Relationship between Body Mass Index, Body Image, and Fear of Negative Evaluation: Moderating Role of Self-Esteem
Open accessAbstract
This study examined the correlation between body mass index as independent variable, and body image and fear of negative evaluation as dependent variables, as well as the moderating role of self-esteem in these correlations. A total of 318 Malaysian young adults were conveniently recruited to do the self-administered survey on the demographic characteristics body image, fear of negative evaluation, and self-esteem. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the research hypotheses. The results revealed that body mass index was negatively associated with body image, while no such correlation was found with fear of negative evaluation. Meanwhile, the negative correlation of body mass index with body image was stronger among those with lower self-esteem, while a positive association of body mass index with fear of negative evaluation was significant only among individuals with low self-esteem.
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Reliance on BMI as a health assessment tool oversimplifies health and body composition because muscle mass, bone density, and fat distribution are not accounted for, potentially leading to misclassifications.
“The reliance on BMI as a health assessment tool oversimplifies the diverse nature of health and body composition. Important factors such as muscle mass, bone density, and fat distribution are not accounted for in BMI calculations, potentially leading to misclassifications.”
From Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [96]
The Introduction defines BMI using only weight and height, supporting the point that its calculation does not directly include muscle mass, bone density, or fat distribution. The Discussion examines BMI in relation to body image and fear of negative evaluation; it does not say that using BMI to assess health oversimplifies body composition or leads to misclassification. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBMI inaccuracies can misrepresent an individual's health status and lead to inappropriate health advice or interventions, undermining trust and contributing to confusion and anxiety about personal health and body image.
“Such inaccuracies can misrepresent an individual’s health status and lead to inappropriate health advice or interventions, undermining trust in health assessments and contributing to ongoing confusion and anxiety regarding personal health and body image [96].”
From Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [96]
The Discussion says self-reported BMI may affect the study’s validity and reports an association between BMI and body image. It does not say that BMI inaccuracies misrepresent health status, cause inappropriate advice, undermine trust, or produce confusion and anxiety. Searches for BMI inaccuracies and health-assessment consequences found no passage addressing that causal chain. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Khanam SJ Moghal F (2012) Self-esteem as a predictor of fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety. Pakistan Journal of Psychology 43(1): 91– 100.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Merino, M., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C. V., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12141396 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
“Such inaccuracies can misrepresent an individual’s health status and lead to inappropriate health advice or interventions, undermining trust in health assessments and contributing to ongoing confusion and anxiety regarding personal health and body image [96].”
Background
- Authors
- Ahadzadeh, A. S., Rafik-Galea, S., Alavi, M., & Amini, M.
- Affiliations
- Xiamen University Malaysia (MY)
- UCSI University (MY)
- Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Ahadzadeh, Ashraf Sadat
- Venue
- Health Psychology Open
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2055102918774251-2055102918774251
- ISSN
- 2055-1029 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6024295
- OpenAlex
- W2808393224
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 6.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Health Psychology Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- UCSI University (Proj-In-FOSSLA-003, UCSI)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- body mass index, body image, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, moderating effect, young adults, obesity, body dissatisfaction
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