D. (2024) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-024-04429-5 · Cited by 3
“The eudaimonic approach to well-being is associated with several outcomes, including a sense of meaning, vitality, life satisfaction, positive affect (e.g., [40, 41]), psychological well-being (e.g., personal growth and life purpose) (e.g., [38, 41]), and physical health [42].”
Alnamrouti, E. A., Malak, M. Z., & Shehadeh, A. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251339293 · Cited by 5
“The concept of psychological well-being is multidimensional and includes a wide range of pleasant subjective emotions and thoughts (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
Beltrán-Morillas, A. M., Villanueva‐Moya, L., Sánchez-Hernández, M. D., Alonso-Ferres, M., Garrido‐Macías, M., & Expósito, F. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054114 · Cited by 11
“Instead, empirical evidence has supported that hostility negatively affects levels of physical well-being—an aspect that has been widely related to psychological well-being [79,80]—as a consequence of an individual’s negative interpersonal experiences [81,82].”
BackgroundHealthy Behavior and Psychological Well-Being in Migrant High School Students
Lenge, C. N., & Huwae, A. (2023) · Advances in health sciences research/Advances in Health Sciences Research · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-212-5_3 · Cited by 3
Strategic deception in call centers: impacts on well-being, cognition, and work motivation
Jabutay, F. A., Novio, E. B. C., & Verbal, X. F. A. (2024) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2024.2327323 · Cited by 4
“Enhanced psychological well-being has many benefits, including manifesting positive emotions (e.g., Houben et al., 2015; Steptoe, 2019) and improving physical health (e.g., Hernandez et al., 2018; Kubzansky et al., 2018).”
Zülfiqar, N., Saleem, N., & ., H. A. (2024) · Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.33824/pjpr.2024.39.2.24 · Cited by 3
“transitional period of emerging adulthood, which extends from the end of adolescence to the young adult responsibilities of a stable job, marriage, and parenthood (Arnett, 2023).”
Stutesman, M. G., Sheridan, K., & Goldstein, T. R. (2025) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2025.2459397 · Cited by 3
“There are debates about how to define well-being in the first place, and different disciplines each have their own take (Hernandez et al., 2018; Placa et al., 2013).”
Psychological Well-being of Employees of a Philippine State University in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic
Arbiol, J. M., Gonzales, E., & Cabajes, A. V. (2022) · Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development · doi:10.53899/spjrd.v27i1.190 · Cited by 3
Exploring Personal Development Workshops’ Effect on Well-being and InterconnectednessPreprint
Wahbeh, H., Yount, G. L., Vieten, C., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-301757/v2 · Cited by 3
Shur, L., Slone, M., & Kanat‐Maymon, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22081233 · Cited by 4
Nguyen, K. H., & Tran, M. D. (2025) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70100 · Cited by 3
Dietary flavonoid intake and psychological well-being – A bidirectional relationship
Thompson, A. S., Bondonno, N. P., Liu, Y. L., Qureshi, F., Kubzansky, L. D., Trudel‐Fitzgerald, C., Boehm, J. K., Rimm, E. B., & Cassidy, A. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106579 · Cited by 2
“Beyond its intrinsic value, high PWB has been associated with numerous health benefits including lower risks of chronic disease and mortality, as well as greater healthspan [2,4-8].”
Arring, N., Smith, J., Barthel, C., Harris, R. F., & Newnam, K. M. (2026) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2026.2621866 · Cited by 2
“These include self-esteem, resilience, emotional regulation, life satisfaction, positive affect, and life purpose (Boehm & Kubzansky, 2012; Hernandez et al., 2018; Ryff et al., 2004) The overall concept can be divided into two domains: hedonic (positive affect and life satisfaction) and eudaimonic…”
Basharat, A., Qamar, M. M., Batool, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.53389/jrcrs.2022100113 · Cited by 2
Університет і місто: стратегії та практики взаємодії: колективна монографія
Долиняк, Ю. О., Павліха, Н., & Tsymbaliuk, I. (2022) · doi:10.25264/978-617-8041-17-5 · Cited by 2
Mendes, M., Simões, P. A., Simões, J. A., Santiago, L. M., Prazeres, F., & Maricoto, T. (2023) · Family Medicine & Primary Care Review · doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2023.130090 · Cited by 3
Bülbüloğlu, S. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.14744/phd.2023.33230 · Cited by 2
“[22] It is inevitable for several parameters such as the burdens of surgery and post-care and treatment after liver transplantation, social inadequacies, and financial problems to affect PWB.”
