Bolus Calculators

Schmidt, Signe; Nørgaard, Kirsten

doi:10.1177/1932296814532906

Cited by 170Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Management and EducationDiabetes Treatment and Management

Bolus Calculators

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Schmidt, Signe, Nørgaard, Kirsten·2014·Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology

DOI 10.1177/1932296814532906PMC PMC4455388

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Abstract

Matching meal insulin to carbohydrate intake, blood glucose, and activity level is recommended in type 1 diabetes management. Calculating an appropriate insulin bolus size several times per day is, however, challenging and resource demanding. Accordingly, there is a need for bolus calculators to support patients in insulin treatment decisions. Currently, bolus calculators are available integrated in insulin pumps, as stand-alone devices and in the form of software applications that can be downloaded to, for example, smartphones. Functionality and complexity of bolus calculators vary greatly, and the few handfuls of published bolus calculator studies are heterogeneous with regard to study design, intervention, duration, and outcome measures. Furthermore, many factors unrelated to the specific device affect outcomes from bolus calculator use and therefore bolus calculator study comparisons should be conducted cautiously. Despite these reservations, there seems to be increasing evidence that bolus calculators may improve glycemic control and treatment satisfaction in patients who use the devices actively and as intended.

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Insulin stacking is estimated to occur in 60% of insulin bolus doses, putting the individual at risk for hypoglycemia.
“Insulin stacking (overlap of bolus doses) is estimated to occur in 60% of insulin bolus doses putting the individual at risk for hypoglycemia.22”
From Shining the Spotlight on Multiple Daily Insulin Therapy: Real-World Evidence of the InPen Smart Insulin Pen (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
Two meals containing the same amount of carbohydrate can elicit different glycemic responses because of differences in food structure, processing, starch fractions, and non-carbohydrate components.
“two meals containing the same amount of carbohydrate can elicit different glycemic responses because of differences in food structure, processing, starch fractions (rapidly available vs. slowly available), and the effect of non-carbohydrate components (fat, protein, fiber) on gastric emptying and intestinal digestion [4,5,6,7].”
From Does Resistant Starch Formed by Cooling Pasta Decrease the Postprandial Glycemic Response in Type 1 Diabetes? A Randomized Single-Blind Crossover Study (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
Bolus calculators integrated into medical products or software/apps can reduce wrong bolus calculations by the user and subsequently the risk of hypoglycemic events.
“In addition, bolus calculators integrated into medical products or software/apps can reduce wrong bolus calculations by the user and subsequently the risk of hypoglycemic events [35].”
From Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose as an Integral Part in the Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2022) · cites this paper as [35]

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Authors: Schmidt, S., & Nørgaard, K.
Affiliations: Hvidovre Hospital (DK)
Corresponding author: Schmidt, Signe
ORCID: Schmidt, Signe
Nørgaard, Kirsten
Venue: Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-05-19
Volume: 8
Issue: 5
Pages: 1035-1041
ISSN: 1932-2968 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1177/1932296814532906
PMC: PMC4455388
OpenAlex: W4241093605
Cited by: 170
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7
FWCI: 1.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Keywords: bolus calculator, type 1 diabetes, insulin pump, mobile application, glycemic control, treatment satisfaction, patient decision support
MeSH terms: Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Drug Dosage Calculations

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