Is the Whole World Watching? Building a Typology of Protest Coverage on Social Media From Around the World
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Previous research suggests that mainstream media coverage around the world follows a “protest paradigm” that demonizes protesters and marginalizes their causes. Given the recent increase in global protest activity and the growing importance of social media for activism, this paper content analyzes 1,438 protest-related English and Spanish news stories from around the world that were shared on social media, examining framing, sourcing, and marginalizing devices across media outlet type, region, language, and social media platform in order to create a typology of how the protest paradigm operates in an international and social media context. Results showed type of protest, location of protest, and type of media outlet were significantly related to whether news stories adhered to the protest paradigm. Social media shares were predicted by region of media outlet, English-language media, and type of protest.
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Social media users are especially powerful in their ability to influence the visibility of protests and legitimize them.
“Harlow et al. (2020) found that social media users are especially powerful in their ability to influence the visibility of protests and legitimize them.”
From Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings (2025) · cites this paper as Harlow et al. (2020)
Media outlets outside of the country where the protests take place are even more likely to use the spectacle frame.
“Media outlets outside of the country where the protests take place are even more likely to use the spectacle frame (Harlow et al. 2020;Jiménez-Martínez 2021).”
From Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings (2025) · cites this paper as Harlow et al. 2020
The debate frame is more commonly used by the alternative press and helps to legitimize protests by highlighting the protesters' social critiques.
“However, this frame is more commonly used by the alternative press and helps to legitimize protests by highlighting the protesters' social critiques (Brown 2021;Harlow et al. 2020).”
From Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020: How Digital Black Press Outlets Covered the Racial Uprisings (2025) · cites this paper as Harlow et al. 2020
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Lu, J., Guo, Y., & Lin, C. (2026) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2026.2688154
Strehler-Schaaf, M., & Löb, C. (2026) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990261487928
- Authors
- Harlow, S., Brown, D. K., Salaverría, R., & García-Perdomo, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Houston (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Universidad de Navarra (ES)
- Universidad de La Sabana, Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Colombia
- Corresponding author
- Harlow, Summer
- Venue
- Journalism Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-06-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1590-1608
- ISSN
- 1461-670X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9699
- OpenAlex
- W3035642173
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 13.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journalism Studies (publishedVersion)
- Intellectum (Universidad de La Sabana) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Studies and Communication
- Social Sciences › Communication › Journalism and Media Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Discourse and Social Analysis
- Keywords
- protest paradigm, media coverage of protests, social media, news framing, cross-national comparison, English-language media, Spanish-language media, news sharing, news sourcing
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