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Psychological Well-Being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions
Open accessAbstract
A paradigm shift in public health and medicine has broadened the field from a singular focus on the ill effects of negative states and psychopathology to an expanded view that examines protective psychological assets that may promote improved physical health and longevity. We summarize recent evidence of the link between psychological well-being (including positive affect, optimism, life meaning and purpose, and life satisfaction) and physical health, with particular attention to outcomes of mortality and chronic disease incidence and progression. Within this evolving discipline there remain controversies and lessons to be learned. We discuss measurement-related challenges, concerns about the quality of the evidence, and other shortcomings in the field, along with a brief discussion of hypothesized biobehavioral mechanisms involved. Finally, we suggest next steps to move the field forward.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This selective review summarizes prospective evidence (2006 onward) linking psychological well-being—positive affect, optimism, life satisfaction, and purpose in life—to physical health outcomes including chronic disease incidence, disease progression, and mortality. The authors argue the field is limited by inconsistent measurement and conceptualization of well-being, and call for randomized interventions to establish causality.
Key findings
- Well-being is associated with lower chronic disease incidence: in EPIC-Germany (~28,704 women), low life satisfaction was linked to 45% increased cancer risk, 69% for stroke, and 27% for diabetes; in 1,739 Nova Scotians, each unit increase in staff-coded positive affect was associated with 22% reduced odds of a cardiac event over 10 years.
- Eudaimonic and blended constructs also show protective effects: a meta-analysis of 10 studies found life purpose associated with lower CVD risk (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.75–0.92); ikigai was linked to lower breast cancer odds (RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47–0.94) in 34,497 Japanese women; in ELSA (8,182 older adults), each SD increase in well-being was associated with reduced arthritis (HR = 0.89), diabetes (HR = 0.82), and lung disease (HR = 0.80).
- In disease progression, each 1-SD increase in well-being was associated with 11% reduced risk of rehospitalization or mortality in cardiac patients (meta-analysis of 11 studies); in 995 women with HIV, high positive affect was associated with twice the likelihood of undetectable viral load (OR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.34–2.74).
- For longevity, purpose in life remained significant when hedonic well-being was included in the same model (MIDUS, N = 6,163), and daily stressor-related decreases in positive affect predicted higher mortality over 10 years (181 men, VA Normative Aging Study); some effects attenuated when health behaviors and self-rated health were controlled.
Methods
- Selective review of prospective evidence published 2006 onward, restricted to studies with objective health measures and those illuminating potential differential effects across well-being subtypes.
- Well-being organized into hedonic (pleasure, happiness, positive affect, life satisfaction) and eudaimonic (life meaning, purpose, self-actualization, autonomy) domains, plus blended constructs (optimism, hope, vitality); studies summarized in Table 1 and supplementary Table 2.
- Narrative synthesis across three outcome areas: disease onset in healthy samples, disease progression in clinical samples, and mortality/longevity, with attention to covariates and hypothesized biobehavioral mechanisms.
Limitations
- Stated by the paper: lack of consistency in defining and sorting well-being domains (e.g., optimism variously cataloged as eudaimonic or blended); rare simultaneous inclusion of multiple well-being types in a single model; eudaimonic aspects greatly neglected; overreliance on secondary data with narrow, sometimes dubious well-being measures; and predominance of observational designs that cannot establish causality.
- Stated by the paper: controversy over whether statistically controlling for hypothesized mediators (e.g., health behaviors) constitutes over-adjustment, potentially obscuring real effects.
- Evident from the text: the review is explicitly selective rather than systematic, and the authors note it is premature to infer differential health effects across well-being subdomains given heterogeneity in constructs and disease states.
