Does needle size matter?
Open accessAbstract
Hypodermic needles are in widespread use, but patients are unhappy with the pain, anxiety, and difficulty of using them. To increase patient acceptance, smaller needle diameters and lower insertion forces have been shown to reduce the frequency of painful injections. Guided by these observations, fine needles and microneedles have been developed to minimize pain and have found the greatest utility for delivery of vaccines and biopharmaceuticals such as insulin. However, pain reduction must be balanced against limitations of injection depth, volume, and formulations introduced by reduced needle dimensions. In some cases, needle-free delivery methods provide useful alternatives.
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Opting for a smaller needle size such as a 25-gauge can reduce needle insertion force and minimize patient discomfort.
“While typical needle sizes range from 21-gauge (21G) to 23-gauge (23G), opting for a smaller needle size such as a 25-gauge (25G) can reduce needle insertion force minimizing patient discomfort (Gill and Prausnitz, 2007;Patout et al., 2015)”
From Evaluation of a novel blood collection set for venipuncture in oncology patients with difficult venous access: Impact on sample quality, phlebotomist satisfaction and patient pain perception (2024) · cites this paper as Gill and Prausnitz, 2007
The paper’s 'Factors Affecting Pain from Needle Insertion' passage reports that smaller-diameter needles can reduce pain, and its discussion of insertion mechanics links lower insertion force with less pain (page not provided). It lists 25-gauge needles as suitable for some injections, but does not show that switching from 21–23 gauge to 25 gauge reduces insertion force or patient discomfort specifically. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Gill, H. S., & Prausnitz, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Prausnitz, Mark R.
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 725-729
- ISSN
- 1932-2968 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2769648
- OpenAlex
- W2148727825
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Intramuscular injections and effects
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Intravenous Infusion Technology and Safety
- Keywords
- needle size, hypodermic needle, injection pain, microneedles, fine needle, insulin delivery, vaccine delivery, biopharmaceutical delivery, injection depth, patient acceptance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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