Bian, X., Liu, M., & Sukor, M. S. M. (2024) · Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences · doi:10.55057/ajress.2024.6.1.74 · Cited by 2
Beyond physical healing: The essential role of integrated care in trauma recovery
Pohan, R. A., Widyarto, W. G., Ramadhani, E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111934 · Cited by 2
A triple trust penalty? The majority-minority gap in subjective wellbeing
Wu, C., & Kawachi, I. I. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117371 · Cited by 2
Colin-Chevalier, R., Pereira, B., Dewavrin, S., Cornet, T., Baker, J. S., & Dutheil, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1385708 · Cited by 4
Wu, Z., Xu, P., Zhai, Y., Mahe, J., Guo, K., Olawole, W., Zhu, J., Han, J., Bai, G., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/8865176 · Cited by 2
“The scienti fi c statement from the AHA has provided evidence for clear association between psychological health and CVD [21], and the potential role that psychological elements have played in terms of biological or behavioral processes affecting CVD was emphasized as well [21 – 23].”
Li, C., Ding, N., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2025.2536699 · Cited by 3
“…psychological well-being refers to subjective evaluations of positive emotional states and cognitive assessments, including low-arousal affective experiences (e.g., calm and satisfied) and high-arousal affective experiences (e.g., excited or thrilled) (Hernandez et al., 2018; Ryff & Keyes, 1995).”
Traver, J. M., Dallaire, D. H., Frick, P. J., Steinberg, L. D., & Cauffman, E. E. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12122 · Cited by 4
“Greater well ‐ being is associated with better mental and physical health (Hernandez et al., 2018; Wood & Joseph, 2010), and academic achievement (Bücker et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPsychological Well-Being in Postoperative Pain: A Correlational Study
Orğan, E. M., & Topçu, S. Y. (2022) · Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu · doi:10.25279/sak.992299 · Cited by 1
Özkan, İ., Taylan, S., & ÇİÇEK, S. N. (2022) · Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal · doi:10.52538/iduhes.1005967 · Cited by 1
Park, Y., Guimond, A., Crosswell, A. D., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12576 · Cited by 1
“…(PPWB) is prospectively associated with better physical health as characterized by slower onset or progression of disease, faster recovery from illness, and greater longevity (Boehm & Kubzansky, 2012; Chida & Steptoe, 2008; Diener & Chan, 2011; Hernandez et al., 2018; Howell et al., 2007).”
BackgroundGoel, V., & Appachu, H. (2024) · Working with Older People · doi:10.1108/wwop-05-2024-0022 · Cited by 1
Mind-Body Dualism, Health, and Well-being in University Students
McGhee, C. M., Gelman, S. A., & Stewart, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/15685373-12340195 · Cited by 1
Tshitenge, S., Molebatsi, K. P., Moeng, L., Mothule, R. S., Moeti, B., Manko, R. O. B., & Moses, M. M. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06786-8 · Cited by 1
“Researchers specifically studied this connection in relation to mortality rates and the development and progression of chronic diseases [10].”
Understanding the Effect of Financial Behaviour on Mental Health: Evidence From Australia
Ambaw, D. T., Banerjee, R., Lushington, K., & Lowies, B. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70050 · Cited by 5
“However, the literature acknowledges that mental health is closely associated with other dimensions of quality of life, such as vitality, role‐emotional and social functioning (Hernandez et al. 2018; Thoits 2011; Bialowolski et al. 2024).”
Alfonso Urzúa, M., Ayala, J., Atenas, K. C., et al. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84433-1_8 · Cited by 1
Pojman, E. M., Becot, F., Bednarik, Z., & Henning‐Smith, C. (2025) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.70015 · Cited by 1
Positive Psychological Well‐Being in Cancer Caregivers
Gudenkauf, L. M., Song, M., Keane, E. P., Larizza, I. S., Adri, F. N., Baliousis, M., Addington, E. L., Moskowitz, J. T., & Amonoo, H. L. (2025) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70290 · Cited by 1
“The benefits of PPWB may also extend to physical health [30].”