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Claims the paper makes
67 Not checked yet · 19 No basis given · 16 Own interpretation · 2 Own method
In the paper
“In experimental trials, more long-term and enduring improvements in mental health are documented for interventions seeking to boost eudaimonic well-being versus those emphasizing pursuit of hedonia”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huta & Ryan, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“only vigor and well-being, but not calm, were protective against development of a cold”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“correlation coefficients (r’s) across well-being domains ranged from as low as 0.13 to moderate values of 0.62.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keyes et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“self-reported positive affect (i.e., positive affect items from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)) was not predictive of incident cardiovascular disease (stoke, heart failure, CHD) over an 11.9-year follow-up period”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Freak-Poli et al., 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“when compared to hedonic indices, eudaimonia is associated with more favorable psychological functioning and overall well-being”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steger, Kashdan, & Oishi, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In this sample of 1,739 Nova Scotians, each unit increase in staff-coded positive affect was associated with 22% reduced odds of a cardiac event within 10 years, controlling for socio-demographic factors, major cardiovascular disease risk factors (e.g., smoking status), and psychological distress”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davidson, Mostofsky, & Whang, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Keyes et al. (2002) identified two correlated latent factors reflecting eudaimonic and hedonic aspects.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keyes et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“After 8 years of follow-up, life satisfaction was associated with reduced risk for chronic illness incidence in their cohort of ~28,704 women”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feller, Teucher, Kaaks, Boeing, & Vigl, 2013
plaindirectn = 28,704- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“co-occurence of opposite-valenced emotions is not only conceivable but indeed commonplace”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Larsen et al., 2014
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After controlling for sex, race, education, body mass index (BMI), month of exposure, virus type, immune factors, and negative affect (depression, anxiety and hostility), positive affect was related to lower likelihood of developing a cold up to five days after exposure.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen, Doyle, Turner, Alper, & Skoner, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- It may state two separate claims as one. 34
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
In the paper
“Baumeister and colleagues (2013) found that hedonic well-being is linked to acquisition of core desires (both needs and wants) and focuses largely on present moment circumstances.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baumeister et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women reporting low levels of life satisfaction had a 45% increased risk of cancer, 69% for stroke incidence, and 27% for diabetes mellitus; covariates considered included lifestyle factors, demographic characteristics, and traditional CVD risk factors.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feller et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“eudaimonic well-being involves cognitive appraisals across a larger timeframe, incorporating past, present, and future experiences with emphasis on actualization of the self and exercising of generosity toward others”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vallacher & Wegner, 1987
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a blended construct of well-being capturing levels of happiness and optimism was associated with a 40% risk reduction for incident venous thromboembolism”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Enga, Braekkan, Hansen-Krone, & Hansen, 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“After controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, BMI, and health behavior adherence, each SD increase in psychological well-being was associated with reduced incidence of arthritis (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83–0.96), diabetes (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.71–0.95), and lung disease (HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66–0.97).”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Okely & Gale, 2016
plaincorrelationaln = 8,182- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The hedonic indicator of positive affect (PANAS) was not significantly associated with incidence of a CVD event. However, each SD increase in positive affect reduced risk of all-cause mortality by 16%.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoen et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“women with high positive affect (when compared to those with low positive affect scores) were twice as likely to have undetectable viral load classifications (OR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.34–2.74), particularly when accompanied by low negative affect profiles”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson et al., 2016
plaincorrelationaln = 995- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Researchers observed lower odds for diabetes onset among individuals with greater life satisfaction and emotional vitality, but not in those with greater levels of optimism”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boehm, Trudel-Fitzgerald, Kivimaki, & Kubzansky, 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a meta-analysis of 11 total studies, DuBois et al. (2015) found multiple positive psychological constructs (e.g., positive affect, optimism) to confer a protective effect on rates of rehospitalization and mortality among cardiac patients. Each 1-SD increase in psychological well-being was associated with an 11% reduced risk for either re-hospitalization or mortality.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DuBois et al., 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wiest and colleagues (2011) demonstrated that both life satisfaction (Pavot & Diener, 1993) and positive affect (the PANAS, (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988)) independently predict lowered risk of mortality, whereas negative affect was not predictive of mortality in any of the models.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Positive Psychological Well-being and Longevity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wiest et al., 2011
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the daily stressor-related decreases in positive affect were associated with a significantly higher risk of mortality over the follow up period. Negative affect reactivity was not predictive of mortality.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Positive Psychological Well-being and Longevity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mroczek et al., 2015
plaincorrelationaln = 181- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“there was an 11% reduction in CHD risk with each SD increase in emotional vitality and a 13% decrease in CHD associated with higher levels of baseline optimism”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boehm, Peterson, Kivimaki, & Kubzansky, 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less work has been done examining eudaimonic components and future studies will want to consider domains such as personal growth and life purpose and meaning.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“optimism is sometimes cataloged as a eudaimonic domain and at others times identified as a blended construct encompassing both hedonic and eudaimonic elements.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There remains controversy as to whether this constitutes over-adjustment”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, optimism has received substantial focus and emerges as a salient factor for physical health.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“eudaimonic well-being was associated with decreased expression of genes involved in inflammation and increased expression in genes associated with antiviral response”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while others create composite scores that blend multiple domains into a single well-being component.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it is exceedingly rare for individual well-being types to be considered simultaneously within a single sample, negating the ability to determine whether differential effects are evident for individual attributes of well-being”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“survey data from large cohort studies often include a narrow collection of well-being domains and often only assesses these on one occasion and not across multiple waves.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tested in over 4000 subjects across 51 clinical trials, positive psychology-based interventions show effectiveness in amplifying positive affect and psychological well-being and have significantly led to reduced symptoms of depression in heterogeneous samples of mostly healthy adults (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009)”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Psychological Well-Being Interventions: The Next Big Frontier
