Protests, Media Coverage, and a Hierarchy of Social Struggle
Abstract
News coverage is fundamental to a protest’s viability, but research suggests media negatively portray protests and protesters that challenge the status quo (a pattern known as the protest paradigm). This study questions the validity of those claims within the context of digital newspaper coverage, interrogating how topic and region shape coverage. Using a content analysis of coverage from sixteen newspapers in various U.S. market types and regions, this research examines framing and sourcing features in articles about protests. Results suggest media coverage of protests centered on racial issues (discrimination of Indigenous people and anti-Black racism) follows more of a delegitimizing pattern than stories about protests related to immigrants’ rights, health, and environment. A model to understand news coverage of protest based on a hierarchy of social struggle is proposed.
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Media coverage is more disparaging of Black and indigenous rights movements compared to others.
“Danielle Brown and Summer Harlow (2019) find media coverage is more disparaging of Black and indigenous rights movements compared to others.”
From WHEN BLACK MOVEMENTS MATTER: CONTROLLING IMAGES AND BLACK LIVES MATTER PROTESTS IN MEDIA ATTENTION TO U.S. POLICE KILLINGS (2024) · cites this paper as Brown and Harlow 2019
BLM leaders confront the controlling images of Black criminality and racialized threat.
“BLM leaders confront the controlling images of Black criminality and racialized threat (Beckett and Sasson 2004; Brown and Harlow 2019; Russell-Brown 1998; Phelps and Hamilton 2022).”
From WHEN BLACK MOVEMENTS MATTER: CONTROLLING IMAGES AND BLACK LIVES MATTER PROTESTS IN MEDIA ATTENTION TO U.S. POLICE KILLINGS (2024) · cites this paper as Brown and Harlow 2019
Many mainstream news outlets follow the protest paradigm and rely on official sources, such as police and politicians, to provide legitimacy to stories.
“Although many mainstream news outlets follow the protest paradigm and rely on official sources, such as police and politicians, to provide legitimacy to stories”
From Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings (2025) · cites this paper as Brown and Harlow 2019
Protests concerning racial injustice typically receive more negative coverage than protests on other topics.
“Brown and Harlow (2019) found that protests concerning racial injustice typically receive more negative coverage than protests on other topics.”
From Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings (2025) · cites this paper as Brown and Harlow (2019)
Official sources are commonly used by journalists because they are easy to access and provide the illusion of objectivity; however, these sources often delegitimize protests and exclude the voices and goals of demonstrators.
“Official sources are commonly used by journalists because they are easy to access and provide the illusion of objectivity; however, these sources often delegitimize protests and exclude the voices and goals of demonstrators (Brown and Harlow 2019;Brown et al. 2019;McLeod and Hertog 1999).”
From Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings (2025) · cites this paper as Brown and Harlow 2019
Official sources are commonly used by journalists because they are easy to access and provide the illusion of objectivity; however, these sources often delegitimize protests and exclude the voices and goals of demonstrators.
“Official sources are commonly used by journalists because they are easy to access and provide the illusion of objectivity; however, these sources often delegitimize protests and exclude the voices and goals of demonstrators (Brown and Harlow 2019;Brown et al. 2019;McLeod and Hertog 1999).”
From Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings (2025) · cites this paper as Brown et al. 2019
Many mainstream news outlets follow the protest paradigm and rely on official sources, such as police and politicians, to provide legitimacy to stories.
“Although many mainstream news outlets follow the protest paradigm and rely on official sources, such as police and politicians, to provide legitimacy to stories”
From Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings (2025) · cites this paper as Brown et al. 2019
Cites
Smith, J., McCarthy, J. D., McPhail, C., & Augustyn, B. (2001) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2001.0053 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
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Harlow, S., Brown, D. K., Salaverría, R., & García-Perdomo, V. (2020) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2020.1776144 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationJewett, P. I., Vogel, R. I., Ghebre, R., Hui, J. Y. C., Parsons, H. M., Rao, A., Sagaram, S., & Blaes, A. H. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-021-01133-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Williams Fayne, M., & Richardson, A. V. (2025) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612231187562 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
We Tried to Tell Y'All: Black Twitter and the Rise of Digital Counternarratives
Clark, M. D. (2025) · Oxford University Press · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190068141.001.0001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Jiménez-Martínez, C. (2021) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161220923984 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lu, T. (2024) · Mobilization: An International Quarterly · doi:10.17813/1086-671x-29-1-19 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lenoir, L. D. (2023) · University of Missouri Dissertation · doi:10.32469/10355/94284 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
We Wish to Tweet Our Own Cause—Theorizing Black Twitter
Clark, M. D. (2025) · We Tried to Tell Y'All · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190068141.003.0002
Williams Fayne, M., & Agyekum, E. B. (2026) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2026.2695137
- Authors
- Brown, D. K., & Harlow, S.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- University of Houston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brown, Danielle K.
- Venue
- The International Journal of Press/Politics
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-06-19
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 508-530
- ISSN
- 1040-1620 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-1612
- 1940-1620
- OpenAlex
- W2949992436
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 64.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The International Journal of Press/Politics (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (Emerging Scholars Grant)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Studies and Communication
- Social Sciences › Communication › Journalism and Media Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Discourse and Social Analysis
- Keywords
- protest paradigm, news coverage of protests, online newspapers, news framing, news sourcing, anti-Black racism, indigenous discrimination, immigrant rights, environmental protest
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