Self-citationSarasjärvi, K. K., Elovainio, M. J., Appelqvist‐Schmidlechner, K., Solin, P., Tamminen, N., & Therman, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03571-6 · Cited by 1
Hossain, S., Beard, E., & Shahab, L. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01710-9 · Cited by 1
“Physical wellness involves self-care and the adoption of a balanced lifestyle, while psychological well-being includes subjective experiences and the presence of positive emotions [16].”
Hao, W. A. N. G., & Lee, T. J. (2025) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104512 · Cited by 1
Becker, A. S., Peters, J. E., van Schie, M. S., Schaap, J., van Eijck, K., Berghman, M., Vandenberg, F., van Dartel, N., Jeekel, H. J., & Klimek, M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38194-3 · Cited by 2
“Psychological well-being includes factors such as positive affect, satisfaction and purpose, whereas physical well-being is linked to illness and mortality 44 .”
Hernández, R., Solai, K., Kwon, S., Venkatesan, P., Fast, D., Lara-Cinisomo, S., & Nisar, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1766741 · Cited by 1
“Positive psychological interventions offer skills-based strategies that strengthen coping, emotion regulation, and resilience, and are particularly well suited to medically ill populations with limited access to specialty mental health care (64).”
Self-citationMendoza, N. B., Dizon, J. I. W. T., Buenconsejo, J. U., Simon, P. D., Yan, Z., & King, R. B. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09359-0 · Cited by 1
Alharbi, B. S., & Aljabri, M. M. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14162528 · Cited by 1
“Better perceived health may also promote greater confidence, optimism, and life satisfaction, which contribute directly to psychological and social dimensions of quality of life [23].”
Capaldi, C. A., Varin, M., & Dopko, R. L. (2021) · Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.41.2.02f · Cited by 1
Sulistiyani, S., Situmeang, L., & Nur, Q. (2021) · JURNAL KEPERAWATAN TROPIS PAPUA · doi:10.47539/jktp.v4i1.160 · Cited by 1
Clayborne, Z. M., Dopko, R. L., Wang, C., Betancourt, M. T., Roberts, K. C., & Capaldi, C. A. (2023) · Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.43.5.04f · Cited by 1
Sarid, M., Tutian, R., Kalman‐Halevi, M., Gilat, S., & Sarid, A. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12020255 · Cited by 1
Validation of the Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ) On Indian College Students
Vishal, G., Lokhande, V., Iyer, A., & Kaustubh, Y. (2024) · doi:10.53555/kuey.v30i4.2454 · Cited by 1
Supriati, L., Nova, R., Rodli, M., Ahsan, A., Hidaayah, N., & Rismayanti, I. D. A. (2024) · Nurse Media Journal of Nursing · doi:10.14710/nmjn.v14i1.61652 · Cited by 2
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Different Populations in Scotland
Graham, P., & Fitzpatrick, L. I. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197652084.003.0034 · Cited by 1
Vors, L., Raboisson, D., & Lhermie, G. (2024) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-024-00159-0 · Cited by 1
“Well-being can protect health by enhancing life satisfaction and emotional vitality, influenced by education, income, and employment [42].”
Sorongon, C. G., & Madrigal, D. V. (2024) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v60i1.11540 · Cited by 1
Hoferichter, F., & Schlesier, J. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-024-01270-3 · Cited by 4
“In this study, we define “well-being” in accordance with Hernandez et al. (2017), who assess well-being through the two dimensions of psychological and physical health.”
Hall, C. D. X., Ethier, K. L., Cummings, P., Freeman, A., Bovbjerg, K., Bannon, J., Dakin, A., Abujado, F., Bouacha, N., Derricotte, D., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08475-1 · Cited by 1
“…that targeting the ability to experience and maintain positive emotion in the context of stress (rather than targeting the reduction of depression, stress, and negative emotion) is a promising approach to promoting physical and psychological adjustment when coping with a chronic illness [19, 20].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychological Well-being of the Elderly in Yogyakarta City: Descriptive Study
Astuti, B., Rachmawati, I., Kurniasari, M., Sari, W. J., & Lestari, R. (2024) · Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.51214/002024061103000 · Cited by 1
The Detrimental Effects of Toxic Followership on Workplace Wellbeing
Myers, D. (2024) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6079-8.ch014 · Cited by 1
Flannery, M. K., Morin, J., O’Malley, K., Schmidt, D., & Hoag, J. A. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12040399 · Cited by 1
Kanbar, L., Malaeb, D. N., Sakr, F., Dabbous, M., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2025) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-025-00223-4 · Cited by 1
“Hernandez et al. found that higher levels of psychotic experiences were associated with poorer quality of life across various domains, including physical health, psychological well-being, and social relationships [4].”