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009
boosteddirectn = 4,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In both healthy populations and those with existing chronic illness, evidence links favorable psychological well-being with enhanced exercise regularity, smoking abstinence”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Hedonic well-being is said to emerge from procurement of basic biologic requisites and securing of resources to ensure attainment of homeostasis, comfort, and survival”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baumeister et al., 2013
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“positive and negative emotions are said to process from different brain regions allowing for their simultaneous activation”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoebel, Rada, Mark, & Pothos, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Larsen et al., 2001
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The origins of eudaimonic well-being are thought to be more complex and are largely dictated by cultural context”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baumeister et al., 2013
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“there is evidence that while hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being are correlated, they diverge and map onto empirically distinct planes, with different predictors and consequences”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Definition of Psychological Well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Well-being constructs that repeatedly offset disease onset were positive affect (particularly high activation subtypes), emotional vitality and life satisfaction, with less consistent results seen for optimism and constructs that blend across domains.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In studies reported thus far, a majority of available evidence points to a salubrious effect of well-being for cardiometabolic health, e.g., diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and CHD, and cancer incidence. Lung disease and arthritis have been less studied.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“optimism emerges as a consistent predictor of cardiovascular health, but displays less consistent results for other disease types, e.g., HIV and cancer.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“influences of hedonic domains of well-being are often attenuated when controlling for ill-being in patient populations with pre-existing disease, while investigation of protective effects imparted by eudaimonic subtypes are grossly understudied.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly negative emotions serve important adaptive functions and at sustained or extreme levels--particularly those leading to psychopathology, they need to be addressed directly.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the United States and Europe, high-arousal positive affect is often more valued, whereas in Asia, low arousal is often more valued.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tsai and colleagues (2006)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in a model that controlled for age.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Positive Psychological Well-being and Longevity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2016
plaincorrelationaln = 700,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“note, well-being indicators were not pitted against each other in regression models negating ability to infer individual effects for each attribute controlling for rival indicators”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Onset in Initially Healthy Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Suls (2017)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“decreased well-being among South Koreans (Layous, Lee, Choi, & Lyubomirsky, 2013).”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Layous, Lee, Choi, & Lyubomirsky, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observational studies do not provide definitive information regarding the direction of causality and the influence of potential unmeasured variables.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Psychological Well-Being Interventions: The Next Big Frontier
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“reduced depression in women with metastatic breast cancer (Cheung et al., 2016) and people with type 2 diabetes (Cohn, Pietrucha, Saslow, Hult, & Moskowitz, 2014).”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Psychological Well-Being Interventions: The Next Big Frontier
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cheung et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Cohn, Pietrucha, Saslow, Hult, & Moskowitz, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recently completed study of a positive affect intervention in people newly diagnosed with HIV demonstrated improvements in psychological well-being, decreases in psychological ill being, and improvements in physical health (e.g., suppressed viral load) compared to an attention-matched control condition (Moskowitz et al., 2017).”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Psychological Well-Being Interventions: The Next Big Frontier
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moskowitz et al., 2017
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The authors did not report whether the individual types of well-being were differentially predictive of disease progression or mortality on their own.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Psychological Well-being and Disease Progression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Investigators are then limited to a handful of well-being measures--some with dubious psychometric properties--without the ability to examine individual effects while controlling for other important or competing well-being domains.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Need for Cogent Taxonomy of Well-being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings of Nilsson et al. (2011) and Wiest et al. (2011) suggest that well-being may exert health effects through improved health behaviors and aspects of social support.”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Positive Psychological Well-being and Longevity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hernandez et al. (2015) recently explored the conception of well-being in US Hispanic/Latino adults and conclude that programs aimed at increasing well-being may need to be adapted before administration in Hispanics/Latinos to include a heightened”
§ Psychological Well-being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions > Discussion > Mediators, Moderators, and Confounders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hernandez et al. (2015)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This is surprising given the prevalence of social media in daily lives, and the close link between psychological well-being and physical health.10”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
Kahneman, D. J., Diener, E. F., & Schwarz, N. (1999) · Cited by 7,472
Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale.
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164 · Cited by 3,611
Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_5 · Cited by 3,462 · cited 1×
“For example, in a representative sample of people living in Germany, Wiest, Schuz, Webster, and Wurm (2011) demonstrated that both life satisfaction (Pavot & Diener, 1993) and positive affect (the PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) independently predict lowered risk of mortality, whereas…”
BackgroundOptimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007 · Cited by 3,322 · cited 3×
“As conceptualized by Keyes et al. (2002), eudaimonic indices centering on highly existential domains (e.g., purpose in life) were least correlated to hedonic measures of affect, pleasure, and happiness; correlation coefficients (rs) across well-being domains ranged from as low as .13 to moderate…”
BackgroundMethodSin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20593 · Cited by 2,955 · cited 1×
“…affect and psychological well-being and have significantly led to reduced symptoms of depression in heterogeneous samples of mostly healthy adults (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) and reduced depression in women with metastatic breast cancer (Cheung et al., 2016) and people with Type 2 diabetes (Cohn,…”
BackgroundPositive affect and the other side of coping.
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.6.647 · Cited by 2,471 · cited 1×
“…persons with favorable psychological well-being are said to possess more adaptive psychological profiles characterized by healthful coping strategies (e.g., positive reappraisal), increased social connectedness, and reduced cognitive catastrophizing, among others (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005 · Cited by 2,411
Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well‐Being Contributes to Health and Longevity
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x · Cited by 2,260 · cited 1×
“…research indicating that constructs such as optimism, positive affect, life satisfaction, and happiness are associated with longer life, independent of the effect of negative constructs (Chida & Steptoe, 2008; Diener & Chan, 2011; Howell, Kern, & Lyubomirsky, 2007; Pressman & Cohen, 2005).”
BackgroundHedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: an introduction
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1 · Cited by 2,187 · cited 2×
“Hedonic well-being includes such attributes as pleasure, happiness, positive affect, and life satisfaction, whereas eudaimonic well-being includes life meaning and purpose, self-actualization, and autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2008).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Diener E., Pressman S. D., Lyubomirsky S. (2015, December 17). Can 1 million women be wrong about happiness and health? Los Angeles Times, p. A21.
- Suls J. (2018). Toxic affect: Are anger, anxiety, and depression independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease? EMR, 10: (1), 6–17.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Positive Affect and Health: What Do We Know and Where Next Should We Go?
Pressman, S. D., Jenkins, B. N., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102955 · Cited by 452
Self-citationEmotional Well-Being: What It Is and Why It Matters
Park, C. L., Kubzansky, L. D., Chafouleas, S. M., Davidson, R. J., Keltner, D. J., Parsafar, P., Conwell, Y., Martin, M. Y., Hanmer, J., & Wang, K. H. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00163-0 · Cited by 347
“…it also generates conceptual confusion because the relevance of findings relating to one term to findings related to others is unclear, especially given that various approaches to understanding psychological aspects of well-being have different philosophical underpinnings (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResilience and demographic characteristics predicting distress during the COVID-19 crisis
Kimhi, S., Marciano, H., Eshel, Y., & Adini, B. B. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113389 · Cited by 196
Węziak‐Białowolska, D., McNeely, E., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01269 · Cited by 180
Positive maternal mental health, parenting, and child development
Phua, D. Y., Kee, M. Z. L., & Meaney, M. J. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.028 · Cited by 124
Baragash, R. S., Aldowah, H. A., & Ghazal, S. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221132099 · Cited by 116
“Psychological well-being It includes emotions like calm, satisfaction, high activation, and joy, as well as meaning in life, emotional vitality, positive affect, life satisfaction, happiness, and optimism.(69) Enjoyment”
BackgroundAn Overview of Emotion in Artificial Intelligence
Assunção, G., Patrão, B., Castelo-Branco, M., & Menezes, P. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tai.2022.3159614 · Cited by 103
“The impact of emotion over physical health [44] and homeostasis, affecting life quality/expectancy [45], is a valid motivator for long-term tracking of human emotion.”
BackgroundSuls, J. M. (2017) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917692863 · Cited by 103
Measuring Positive Emotion Outcomes in Positive Psychology Interventions: A Literature Review
Moskowitz, J., Cheung, E., Freedman, M., Fernando, C., Zhang, M. W., Huffman, J., & Addington, E. (2020) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073920950811 · Cited by 75
“, 2018; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) and narrative reviews of PPIs (Hernandez et al., 2018; Pressman et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychometric Properties of Flourishing Scales From a Comprehensive Well-Being Assessment
Węziak‐Białowolska, D., Białowolski, P., Lee, M. T., Chen, Y., VanderWeele, T. J., & McNeely, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.652209 · Cited by 86
“Its measurement focused on a comprehensive assessment of being sufficiently healthy to be able to carry out important tasks in life at present and in the future (Cho et al., 2011; Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBoyle, C. C., Cole, S. W., Dutcher, J. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Bower, J. E. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.024 · Cited by 75
Associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and markers of physical health
Simonsson, O., Sexton, J. D., & Hendricks, P. S. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881121996863 · Cited by 74
“…et al., 2018; Murphy-Beiner and Soar, 2020), many of which are well-known risk factors for physical maladies (Chaddha et al., 2016; Germann, 2020; Hernandez et al., 2018); immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory effects of relevance to physical health (Flanagan and Nichols, 2018; Frecska et al.,…”
BackgroundNature, smells, and human wellbeing
Bentley, P. R., Fisher, J. C., Dallimer, M., Fish, R. D., Austen, G. E., Irvine, K. N., & Davies, Z. G. (2022) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-022-01760-w · Cited by 85
“For instance, greater levels of positive emotion are linked to longer lifespans (Zhang and Han 2016), better prognosis for diseases, including cancer and HIV (Hernandez et al. 2018), as well as cardiovascular fitness (Boehm and Fig.”
BackgroundMougharbel, F., & Goldfield, G. S. (2020) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-020-00401-1 · Cited by 67
Climate change anxiety: A meta-analysis
Kühner, C., Gemmecke, C., Hüffmeier, J., & Zacher, H. (2025) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103015 · Cited by 81
Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators
Lee, D. S., Jiang, T., Crocker, J., & Way, B. M. (2022) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0188 · Cited by 53
Rushforth, A., Durk, M., Rothwell-Blake, G. A. A., Kirkman, A., Ng, F., & Kotera, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20126109 · Cited by 69
“Research found that wellbeing is important for health and happiness [24], and therefore, increasing wellbeing can greatly benefit the mental and physical health of an individual [25].”
BackgroundSocial media use and perceptions of physical health
Dibb, B. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00989 · Cited by 51
“Determining whether comparison with those better-off influences perceptions of our own health is important as perceptions of physical health, well-being and quality of life are positively correlated (Brazier et al., 1992; Garratt et al., 1993; Hernandez et al., 2018; Ropers and Boyer, 1987).”
BackgroundPredictors of financial satisfaction and its impact on psychological wellbeing of individuals
Owusu, G. M. Y. (2021) · Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences · doi:10.1108/jhass-05-2021-0101 · Cited by 49
van Agteren, J. E., & Iasiello, M. P. (2019) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12440 · Cited by 44
Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Subjective Well-Being in a Sample of Portuguese Adults
Andrade, V., Jorge, R., García‐Conesa, M., Philippou, E., Massaro, M., Chervenkov, M., Ivanova, T., Maksimova, V., Smilkov, K., Ackova, D. G., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123837 · Cited by 46
“It has been suggested that both hedonic and eudemonic constructs should be included to best capture associations of psychological well-being and longevity [49], and this study applied this concept to study associations between SWB and MD.”
BackgroundMethodLongitudinal associations between domains of flourishing
Chen, Y., Węziak‐Białowolska, D., Lee, M. T., Białowolski, P., McNeely, E., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06626-5 · Cited by 48
Social media use, psychological well-being and physical health during lockdown
Yue, Z., Lee, D. S., Xiao, J., & Zhang, R. (2021) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2021.2013917 · Cited by 48
“In light of the association between psychological well-being and physical health (Hernandez et al., 2017), and between social media use and psychological well-being (Kross et al., 2021), we speculate that psychological well-being may mediate the link between social media use and physical health.”
BackgroundDisease progression impacts health-related quality of life in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Prell, T., Gaur, N., Stubendorff, B., Rödiger, A., Witte, O. W., & Großkreutz, J. (2018) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2018.12.035 · Cited by 33
Mensah, A. B. B., Adamu, B., Mensah, K. B., Dzomeku, V. M., Agbadi, P., Kusi, G., & Apiribu, F. (2020) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05716-2 · Cited by 37
Chen, L., Fan, H., & Chu, L. (2020) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264320910916 · Cited by 31
Moving Beyond a One-Size-Fits-All View of Positive Affect in Health Research
Pressman, S. D., & Cross, M. P. (2018) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721418760214 · Cited by 33
“…value of taking a multimethod approach and considering underutilized data sources such as animal studies (Diener, Pressman, Hunter, & Delgadillo-Chase, 2017), and the importance of experimental work, in which factors such as PA dosage and disease timeline are considered (Hernandez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundA Review of Psychological Well-Being and Mortality Risk
Trudel‐Fitzgerald, C., Kubzansky, L. D., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197512531.003.0006 · Cited by 30
The Relationship between Happiness and Mental Health among Saudi Women
Almadani, N. A., & Alwesmi, M. B. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13040526 · Cited by 28
“Psychological wellbeing has been associated with physical health and lower incidences of chronic diseases [12].”
BackgroundAdverse Impacts of Declining Financial and Health Literacy in Old Age
Yu, L., Mottola, G. R., Bennett, D. A., & Boyle, P. A. (2021) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2021.02.042 · Cited by 35
Hepper, E. G., & Dennis, A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101547 · Cited by 27
Indoor Comfort and Symptomatology in Non-University Educational Buildings: Occupants’ Perception
Campano, M. Á., Domínguez-Amarillo, S., Fernández-Agüera, J., & Acosta, I. (2020) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos11040357 · Cited by 33
Skin Aging and Carotenoids: A Systematic Review of Their Multifaceted Protective Mechanisms
Stanescu, C. M., Chiscop, I., Mihalache, D., Popa, F., Tamaş, C., & Stoleriu, G. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17162596 · Cited by 32
Leading for multidimensional sport employee well-being: the role of servant leadership and teamwork
Swanson, S., Todd, S. Y., Inoue, Y., & Peachey, J. W. (2022) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1080/14413523.2021.2014225 · Cited by 30
Badawy, W., Mohamed, A. H., & Shaban, M. (2024) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.09.024 · Cited by 32
The Effects of an Online Positive Psychology Course on Happiness, Health, and Well-Being
Smith, B. W., deCruz-Dixon, N., Erickson, K. S., Guzman, A., Phan, A., & Schodt, K. B. (2023) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00577-4 · Cited by 31
“, 2016)? If so, this could mean additional benefits for those vulnerable to and suffering from physical disease (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundAntecedents of psychological well-being among workers within small and medium enterprises
Maziriri, E. T., Chuchu, T., & Madinga, N. W. (2019) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1691 · Cited by 33
“Hernandez et al. (2018) assessed PWB as physical health, reinforcing the notion that PWB is essential in organisations. However, these studies did not investigate the impact of POS, CGD and EL on PWB. Robertson and Cooper (2010) found that individuals with higher levels of PWB behave in ways that may lead to higher le…”
BackgroundMorandé, S. (2022) · International Journal of Information Management Data Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jjimei.2022.100124 · Cited by 25
Hartanto, A., Wong, J., Lua, V. Y. Q., Tng, G. Y. Q., Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., & Majeed, N. M. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221135476 · Cited by 33
“…2020a, 2021; Milyavskaya et al., 2018) and importance of emotional well-being to almost all aspects of life outcomes — including physical health (Hernandez et al., 2017; Paggi et al., 2016), quality of life (Skevington & B¨ohnke, 2018), social relations (Kaveladze et al., 2020), and job success…”
BackgroundSmyth, N., Thorn, L., Wood, C., Hall, D., & Lister, C. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10060978 · Cited by 41