STUDENTS’ PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL – BEING, ITS DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
Kalvāns, Ē. (2020) · SOCIETY INTEGRATION EDUCATION Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference · doi:10.17770/sie2020vol7.4848 · Cited by 1
Karapetyan, L. V. (2020) · Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations · doi:10.25016/2541-7487-2020-0-3-107-116 · Cited by 1
What can’t be covered: The power of smiles behind the mask
Rodoni, B. M., & Fessell, D. P. (2021) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.14207 · Cited by 1
Jamaican Secondary School Principals' Work and Occupational Well-being
Walker, A. R. (2021) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Actitudes disfuncionales en el panorama general del bienestar psicológico
Irkhin, Y. B., Бєлавіна, Т., Kostyuchenko, О. V., Bryl, M., Orlovska, O. A., & Біла, І. М. (2021) · Apuntes Universitarios · doi:10.17162/au.v12i1.972 · Cited by 1
Bagaimana Kesejahteraan Psikologis Tenaga Kesehatan di Indonesia Selama Pandemi?
Fauziah, A. R. (2022) · Psikoborneo Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.30872/psikoborneo.v10i3.8470 · Cited by 1
Huffman, J. C., Healy, B. C., Jacobson, L. H., Harnedy, L. E., Bell, M., Carrillo, A., & Celano, C. M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05267-9 · Cited by 1
“These well-being constructs (e.g., optimism) are linked to superior health (Hernandez et al., 2018; Kubzansky et al., 2018; Levine et al., 2021; Moskowitz et al., 2008b), and boosts in well-being could both increase motivation to engage with traditional health behavior attempts (e.g.,…”
Haesebaert, F., Haesebaert, J., Zante, É., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.03.20089755 · Cited by 1
Zong, M., Dong, D., Yang, Z., Feng, Y., & Qiao, Z. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1651543/v1 · Cited by 1
Psychological well-being measures
Okvitawanli, A., Hakim, M. A., Aryanto, C. B., & Maulana, H. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26629-4.00151-9 · Cited by 1
Psychological Concerns and Effects on Immune Responses amidst Covid-19 Pandemic
Ali, S., & Tariq, J. (2020) · Pakistan Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32413/pjph.v10i1.552
“(6) The central nervous system, endocrine and immune systems are intricately connected, with stress and emotional disturbance leading to deregulation of immune responses.”
BackgroundSepúlveda, J., Schnettler, B., Coria, M. D. C. D., Orellana, L., Aravena, J. K. S., Poo, P. C., Ciero, S. G., Lemunao, C. M., & Valderas, I. R. (2020) · doi:10.16888/472
Exploring Personal Development Workshops’ Effect on Well-being and InterconnectednessPreprint
Wahbeh, H., Yount, G. L., Vieten, C., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-301757/v1
Hernández, R., Cohn, M., Hernandez, A., et al. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.17721
Self-citationVanderWeele, T. J., Chen, Y., Long, K. N. G., Kim, E. S., Trudel‐Fitzgerald, C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2020) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001204
Putri, R. M. (2020) · Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development · doi:10.37506/ijphrd.v11i3.1537 · Cited by 1
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COPING STRATEGY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING TOWARD ADOLESCENTS
Patricia, H., Rahmatiqa, C., & Apriyeni, E. (2022) · Jurnal Endurance · doi:10.22216/jen.v6i2.295
Psychological Well-being Structure of Indonesian Soldiers: Systematic Review
Sulistiyani, S., Andriany, M., & Dewi, N. S. (2022) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.8805
“An increase in positive feelings has been proven to increase prosperous feelings [58].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hernandez, R., Bassett, S. M., Boughton, S. W., Schuette, S. A., Shiu, E. W., & Moskowitz, J. T.
- Affiliations
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Emotion Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-10-20
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-29
- ISSN
- 1754-0739 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-0747
- PMC
- PMC9841922
- OpenAlex
- W2766119211
- Semantic Scholar
- 74b39fc60563601c8aaa44cd43f3ad01e4b954ad
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 15.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Emotion Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1K01HL130712-01A1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24 MH 093225)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- psychological well-being, physical health, positive affect, optimism, life satisfaction, mortality, chronic disease, biobehavioral mechanisms, measurement challenges
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