Hernández, R., Vu, T. T., Kershaw, K. N., Boehm, J. K., Kubzansky, L. D., Carnethon, M. R., Trudel‐Fitzgerald, C., Knutson, K. L., Colangelo, L. A., & Liu, K. (2019) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2019.1575179 · Cited by 28
Self-citationZhang, Y., Chen, S., Wu, H., & Guo, C. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01775-6 · Cited by 28
“Promoting the psychological well-being of children and adolescents is essential as it is related to physical health (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundShah, E. N., Szwedo, D. E., & Allen, J. P. (2024) · Frontiers in Developmental Psychology · doi:10.3389/fdpys.2024.1435727 · Cited by 40
Kachingwe, M., Chikowe, I., van der Haar, L., & Dzabala, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.585517 · Cited by 22
Wendtlandt, M., & Wicker, P. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.659837 · Cited by 31
“One the one hand, psychological well-being is a multidimensional construct measuring life aspects such as self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth (Ryff, 1989; Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe association between psychological distress and angina pectoris: A population-based study
Tsai, C.-C., Chuang, S., Hsieh, C., Ho, L., Chu, P., & Jeng, C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224451 · Cited by 21
“Psychological distress through biological and behavioral pathways affects the incidence, progression, and mortality rates of many chronic illnesses, especially cardiovascular conditions [3,4], including exacerbation of the occurrence and frequency of angina pectoris (AP) symptoms [5–7].”
BackgroundWilson, D., de Oliveira, D. R., Palace‐Berl, F., Ponteciano, B. D. M., Rissatti, L. F., Pollizi, V. P., de Miranda, F. S., D’Almeida, V., & Demarzo, M. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100427 · Cited by 23
“, 2015; Sharma and Rush, 2014), and goes further assessing its effectiveness and feasibility as a supporting strategy in preventing evolution toward depression, anxiety and burn-out (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundProspective associations between coffee consumption and psychological well-being
Qureshi, F., Stampfer, M. J., Kubzansky, L. D., & Trudel‐Fitzgerald, C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267500 · Cited by 22
An everlasting love: The relationship of happiness and meaning
Besika, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1046503 · Cited by 6
“A person’s physical body has a universal structure (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEvaluating the English and Thai-Versions of the Psychological Well-Being Scale across Four Samples
Klainin‐Yobas, P., Thanoi, W., Vongsirimas, N., & Lau, Y. (2020) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2020.111006 · Cited by 20
“A literature review highlighted that PWB was related to lowered incidence of health problems (including heart problems, stroke, venous thromboembolism, hypertension, lung diseases, arthritis, diabetes, and cancer) and slow progression of cardiovascular diseases and decreased mortality (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHernández, R., Wilund, K., Solai, K., Tamayo, D., Fast, D., Venkatesan, P., Lash, J. P., Lora, C. M., Martinez, L., Alemañy, G. M., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/45100 · Cited by 19
“…has been a proliferation of programs that promote psychological assets and resilience, with the recognition of the importance of focusing on individual-level strengths and human flourishing—instead of solely focusing on negative psychological indicators, deficits, and emotional pathology [13,14].”
Self-citationLi, A., Ma, L., Xu, N., & Yu, B. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111367 · Cited by 23
du Plessis, J., & Jordaan, J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24831 · Cited by 21
Poor emotional well-being is associated with rapid progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Prell, T., Steinbach, R., Witte, O. W., & Großkreutz, J. (2019) · eNeurologicalSci · doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2019.100198 · Cited by 18
Association between Lifetime Classic Psychedelic Use and Sick Leave in a Population-Based Sample
Mellner, C., Dahlén, M., & Simonsson, O. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811353 · Cited by 18
Luna, D., Figuerola-Escoto, R. P., Contreras-Ramírez, J., Sienra-Monge, J. J. L., Navarrete-Rodriguez, E. M., Serret‐Montoya, J., Peña, P. C., & Meneses-González, F. (2020) · Psicodebate · doi:10.18682/pd.v20i1.957 · Cited by 16
Semenchuk, B. N., Kullman, S. M., Neilson, C. J., Ceccarelli, L. A., Boreskie, K. F., Kehler, D. S., Tutkaluke, T., Duhamel, T. A., & Strachan, S. M. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01821-3 · Cited by 19
Parental marital quality and adolescent psychological well-being: A meta-analysis
Wahyuningsih, H., Kusumaningrum, F. A., & Novitasari, R. (2020) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2020.1819005 · Cited by 15
Positive psychological well-being and cardiovascular health
Zuccarella‐Hackl, C., Princip, M., Sivakumar, S., & von Känel, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1443978 · Cited by 16
Haydon, M. D., Walsh, L. C., Fritz, M. M., Rahal, D., Lyubomirsky, S., & Bower, J. E. (2022) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2022.2093786 · Cited by 17
“A fourth condition – selfkindness meditation – was added based on work showing that kindness-focused meditative practices increase self-kindness (Gonzalez-Hernandez et al., 2018; Wren et al., 2019) and improve other outcomes in women with a history of breast cancer (Boyle et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodZong, M., Dong, D., Yang, Z., Feng, Y., & Qiao, Z. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00933-2 · Cited by 13
“A possible explanation is that focusing on the future may make people feel more hopeful and optimistic during the pandemic than ever before [47], which significantly increases their well-being.”
BackgroundMethodFinding a path for happiness in the context of sustainable development: a possible key
Leite, Â. M. T., Sousa, H. F. P. E., Vidal, D. G., & Dinis, M. A. P. (2019) · International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology · doi:10.1080/13504509.2019.1708509 · Cited by 15
Panagi, L., Hackett, R. A., Steptoe, A., & Poole, L. (2020) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-214302 · Cited by 14
Eshel, Y., Kimhi, S., Marciano, H., & Adini, B. B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168759 · Cited by 14
“This is the subjective feeling of health and a positive perception of an individual’s quality of life [33].”
BackgroundThe hierarchical framework of wellbeing (HiFWB)
Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., & Kashdan, T. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1515423 · Cited by 14
Psychological well-being of small enterprise employees: a multi-theoretical perspective
Tabala, A., Munene, J. C. K., Kagaari, J. R. K., Mafabi, S., & Kyogabiirwe, J. (2023) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-03-2023-3673 · Cited by 13
Rzeszutek, M., Zawadzka, A., Pięta, M., Houn, A., Pankowski, D., & Kręcisz, B. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.07.004 · Cited by 13
Figuerola-Escoto, R. P., Luna, D., Fernández, M. Á. L., & Meneses-González, F. (2021) · CES Psicología · doi:10.21615/cesp.5572 · Cited by 13
Clayborne, Z. M., Dopko, R. L., Wang, C., Betancourt, M. T., Roberts, K. C., & Capaldi, C. A. (2023) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.43.5.04 · Cited by 15
PENGARUH RASA SYUKUR DAN MEMAAFKAN TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGIS PADA REMAJA
Rahayu, I. I., & Setiawati, F. A. (2019) · Jurnal Ecopsy · doi:10.20527/ecopsy.v6i1.5700 · Cited by 12
Life satisfaction and coronary atherosclerosis: The SCAPIS study
Dag, Y. N. O., Engström, G., & Rosvall, M. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110663 · Cited by 14
Kwon, S., Benoit, E., & Windsor, L. C. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04915-4 · Cited by 11
“Hopefulness is one of the most important facets of positive psychological well-being [9].”
BackgroundMattei, V. E. D., Perego, G., Milano, F., & Gatti, F. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12181880 · Cited by 14
“Psychological factors such as optimism play a protective role in maintaining physical health during cancer treatment [79].”
BackgroundCalderon, R., Kim, G., Ratsameemonthon, C., & Pupanead, S. (2020) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2020.117068 · Cited by 10
“Hernandez et al. (2018) reported that PWB was related to a lowered incidence of health problems (including arthritis, cancer, diabetes, heart problems, hypertension, lung diseases, stroke, and venous thromboembolism) and slow progression of cardiovascular diseases and decreased mortality.”
BackgroundHerráiz-Adillo, Á., Ahlqvist, V. H., Daka, B., Wångdahl, J. M., Wennberg, P., Carlsson, J., Higueras‐Fresnillo, S., Lenander, C., Östgren, C. J., Berglind, D., et al. (2024) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-023-03580-1 · Cited by 11
“On the other hand, people with positive psychological well-being seem to be more prone to engage in healthy behaviors such as higher physical activity, smoking abstinence or healthier diet [45–47].”
BackgroundAndrade, V., Quarta, S., Tagarro, M., Miloseva, L., Massaro, M., Chervenkov, M., Ivanova, T., Jorge, R., Maksimova, V., Smilkov, K., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031715 · Cited by 10
Is Positive Affect as a Trait Related to Higher Heart Rate Variability in a Stressful Situation?
Sveinsdóttir, S. Þ., & Jóhannsdóttir, K. R. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20206919 · Cited by 11
“According to several literature reviews, PA is associated with various health outcomes such as longer life [1–3], enhanced cardiovascular health [4], improved immune system/increased resistance to infection, and even better prognosis for diseases such as cancer, HIV, and diabetes [5–7].”
BackgroundZhou, Y., & Wang, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03049-5 · Cited by 9
Psychological well-being and value-semantic sphere of personality among psychology students
Pilishvili, T., Savushkina, A. I., Danilova, A., & Torres, N. C. S. (2021) · The Education and science journal · doi:10.17853/1994-5639-2021-4-126-156 · Cited by 9
Exploring Personal Development Workshops' Effect on Well-Being and Interconnectedness
Wahbeh, H., Yount, G. L., Vieten, C., Radin, D. I., & Arnaud Delorme, A. (2022) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2021.0043 · Cited by 10
Hernández, R., Daviglus, M. L., Martinez, L., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Huffman, J. C., Ramirez, F., Tito, L. G., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100348 · Cited by 10
Self-citationDemedicalizing the Ethics of PrEP as HIV Prevention: The Social Effects on MSM
Montess, M. (2020) · Public Health Ethics · doi:10.1093/phe/phaa016 · Cited by 9
Psychological well-being of personality
Алещенко, В. (2024) · Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Military-Special Sciences · doi:10.17721/1728-2217.2024.59.29-33 · Cited by 8
Rasset, P., Mange, J., & Augustinova, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1358403 · Cited by 8
“We have primarily focused on the positive effects of well-being, reflecting the considerable body of evidence demonstrating its beneficial impacts—whether hedonic or eudaimonic—on various health outcomes (see Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe role of mental well-being in the effects of persuasive health messages: A scoping review
Dolinšek, Š., Scholz, C., Giani, S., van Weert, J. C. M., van den Putte, B., & Meppelink, C. S. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117060 · Cited by 7
Capaldi, C. A., Varin, M., & Dopko, R. L. (2021) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.41.2.02 · Cited by 11
Kalman‐Halevi, M., Tutian, R., & Peled, Y. (2023) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/ldrp.12315 · Cited by 8
“…effects on students’ well-being (Sandner et al., 2022), defined as subjective feelings of health and a positive perception of one’s quality of life (Hernandez et al., 2018) resulting from harmony between specific contextual factors, on one hand, and personal needs and expectations, on the other…”
BackgroundThe antecedents and outcomes of obsessive passion in the workplace
Gülbahar, Y., & Özkan, O. S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04877-7 · Cited by 10
“Studies on MW-B have also been carried out in the organizational environment and it has been considered to be indispensable for the workplace (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPsychological Well-Being of Al-Qur'an Education School Teachers in Banyuwangi
Fitria, Y., Budi, Y. S., Damayanti, F. E., et al. (2023) · World Psychology · doi:10.55849/wp.v2i2.117 · Cited by 7
“understand and control the environment, have a purpose in life and personal growth or development (Hernandez et al., 2018; Kardas et al., 2019).”
Backgroundvan Halem, S., van Roekel, E., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104497 · Cited by 10
Dispositional Optimism and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults: A Cohort Study
Craig, H., Ryan, J. L., Freak‐Poli, R., Owen, A. J., McNeil, J. J., Woods, R. L., Ward, S. A., Britt, C. J., & Gašević, D. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000989 · Cited by 6
“The scale developers intended for all items to be pooled to provide a composite score of total optimism, so this approach was adopted in the current analyses (30).”
BackgroundMethodBalancing Work and Life Techniques for Maintaining Emotional Wellbeing in Entrepreneurship
Kayyali, M. (2024) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3673-1.ch003 · Cited by 6
Unheard and unused: why students reject teacher and peer feedback
Lipnevich, A. A., Lopera-Oquendo, C., Tomazin, L., Gutterman, J., & Florentin, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1567704 · Cited by 8
Xiang, L., Yang, J., Gou, H., & Hu, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1736019 · Cited by 9
Life satisfaction and psychological wellbeing among young adults
Fatima, I., Naeem, M. W., & Raza, H. M. Z. (2021) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.2.0599 · Cited by 10
“Research had shown that spending leisure time in physical activities in colleges is linked to psychological wellbeing [10].”
BackgroundA cross-sectional analysis of gender and psychological well-being among older Taiwanese adults
Fergus, D. N., Chen, Y., Chuang, Y., Sandra, A., & Chuang, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392007 · Cited by 8
“Better physical health (Hernandez et al., 2018) was generally found to be associated with higher PWB in the literature.”
BackgroundTabernero, C., Gutiérrez‐Domingo, T., Steca, P., Castillo‐Mayén, R., Cuadrado, E., Rubio, S. J., Farhane‐Medina, N. Z., & Luque, B. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12121953 · Cited by 6
What supports and what thwarts Olympic athlete well-being?: Coach and organizational perspectives
Sauvé, J. L., Waldhauser, K. J., Wilson, B., Bundon, A., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2023) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2023.2166156 · Cited by 7
“This perspective is consistent with the shift in the study of well-being over the last two decades, from the study of ill effects and negative states and psychopathology, to a multi-dimensional view of human thriving (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
ResultSchuette, S. A., Andrade, F. C., Woodward, J. T., & Smoski, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053231185549 · Cited by 7
“Positive psychology based interventions have consistently shown effectiveness in promoting positive affect and reducing symptoms of depression in samples of both healthy adults and those with chronic illness (Hernandez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRelationship of rare disorder latent clusters to anxiety and depression symptoms.
Bogart, K. R., & Dermody, S. S. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000840 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Hernandez, R., Bassett, S. M., Boughton, S. W., Schuette, S. A., Shiu, E. W., & Moskowitz, J. T.
- Affiliations
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Emotion Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-10-20
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-29
- ISSN
- 1754-0739 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-0747
- PMC
- PMC9841922
- OpenAlex
- W2766119211
- Semantic Scholar
- 74b39fc60563601c8aaa44cd43f3ad01e4b954ad
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 15.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Emotion Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1K01HL130712-01A1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24 MH 093225)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- psychological well-being, physical health, positive affect, optimism, life satisfaction, mortality, chronic disease, biobehavioral mechanisms, measurement challenges
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